昆虫辐照不育技术研究与应用进展

近年来国内外昆虫辐照不育技术的研究发展迅速,取得了许多重要成果,在实践中已成为某些害虫综合防治的有效措施之一.本文综述了昆虫辐照不育技术的剂量策略、昆虫辐照不育机理研究进展和辐照不育昆虫的质量控制,并探讨了昆虫辐照不育技术在实践应用中的限制因素及其对策.     

Towards area‐wide control of Bactrocera invadens: prospects of the sterile insect technique and molecular entomology

It is 10 years since the first detection of the invader fruit fly, Bactrocera invadens, in sub‐Saharan Africa. The pest continues to hamper fruit production and create barriers to trade. Strategies currently employed to control B. invadens are insufficient, and more effective area‐wide strategies are needed. The sterile insect technique and molecular entomology approaches have high potential and could help to bring about effective area‐wide control of the pest if adopted and used as components of area‐wide integrated pest management. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

储藏物害虫生物性防治技术研究现状和展望

有效的杀虫剂和熏蒸剂种类的减少,以及它们对环境的污染和对人畜健康的影响,使得生物性的防治技术在储藏物害虫的控制上显得越来越重要。近年来,有关储藏物害虫生物性防治技术的研究报道越来越多。根据过去20年的文献,特别是根据刚出版的第七届国际储藏物保护会议的有关论文,评述了储藏物害虫生物性防治技术的研究现状,展望了将来的发展。内容涉及到天敌昆虫、昆虫信息素、病原微生物、抗虫品种和遗传防治等领域,着重于它们在实践中的应用。     

杀菌剂和杀虫剂使用对玉米病虫害防治及效益分析

玉米病虫害是影响玉米产量和品质的重要因素。本研究选择2种杀虫剂(40%氯虫苯甲酰胺·噻虫嗪WG和100 g/L顺式氯氰菊酯EC)和4种杀菌剂(18.7%丙环唑·嘧菌酯SE、250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯EC、125 g/L氟环唑SE和17%吡唑醚菌酯·氟环唑SE),通过单独或组合在玉米心叶期(V12)一次性施药,并在药后7 d接种玉米弯孢菌,随后对各处理的防治效果和经济效益进行比较分析。基于施药成本、施药后的增产效益和玉米价格,采用贝叶斯推断统计方法计算净利润的概率。在盈利平衡点(纯利润为0),通过施药获得净利润的概率变幅在0.328～0.998之间;如果要获得1 500元/hm~2的净利润,各施药处理概率的变幅为0.024～0.993,其中40%氯虫苯甲酰胺·噻虫嗪WG+18.7%丙环唑·嘧菌酯SE处理的盈利概率最高(0.986～0.993),其次18.7%丙环唑·嘧菌酯SE和40%氯虫苯甲酰胺·噻虫嗪WG+17%吡唑醚菌酯·氟环唑SE处理的盈利概率也超过0.947。本研究表明40%氯虫苯甲酰胺·噻虫嗪WG+18.7%丙环唑·嘧菌酯SE是防治当地玉米病虫害理想的杀虫剂杀菌剂施药组合。     

草地贪夜蛾抗药性现状及化学防治策略

本文就草地贪夜蛾抗药性研究的历史、现状以及如何进行化学防治进行了比较系统的分析。针对国内外草地贪夜蛾发生的现状,从抗药性程度及交互抗性、种群遗传、抗药性机制以及化学防治的关键技术等方面进行了讨论。提出了化学防治要尽量做到药剂品种、时间和空间的配合;掌握好药剂防治的两个窗口期,一是害虫本身敏感的窗口期即从孵化到3龄初,二是孵化后到钻蛀前;分阶段选择适宜药剂类型用于化学防治。除了考虑杀虫剂作用机制类别外,作用方式也要考虑。卵高峰期施用具有触杀活性的药剂配合具有杀卵活性的药剂添加具有渗透功能的助剂,孵化高峰期施用触杀药剂配合胃毒药剂,后期大龄幼虫可以考虑胃毒药剂为主的化学防治策略。     

黄色灯防治害虫的研究与应用进展

黄色灯防治害虫的原理是利用蛾类昆虫对绿黄波段(500~590nm)光敏感的特性,通过干扰蛾类害虫的日节律达到降低其种群密度的目的。本文简述了黄色灯防治技术在国内外发展及应用状况、黄色灯防治效果的影响因素,以及黄色灯在防治蛾类害虫过程中对植物生理的影响,分析了黄色灯应用中存在的问题,并且对未来黄色灯的发展和应用进行了展望。     

Evaluation of food sprays and relay strip crops for enhancing biological control of bollworms and cotton aphids in cotton

Studies were conducted at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station research farms located at Munday (1996 test) and Chillicothe (1997 test) to evaluate relay strip crops in combination with a food spray to enhance biological control of bollworms, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii Glover, in cotton. The relay crops included fall plantings of hairy vetch, Vicia villosa Roth, and canola, Brassica napus L., and a spring planting of grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor L. Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., was planted between the relay crops or was isolated from the relay crops. Treatments within the two cotton systems included an untreated check plot, a plot sprayed with sugar+yeast (food spray) during summer to attract and hold predator insects, a plot sprayed with biological ('soft') insecticides for bollworm and cotton aphid control (Bacillus thuringiensis and pymetrozine, respectively), and a plot sprayed with harsh insecticides for bollworm and cotton aphid control (zeta cypermethrin and dicrotophos or profonofos, respectively). A split-plot experimental design, with three replications, was used where whole plots included relay and isolated cotton systems and subplots were the four food/chemical treatments. Predator numbers were monitored with a vacuum sampler once a week in relay crops and cotton. Bollworms and cotton aphids were monitored visually once a week in cotton during July and August. Total predator numbers were higher in cotton adjacent to relay crops in 1996, but not in 1997. The food spray did not enhance attraction and retention of predators either year. Bollworm larval numbers were significantly higher in relay cotton, food spray plots in 1996. Bollworm larval numbers were similar in relay and isolated cotton, and larval numbers were significantly reduced only in the plot where zeta cypermethrin (harsh insecticide plot) was used. In 1996, cotton aphid numbers in the relay cotton system were significantly higher in the untreated check plots in relation to numbers in the food spray, soft insecticide, and harsh insecticide plots, which were statistically similar. In the isolated cotton system, aphid numbers were highest in untreated plots, intermediate in food spray and soft insecticide plots, and lowest in the harsh insecticide plots. Aphid numbers increased more rapidly in the harsh insecticide plots that had been treated previously for bollworm control. The food spray and pymetrozine treatments reduced cotton aphids more effectively in the relay cropping system than in the isolated cotton system. Bollworms and cotton aphids did not reach pest status in 1997. The combination of a relay cropping system with a food spray did not enhance predator numbers and did not aid in retention of predators in cotton during August. Sucrose in the food spray attracted high numbers of bollworms in 1996.     

Use of heat for disinfestation and control of insects in dates: Laboratory and field trials

Heat treatment of dates at the time of harvest, was examined as an alternative to fumigation with methyl bromide, which has been phased out in Israel under the Montreal Protocol. In laboratory studies, the influence of 40°, 45°, 50° and 55°C on the levels of disinfestation and mortality ofCarpophilus hemipterus larvae was examined over a 2-h exposure period. The ratio of the number of insects found outside the feeding sites to the total number of insects, was greatest at 50°C (92.3%), significantly greater than at 40° and 55°C. At 50° and 55°C, 100% mortality was obtained. Since drying temperatures for most date varieties is between 45° and 50°C, and because percent disinfestation and control was most effective at 50°C, these findings were examined under field conditions. Field trials were carried out at a commercial drying station where the crated dates are placed on the ground inside a plastic-clad hothouse. The stacks were covered with plastic liners to form ‘drying ducts’ through which heated air was sucked using fans positioned at the opposite end of the ducts. It was shown that from 1 to 2 h were required for the dates to reach the set temperature of 50°C. During the following 2-h aeration, the dates were exposed to 50°C heated air, after which an examination of infested dates inserted into the drying ducts, and natural infestations showed that successful control and emigration were obtained. This method produced results comparable to those obtained with methyl bromide fumigation, and was suitable as a replacement technology for infestation control. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 7, 2005.     

石榴蓟马防治药剂筛选及喷雾助剂对药剂的减量增效作用

为了筛选对石榴蓟马有效的防治药剂, 同时评价添加喷雾助剂对药剂的减量增效作用,本研究开展了12种杀虫剂对石榴蓟马的田间防效试验, 同时将450 g/L吡虫啉微乳剂常规用量减量10%、20% 后添加0.05%的有机硅Silwet 408、矿物油、芦荟精油助剂, 测定其对药液物理性能的影响及对石榴蓟马的田间防效, 评价喷雾助剂的减量增效作用。结果表明:12种杀虫剂对石榴蓟马具有较好的田间防效, 按照667 m2用量, 450 g/L吡虫啉微乳剂10 mL、60 g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂30 mL、10%多杀霉素悬浮剂20 mL、240 g/L虫螨腈悬浮剂40 mL、25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂30 mL对石榴蓟马防效较高, 可作为防治石榴蓟马的临时推荐药剂。添加3种喷雾助剂均能显著降低药液的表面张力、增大扩展直径并提高药液持留量, 提高药剂对石榴蓟马的防效。相对常规用量, 通过添加有机硅Silwet 408、矿物油助剂可使450 g/L吡虫啉微乳剂用量减量20%, 添加芦荟精油可使药剂减量10%。生产上可通过向450 g/L吡虫啉微乳剂中添加3种喷雾助剂来达到对石榴蓟马减量增效的作用。     

Effectiveness of cyfluthrin dust treatment for control and protection of shelled maize against infestation by the larger grain borer,Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in Tanzania

Abstract

Knockdown, mortality and residual activity of pyrethrins and cyfluthrin were studied on the larger grain borer (LGB), Prostephanus truncatus (Horn). Pyrethrum marc with 0.4% pyrethrins and cyfluthrin dust (0.1% a.i.) when applied on filter paper at 0.72 mg/cm² gave 98.6% and 100% knockdown (KD) respectively after 6 h. Cyfluthrin dust had a faster KD effect with 100% KD compared to 93.1% for pyrethrum marc, ½1/2>h after treatment. After 24 h there was no recovery from KD in both treatments. After 72 h, 23.2% of the LGB had recovered from KD while mortality was 76.8% in the pyrethrum marc treatment. After the same period, cyfluthrin resulted in 100% mortality. Mortality of P. truncatus exposed to different dosages of cyfluthrin dust in shelled maize was less than 100% at dosages lower than 1 part per million (ppm) but was 100% at 1 ppm and higher dosages 3 days after treatment. Progeny emergence was suppressed at all dosage levels above 0.25 ppm compared to a mean progeny of 68.8 in the check after 45 days. Cyfluthrin dust was more residually toxic at 0.5 ppm and higher dosages, with mortality of >90% at 5 months after treatment. This suggests that cyfluthrin dust at 0.1% a.i. mixed with shelled maize at 1 ppm will give protection and control of LGB infestation.     

江西双季稻重要病虫害高效防治药剂筛选

为筛选出适宜江西双季稻田常见病虫害的新型高效药剂,选用9种农药进行田间药效试验.结果 表明:9种药剂在中高浓度下对防治对象均可达到较好的效果.其中10％溴氰虫酰胺OD 45 g/hm2(有效成分用量,下同)对早稻田二化螟防效最佳,药后28 d防效达93.22％;30％唑虫酰胺SC 67.5 g/hm2对稻纵卷叶螟防效最...     

天敌昆虫在诱集植物上的多样性及对温室蚜虫的防治作用

多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata是新疆棉田优势捕食性天敌之一。为了明确棉田常用杀虫剂对多异瓢虫不同虫态期的毒性,采用药液浸渍法和滤纸接触法,分别测定了8种常用杀虫剂不同剂量下对多异瓢虫卵孵化率、蛹羽化率以及幼虫和成虫死亡率的影响。结果表明：阿维菌素对多异瓢虫卵和蛹的毒性最低,LC₅₀值分别为9.36和20.98 mg/L,对幼虫的毒性最高,LC₅₀值为4.68 mg/L;烯啶虫胺对多异瓢虫卵和蛹的毒性最高,LC₅₀值分别为1.16和1.02 mg/L;吡虫啉对多异瓢虫成虫和幼虫的毒性最低,LC₅₀值分别为665.50和460.51 mg/L;螺虫乙酯对多异瓢虫成虫的毒性最高,LC₅₀值为5.67 mg/L。经不同杀虫剂处理后,随着药剂剂量升高,多异瓢虫卵的孵化率和蛹的羽化率逐渐下降,死亡率逐渐升高。研究表明：吡虫啉、啶虫脒和吡蚜酮对多异瓢虫成虫安全;吡虫啉、氟啶虫酰胺和吡蚜酮对多异瓢虫幼虫安全;烯啶虫胺和螺虫乙酯对多异瓢虫卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的安全性均较差。在棉田防治害虫时应考虑不施用或低剂量施用烯啶虫胺和螺虫乙酯,可适量施用吡虫啉和吡蚜酮,同时尽量避开天敌昆虫各虫态发生高峰期。     

江苏省水稻条纹叶枯病上升原因及防治对策

分析了江苏省近年来水稻条纹叶枯病的上升原因,主要与感病品种面积扩大,灰飞虱发生量逐年加大等因素有关。在此基础上,结合本省各地防治实践,初步提出了控制条纹叶枯病综合防治措施,即坚持以“治虫防病”为主,结合推广有效农业措施,如种植抗性品种,以及肥床旱育、小苗抛栽等有利于推迟播期,避开灰飞虱迁移传毒高峰的轻型栽培技术。     

中国“十四五”重大病虫害防控综合技术研发实施展望

病虫害防控是国家总体安全的重要组成部分,为构建区域一体化、技术绿色化的农林草业重大病虫害精准监测预警和全程防控综合技术体系,“十四五”期间,国家重点研发计划设立了“重大病虫害防控综合技术研发与示范”重点专项。此专项以保障农林生产安全、农产品质量安全和农林生态安全为根本目标,以草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda、柑橘黄龙病菌Liberbacter asianticum、松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus、东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis等农作物和森林草原重大病虫害防控科技创新为首要任务,旨在建立覆盖全国的农林草业重大病虫害精准监测预警网络,系统揭示重大病虫害区域性灾变机理,为农业绿色高质量发展提供科技支撑。该文综述了该专项的研发背景、专项定位、研究内容、任务布局、实施机制、政策保障,以期为植物保护领域相关科研人员、推广机构、政府部门、技术用户等提供参考。     

超级杂交中稻主要病虫药剂防治新技术

2006—2007年,在桃江县稻瘟病重发区应用超级杂交中稻主要病虫药剂防治新技术防治两优0293大田生育期主要病虫试验,结果表明：该技术可有效防控超级杂交中稻主要病虫危害,对大部分病虫防效好于常规施药技术,且比常规施药技术减少农药用量42.38%～68.59%、增产2.46%～118.00%;其中施用52.5%丙环唑•三环唑悬乳剂处理对稻瘟病的防效高、增产增效明显。