棉花茎枝叶形态模型研究

 在2005－2006年盆栽试验基础上,系统分析了生态因子对棉花主茎叶、果枝叶和主茎节间、果节形态发生的影响,量化了温度、氮素、水分、化控（DPC）等与棉花各器官形态建成的关系,构建了基于有效积温（GDD）、以Logistic模型为基础的棉花主茎和果枝的叶片长度、宽度、叶柄长度及主茎节间、果节长度和粗度形态发生的动态模型。利用不同氮素水平、不同品种、水分、化控试验资料对模型进行了检验。结果表明,棉花主茎和果枝的叶片长度和宽度、叶柄长度及主茎节间、果节长度和粗度的模拟值与观察值之间均方差根（RMSE）分别为0.66 cm、0.87 cm、0.77 cm、0.57 cm、0.77 mm、0.43 cm、0.55 cm、0.43 cm、0.73 cm、0.56 mm,棉花器官形态发生的模拟值与观测值具有较好的吻合度,说明模型具有较好的预测性和准确性     

滴施缩节胺与氮肥对棉花生长发育及产量的影响

为探明缩节胺与氮肥对棉花农艺性状的互作效应,试验采用双因素随机区组设计,设置150 (N1)、300 (N2)、450 kg hm–2 (N3) 3个施氮(纯N)水平, 525 (D1)、1050 (D2)、2100 g hm–2 (D3) 3个缩节胺水平,交互共9个处理。研究滴施不同剂量氮肥与缩节胺对棉花农艺性状、棉铃时空分布、干物质积累及分配、产量及纤维品质的影响。结果表明,缩节胺与氮肥互作效应对棉花农艺性状影响显著,在低氮状态下缩节胺对棉花生长的延缓作用减弱甚至消失。N1处理下, D3处理相比D1处理棉株的株高、果枝始节高、第4果枝长、第7果枝长分别增加12.07、1.54、1.28和1.20cm。在正常或高氮状态下缩节胺对棉花生长产生一定的延缓作用,其控制效果并不随缩节胺剂量增加而增强,N3处理下,D3处理相比D1处理棉株的株高、第1果枝长、第2果节间平均长度分别降低1.05、1.68和1.52cm。棉株的株高、茎粗与果枝数随施氮量增加而增加, N3处理相比N1处理分别增加3.30 cm、0.75 mm与0.29台;其果枝长与果节间长在不同施氮量间无明显差异。D2处理相比D1与...     

增效缩节安化学封顶对棉花主茎生长的影响及其相关机制

缩节安(1,1-dimethyl piperidinium chloride, DPC)是棉花生产中广泛应用的植物生长延缓剂。增效DPC (DPC ⁺, 25%水剂)助剂中的成分能对植物幼嫩组织表面形成轻微伤害, 实践证明其可实现棉花化学封顶、起到替代人工打顶的作用。为探究DPC ⁺作用机制, 本试验于2015年在田间条件下研究了棉花盛花期后(7月24日)应用DPC ⁺ (1125 mL hm ^-2)对棉花主茎生长和顶芽解剖结构、氧化还原状态及相关基因表达的影响。结果表明, 与对照(同期喷施清水)相比, DPC ⁺处理后棉花株高降低, 白花以上节位(nodes above the last white flower, NAWF)更早降到5; 处理后3 d即可观察到主茎生长点较对照扁平, 生长点的纵横比显著低于对照; 处理后6 h棉花顶芽的O₂ ^-、H₂O₂和MDA含量高于对照, 而开花相关基因GhSPL3和GhV1及顶端分生组织相关基因GhREV3的表达量则低于对照。化学封顶剂DPC ⁺可引起棉株顶芽的短期氧化应激反应, 降低与主茎生长点发育和花芽分化相关基因的表达水平, 从而延缓棉株生长和花芽的产生, 实现化学封顶。     

喷施氟节胺对棉花农艺性状及产量的影响研究

通过小区试验探究喷施氟节胺对棉花农艺性状及其产量的影响,为研究区开展化学打顶技术提供科学依据。以主栽棉花品种新陆早42号为供试材料,设置3个处理,测定了棉花生育期的农艺性状及产量,对氟节胺化学打顶技术进行了综合的技术评价,结果表明:化学打顶棉花株高显著高于人工打顶,但显著低于不打顶处理(P0.05);主茎平均节间长度与人工打顶处理差异不显著,但打顶后显著降低了棉株的主茎节数,且化学打顶显著高于人工打顶(P0.05);化学打顶后植株果枝数比人工打顶提高59.9%,棉花上部果枝结铃数及内围铃数略高于人工打顶,但铃重显著高于人工打顶(P0.05),籽棉产量和皮棉产量与人工打顶处理相比没有差异。     

打顶对棉花赘芽生长的影响及其激素调控

以赘芽生长势强的冀151和269系及赘芽生长势弱的冀棉169和182系作为材料,观察打顶(D)、打顶+顶施IAA(D+T)和打顶+果枝顶芽施用IAA(D+F)处理下赘芽的生长势以及内源Z+ZR与IAA含量的变化。结果显示,棉花上部赘芽在打顶20 d后显著伸长,内源Z+ZR水平在打顶6 h后也明显提高,IAA水平显著下降;而D+T和D+F处理的棉花上部赘芽的伸长及内源Z+ZR水平的提高幅度均明显低于D处理,IAA含量则无显著变化。表明棉花茎节处合成的CTK促进赘芽生长,其水平受茎中由上而下IAA流的控制。棉花赘芽的生长既受主茎中IAA流调控,也受果枝中IAA流的影响。     

种植密度与播期对江汉平原短季棉成铃空间分布的影响

在不同密度、播期处理条件下,研究荆早棉1号的成铃空间分布,结果表明:密度增加,叶枝数、叶枝成铃数、主茎果枝数、果枝成铃数、单株成铃数减少;播期延迟,叶枝数、叶枝成铃数明显增加,果枝数、果枝成铃数及单株成铃数明显减少。各处理不同部位果枝、果节上成铃数占单株总铃数的比率总体表现为:1~5果枝6~10果枝11~15果枝16及以上果枝;1~2果节3~4果节5节及以上果节。1~10果枝、1~2果节的成铃数占全株铃数的比率高,则产量表现好;反之,则产量表现差。     

不同棉区棉花DPC化学封顶技术研究

【目的】探讨应用98%甲哌鎓(1, 1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride, DPC)粉剂(以下简称DPC)对棉花进行化学封顶的稳定性和普适性。【方法】于2018年在黄河流域棉区的河北河间、河北邯郸、山东德州、山东无棣,长江流域棉区的江苏大丰和湖北黄冈,北疆棉区的石河子Ⅰ和Ⅱ以及南疆棉区的轮台、沙雅共10个地点开展试验,供试棉花品种(系)为当地主栽品种(系)。采用随机区组设计,重复3～4次。在各地常规DPC系统化控技术的基础上,设早于人工打顶10 d(T1)、与人工打顶同期(T2)2个封顶时期,并设0、90、180、270 g·hm~(-2)4个DPC剂量,以人工打顶为第一对照,以不打顶为第二对照。【结果】DPC化学封顶时期显著影响株高(河北邯郸、山东无棣和山东德州除外)和果枝数(江苏大丰和湖北黄冈除外),表现为封顶早、控长作用强(植株较低,果枝数较少),封顶晚、控长作用弱(植株较高,果枝数较多)。河北河间和新疆石河子Ⅰ试验点T1期DPC化学封顶的平均株高不仅低于T2期,且分别较人工打顶低3.3 cm和4.6 cm。多数试验点T1期DPC化学封顶的果枝数较人工打顶每株增加2个左右,T2期增加较多,增加2.3～7.7。DPC封顶剂量越大,对株高的控长作用越强(湖北黄冈除外),中(180 g·hm~(-2))、高剂量(270 g·hm~(-2))DPC的株高在数个试验点甚至较人工打顶有不同程度的降低。清水对照的果枝数较人工打顶每株增加2.4～8.3,DPC化学封顶的果枝数显著少于清水对照,不同剂量之间的差异相对较小。河北邯郸T2期DPC化学封顶后遇高温干旱,与人工打顶相比铃数减少、产量显著降低;其他试验点DPC化学封顶除个别处理外对产量无显著影响。DPC化学封顶各处理喷施脱叶催熟剂前的吐絮率和一次花率不低于人工打顶,对熟期无不利影响。【结论】初步判断棉花应用DPC进行化学封顶具有较好的稳定性和普适性,生产中建议与人工打顶同期应用中、低剂量(90～180 g·hm~(-2))DPC进行化学封顶。     

豫东棉区春棉适宜打顶时期研究

打顶是棉花整枝工作的中心环节,打顶效果的关键在于时间和方法.打顶过早,上部果枝长势强,使棉株形成伞状,田间阴蔽加重,通风透光不良,烂铃增加,赘芽丛生,增加整枝用工;打顶过晚,无效花蕾增多,吐絮成熟推迟,导致棉花产量和品质降低.适时打顶可协调营养生长和生殖生长的关系,控制主茎节间距和果枝长度,调整株型结构,改善田间通风透光条件,提高结铃率,从而提高产量.     

缩节胺对棉花品种生长发育的影响

通过DPC(缩节胺)对新陆早36号、993和新陆中26号棉花品种的生长发育的影响的研究。结果表明,DPC可以促使叶绿素合成,增加叶绿素含量和光全效能强;可以有效地降低果枝始节、始节高和株高,增加有效果台数、单株成铃和铃重,减少脱落;打顶后喷施缩节胺,可以塑造棉花理想株型,对倒二枝果枝长度影响最大,其次是倒三枝,最小是倒一枝。     

长江流域麦(油)后直播棉增效缩节胺化学封顶技术研究

【目的】明确长江流域麦(油)后直播棉应用增效缩节胺(25%DPC水剂,简称DPC+)进行化学封顶的可行性。【方法】于2015―2017年在江苏大丰、安徽宿松和湖北武汉开展田间试验,采用随机区组设计,以人工打顶为对照,研究化学封顶时期(人工打顶同期、人工打顶后5 d)和封顶剂DPC+剂量(750,1 125,1 500 m L·hm^-2)对麦(油)后直播棉农艺性状及经济性状的影响。【结果】与人工打顶相比,DPC+化学封顶处理的株高和果枝数增加(最多分别增加21.6 cm和4.8个),中部和上部果枝(尤其是上部果枝)缩短,除个别点次外果节数不受影响。在不同环境条件下,化学封顶处理的产量多与人工打顶相当,低剂量DPC+处理的产量在降水量大的年份有一定程度下降,化学封顶时期对产量影响较小。【结论】应用DPC+对长江流域麦(油)后直播棉进行化学封顶有较好的可行性,未来需进一步优化技术参数、建立稳发稳长的配套栽培技术体系。     

Applying Plant Growth Regulators at Early Stages Affects Maturation of Cotton

[Objective] Early initiation and early maturity are the foundation of high yield and good quality of cotton. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of plant growth regulators applied at the seedling and squaring stage on the early initiation of flower bud and the rate of the opened cotton boll (ROCB) during later development period, and to provide practical measures for hastening the maturity of cotton. [Method] Several plant growth regulators were applied from cotyledonary to squaring stage under greenhouse and field conditions, water was used as the control. The first fruiting branch node (indicating the initiation of flower bud), the number of bud prior to blooming and the ROCB at mid-term of boll maturation period (23 September, 2017) were compared among treatments. [Result] Under greenhouse conditions, gibberellic acid (GA₃) applied at the cotyledonary stage with 140 μmol·L^－1 as well as the three consecutive applications of sodium nitrophenolate (CSN, 2.23 μmol·L^－1) at the cotyledonary, two-leaf and four-leaf stage made the first fruiting branch node move down by about 0.9 nodes. In field experiments, the application of gibberellin₄₊₇(GA₄₊₇, 288 and 576 μmol·L^－1) at the cotyledonary stage significantly decreased the first fruiting branch node by about 0.4 nodes. Also, the application of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA, 44.4 μmol·L^－1) at the three-leaf stage significantly decreased the first fruiting branch node by 0.2 nodes. However, there was no significant correlation between the first fruiting branch node and the ROCB in late September. Moreover, the application of Brassinolide (BR, 0.10 μmol·L^－1) at the bud stage increased the ROCB in late September, which was mainly associated with the increased boll set in the lower and middle fruiting branches. [Conclusion] The reasonable distribution of bolls (concentrated in the lower and middle fruiting branches as well as inner fruiting sites) is more important for the earliness of cotton than lowering the first fruiting branch node.     

棉花矮秆品系的形态学及其解剖结构比较

 以矮秆品系“97004D”和正常品系“97004H”及遗传标准系“TM-1”为材料,从形态学和细胞学研究了棉花高、矮品系的主茎生长动态和茎组织的细胞解剖结构。高、矮秆品系从出苗期到现蕾初期株高无明显差异,现蕾后株高差异逐渐明显,在各个时期97004D与97004H、TM-1主茎节间数、果枝数等无显著差异。 茎组织解剖结构观察表明,97004D的茎横切面的薄壁细胞表面积较大,维管束比较少,形成层较发达。TM-1茎的幼嫩部分纵切面的薄壁细胞数量明显多于97004D。而较多的茎细胞不断分裂生长,以至节间迅速伸长,从而导致了节间长度的差异较大。     

株型对棉株14C同化物生产及运转分配的影响

运用 14 C示踪技术 ,研究了简化整枝与早打主茎顶心、少留果枝改变株型对 14 C同化物生产分配的影响。结果表明 ,简化整枝蕾期、花铃期果枝叶的光合作用强度和14 C同化量均低于对照 ,且　14 C同化物向主茎和果枝的分配比例也较对照降低。简化整枝早打主茎顶心 ,可提高花铃期果枝叶、叶枝叶的光合作用强度和 14 C同化物向叶枝的分配比例。反映到产量和产量构成因素上 ,表现为简化整枝主茎结铃减少 ,叶枝结铃可弥补其损失 ,单铃重和衣分略有降低 ;简化整枝早打主茎顶心增加了叶枝结铃数 ,且单铃重和衣分略有提高。但处理间的皮棉产量均无显著差异     

限水减氮对豫北冬小麦产量和植株不同层次器官干物质运转的影响

采用节水栽培并减少氮肥用量是实现豫北冬小麦生产的高产、高效和环境友好发展的必然选择,探明限水减氮对冬小麦产量和植株各层次器官干物质运转的影响,可为该地区冬小麦节水栽培和合理施用氮肥提供科学依据。2009—2010和2010—2011年连续2年在河南浚县钜桥进行小麦田间裂区试验,主区设置2个灌溉水平[拔节水(W1)和拔节水+开花水(W2)],副区设置5个氮肥水平[330 kg hm~(–2) (N4,豫北地区小麦生产中常规施氮量)、270 kg hm~(–2) (N3)、210 kg hm~(–2) (N2)、120 kg hm~(–2) (N1)、0 kg hm~(–2) (N0)],测定了籽粒产量和植株各层次器官干物质运转量、运转率和对籽粒贡献率。减量施氮与N4相比,各营养器官向籽粒运转的干物质量均有增加,其中,穗轴+颖壳的干物质运转量增加了323.2%,增幅远高于茎节的24.5%和叶片的4.6%,且穗轴+颖壳的干物质运转率和对籽粒贡献率增幅也远高于茎节和叶片。减量施氮处理的叶片干物质运转量的增加主要源于倒三叶和倒四叶,分别增加28.7%和201.1%,而茎节干物质运转量的增加主要源于除穗位节外的其他茎节,分别增加21.7%(倒二节)、71.8%(倒三节)、44.5%(倒四节)和31.1%(余节)。与W2相比, W1干物质运转量无显著差异,但干物质运转率略高(24.6%vs. 23.8%),对籽粒贡献率较高(35.1%vs. 30.0%),籽粒产量降低11.2%,水分供应量减少750 m3 hm~(–2)。可见,减量施氮促进了营养器官,尤其是穗轴+颖壳和下层器官(倒三叶、倒四叶、倒三节、倒四节和余节)的干物质向籽粒的运转,提高了对籽粒贡献率,有利于提高籽粒产量。     

Response of Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) to Fruiting Branch Removal

Cotton response to fruiting branch removal (FBR) is critical information in estimating plant recovery potential and making management decisions after hail storms or other physical damages. Fruiting branches were removed at first bloom (R8), 2.5‐cm boll (R12) and peak bloom (R16) growth stages. Five FBR treatments were conducted at each of the above three growth stages: 0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 %. At harvest, five plants were randomly chosen from each plot and branches separated into three groups: vegetative, lower and upper fruiting branches. Lower fruiting branches were from the nodes where FBR treatments were conducted, whereas upper fruiting branches were the new branches developed after FBR. Seed cotton weight, open boll number and node number in each group were recorded. Fruiting branch removal increased boll number, boll size and boll/node on the upper fruiting branches, which compensated yield loss on lower fruiting branches. Generally, FBR at the first bloom reduced cotton yield more than it did at the 2.5‐cm boll and peak bloom growth stages when FBR percentage was lower than 75 %. The removal of all 16 fruiting branches at peak bloom reduced cotton yield by 16.8 %, indicating remarkable compensation ability by cotton plants in climates with a long growing season.     

雹灾后施氮配合中耕对棉花14C同化物生产及运转分配的影响

运用＾１５Ｎ和＾１４Ｃ示踪技术，研究了雹灾后施氮配合中耕对棉株吸氮动态，吸氮量，＾１４Ｃ同化物生产及运转分配的影响。研究结果表明，蕾期遭受雹灾后及对施氮并配合中耕，可使棉株开始吸收肥料氮的时间提前，棉株吸氮量、含氮量和肥料利用率也显著提高。棉株花铃期的相对光合作用强度（以放射性比强表示）和＾１４ＣＯ２同化量均显著高于单纯施氮处理和对照。而且，棉株的同化产物以较大的比例转运至生殖器官特别是成铃中，并     

Lint Yield Compensatory Response to Main Stem Node Removal in Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Hail storm damage to the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants can destroy vegetative and reproductive structures, modify canopy architecture and impact lint yield. Field studies were conducted at University of Arizona Maricopa Agricultural Center in 2011, 2012 and 2013 to examine cotton plant architecture changes and compensatory growth in response to removal treatments of uppermost nodes on main stem (terminal bud removal, 2 node removal and 4 node removal) as simulation of hail damage at the node 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 24 growth stages. Main stem node removal caused significant decrease in leaf area and biomass, especially at early growth stages. However, significant lint yield reduction only occurred by removing 2 nodes at the node 4 stage and removing 4 nodes at the node 8 stage in 2011, removing terminal bud at the node 12 stage in 2012 and removing terminal bud, 2 nodes and 4 nodes at the node 8 stage in 2013. The lint yield reduction did not exceed 13 % in all three growing seasons. Yield loss due to main stem node removal was mainly compensated by increased boll number on the vegetative branches at early growth stages and on fruiting branches at late growth stages. Yield compensation from vegetative branches increased with number of main stem nodes removed. This study suggests that the cotton crop has a strong compensatory ability to plant structure damage due to its indeterminate growth and longer growing season in the region.     

Interaction of Plant Density with Mepiquat Chloride Affects Plant Architecture and Yield in Cotton

[Objective] The effect of planting density and mepiquat chloride (DPC) on cotton plant architecture, growth, yield, and quality at Anyang City, Henan Province, China, was studied. [Method] Field experiments with cotton variety Lumianyan 28 were conducted with five planting densities (15 000, 45 000, 75 000, 105 000, and 135 000 plants·hm^－2) and application of DPC at three concentrations (0, 195, and 390 g·hm^－2). [Result] Increasing cotton plant density resulted in increased internode length and plant height but also caused the decrease of inclination of fruiting branches and leaves as well as elevated dry matter allocation to leaves and fruiting branches, which led to a decrease in dry matter accumulation. Application of DPC reduced the azimuth angle of fruiting branches and plant height, but increased the insertion angle of fruiting branches with the main stem, leaf length, and petiole length. Planting density and DPC treatment showed a significant interaction on fruiting branch insertion angle, plant height, stem diameter, and dry matter allocation to fruits and leaves. The interaction of DPC and planting density had a complementary effect on the spatial distribution of cotton-yielding bolls. The final dry matter was highest (14 362 kg·hm^－2) at the planting density of 105 000 plant·hm^－2 and DPC application of 390 g·hm^－2, which resulted in the highest seed yield (3 257 kg·hm^－2). [Conclusion] For maximization of cotton yield and quality, a plant density of 75 000 to 105 000 plants·hm^－2 and DPC application of 195 to 390 g·hm^－2 in the Yellow River cotton-producing region is recommended. The results may help to optimize labor-saving cotton management and to generate a plant architecture suitable for mechanical harvesting in the Yellow River cotton-producing region.     

水稻矮秆鞘包穗突变体茎的形态解剖学研究

以T-DNA标记的水稻矮秆、鞘包穗突变体A846及其野生型为材料,用解剖学方法对比研究茎的外部形态和显微结构。结果表明：突变体A846平均株高38.64cm,大于野生型株高的一半,为半矮秆类型;其矮生性在拔节期显著表现;主茎茎秆各节间收缩比例不一,穗下第一节间显著缩短,与sh-型突变体类似;茎秆各节间居间分生组织细胞分化正常,由居间分生组织分化的细胞延伸受到不同程度的阻碍;各节间基本组织细胞纵向长度相应缩短,穗下第一节间缩短比例最大,其平均值小于野生型的一半;主茎节间数目与旗叶的叶鞘长类似于野生型。