花生品种蛋白质含量、含油量及脂肪酸组成的分析

４０００多份花生品种的种子蛋白质含量平均值为２７．４５％，平均含油量为５０．５７％。油酸和亚油酸之和占总脂肪酸的８０％以上。国外引进品种的蛋白质含量和含油量比国内品种的对应值略高。在国内花生品种中，河南品种的平均蛋白质含量最低，平均含油量最高。广东品种的平均蛋白质含量和含油量比山东品种的对应值高。多粒型和珍珠豆型品种的平均蛋白质含量比龙生型和普通型的对应值高，珍珠豆型和中间型品种的平均含油量较高。筛选出高蛋白资源３１７份，高油分资源１８８份，优质脂肪资源５０份。     

单粒花生主要脂肪酸含量近红外预测模型的建立及其应用

脂肪酸组成是影响花生营养价值和货架寿命的主要因素,高油酸花生以其营养保健价值高、化学稳定性好、耐储藏等特点,深受广大消费者和花生加工企业的喜爱。因此,培育高油酸品种是花生育种的重要目标,建立快速、高效、准确检测花生中主要脂肪酸含量的无损方法是加快花生脂肪酸改良和高油酸品种选育进程的重要技术保障。本研究利用近红外光谱技术建立了可以非破坏性地快速检测单粒花生中油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸含量的数学模型,其中油酸模型的决定系数(R2)为0.907,均方差为3.463;亚油酸模型的决定系数为0.918,均方差为2.824;棕榈酸模型的决定系数为0.824,均方差为0.782。使用100粒花生验证该模型的准确性,结果油酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸的近红外预测值与化学值的相关系数分别为0.88、0.90和0.71,表明此模型可以准确地预测单粒花生中这3种脂肪酸的含量。本研究借助该模型建立了一种不依赖分子标记的快速、高效选育高油酸花生的方法,并成功应用于高油酸花生育种,选育出高油酸花生品种中花215。     

国内不同地区花生品种主要农艺性状的比较

为明确不同地区花生品种主要性状差异以及为引种工作提供依据,根据花生品种区域试验结果,对国内审(鉴)定的688个花生品种进行育种方法、主要农艺性状和产量性状分析。结果表明,审(鉴)定品种中有85.3%的品种由杂交选育而成,其中,单交占75.1%,单交是国内花生品种选育的主要杂交方式。不同省份品种在产量和主要农艺性状上存在显著差异,株高、侧枝长、单株分枝数、单株果枝数极差分别为17.2 cm、18.1 cm、2.7个和2.2个;百果重、百仁重和出仁率极差分别为41.46 g、18.36 g和8.46%;果仁脂肪含量和蛋白质含量极差为4.08%和3.77%;产量极差1107.45 kg/hm2。南方花生区品种单株分枝数和果枝数较少,黄河流域花生区品种百果重和百仁重较高,长江流域花生区品种脂肪含量较高,南方花生区品种蛋白质含量较高。     

当阳市不同生态区水稻品种的适应性研究

湖北宜昌当阳市是一个以农业为主的县级市,提高水稻产量对当阳农业产业发展和乡村振兴有重要意义。选择 10个在当阳市种植面积较大的水稻品种,分别种植在当阳市平原、丘陵、低山不同水稻生态区,研究每个品种在不同生态区的适应性,比较产量差异及抗逆能力,为农户种植适宜品种提供参考,为当阳市水稻产业链提供真实和丰富的数据。研究结果表明：荃优 727、荃优华占、隆两优 1234、荃两优丝苗、荆两优 266 在当阳市的不同生态区适应性均较好。韵两优 332 抗高温能力相对较差,在平原稻区结实率较低;旺两优 950 稻瘟病抗性较差,在丘陵和低山稻区种植风险较大。荃优丝苗、荃两优丝苗、荆两优 266 的米质表现相对较好,适宜在当阳市本地及相近生态区种植和推广。     

几个燕麦品种在不同生态区籽粒营养成分分析

将7个燕麦品种(裸燕麦6个,皮燕麦1个)在5个不同的生态区种植,分析其籽粒蛋白质、脂肪、维生素PP、B_1、B_2、E、C和12种矿物质元素含量的变化,为选择优质医用燕麦品种和良好的燕麦生产基地提供了依据。     

湖南不同生态区烤烟主要化学成分比较

采集了湖南省3个生态区宁乡县、宁远县、桑植县的B2F、C3F、X2F三个等级烤烟样本54个,测定了烟叶总糖、还原糖、烟碱、总氮、钾、氯含量,比较了其生态区域差异。结果表明：总糖和还原糖含量表现为宁远县＞宁乡县＞桑植县,总植物碱含量表现为桑植县＞宁乡县＞宁远县,总氮含量表现为桑植县＞宁远县＞宁乡县,氯含量表现为宁远县＞宁乡县＞桑植县,钾含量表现为宁乡县＞宁远县＞桑植县;总糖、还原糖、总植物碱、氯、钾含量生态区间差异显著,主要表现为湘南烟区与湘西北烟区差异大,湘中烟区与湘南烟区化学成分较接近。     

回交育种分析花生脂肪酸含量的变化

采用亲缘关系甚远的高油酸亲本Sunoliec95R与低油酸亲本汕油162配置杂交组合（F1）,并回交2代（BC1和BC2）,结果表明,在花生回交种中油酸及油酸／亚油酸值均有不同程度的升高,轮回亲本中控油基因已部分转入到回交种中。选育出一批高低油酸、高低O/L值种仁,以期作为花生品质育种选配亲本的参考,为广西丰产种质拓宽与改良提供一定的理论依据。     

内蒙古不同生态区玉米品种产量差异分析

玉米产量的形成由遗传因素、生态环境条件和栽培措施等因素共同作用。本研究于2017-2019年选用熟期差异较大的2个典型玉米品种郑单958和德美亚1号,在内蒙古自治区东部春播玉米区不同纬度和积温资源的赤峰、通辽、兴安盟和呼伦贝尔4个试验点开展联网试验,分析积温条件差异对于品种熟期选择的影响及其增密增产措施的互作效应。结果表明,在积温充足区晚熟品种郑单958较早熟品种德美亚1号具有更高的产量表现,随着纬度升高、积温减少,在资源限制环境下晚熟品种与早熟品种的产量差异逐步缩小。增密种植显著提高早熟品种的产量,但晚熟品种产量变化不显著;随着种植密度的提高,晚熟品种与早熟品种的产量差异明显缩小。根据区域生态条件,合理选择熟期品种,积温充足区域充分利用光热资源,积温限制区域结合增密种植措施弥补产量损失,实现产量和籽粒品质的协同提高,促进东北春播玉米生产综合效益提升。     

不同品种核桃仁脂肪含量及脂肪酸组成与成分分析

以国内外不同品种核桃为试材,采用气相色谱法,测定不同品种核桃仁中脂肪含量及脂肪酸组成成分,结果表明:核桃仁中的脂肪含量在66%左右.核桃仁中共检测出肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、棕橱油酸、珠光脂酸、顺-10-十七碳-烯酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、花生酸和顺-11-二十碳.烯酸、二十二碳酸12种脂肪酸.脂肪酸碳链长度主要集中在C16-C18之间,以亚油酸含量最高,其次为油酸、α-亚麻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸,其他脂肪酸含量较少(<0.15g/100g).不同品种核桃仁中均以多不饱和脂肪酸为主,其次为单不饱和脂肪酸,饱和脂肪酸含量较低,各品种间多不饱和脂肪酸含量差异显著.亚油酸含量以青林核桃为最高,为42.19 g/100g;元林核桃最低,为36.12 g/100g.     

不同花生基因型脂肪酸脱氢酶基因序列分析

根据Δ¹²-脂肪酸脱氢酶（FAD）保守的氨基酸序列设计简并引物进行RT-PCR扩增,获得了花生属不同基因型的全长为1 140 bp的cDNA序列。序列分析结果表明,序列编码379个氨基酸的开放阅读框,所编码蛋白质的大小约为42 kDa。推测的氨基酸序列具有膜整合蛋白酶特异性的3个组氨酸保守区;氨基酸疏水性分析结果表明,所编码的氨基酸序列存在2个具有膜固定蛋白（membrance-anchored protein）重要特征的疏水结构,2个疏水区共跨膜4次,这些分析表明所获得的序列为Δ¹²-脂肪酸脱氢酶。系统进化树分析表明,FAD序列在花生属植物进化过程中较为保守;与其他物种的FAD序列也具有较高的同源性。这为探讨花生属植物之间的进化关系提供了一定的分子水平证据。     

花生硬脂酰-ACP酸脱饱和基因FAB2表达的分子机制

FAB2位于油酸合成通路的上游,编码硬脂酰-ACP脱饱和酶,调控硬脂酸(C18:0)向油酸(C18:1)转化。本研究发现高油酸品种开农176种子发育前期FAB2的表达量升高,而成熟期油酸过量积累会抑制FAB2的表达。利用开农176与开农70构建F2杂交群体,发现当植株油酸含量超过60%时会从整体水平上抑制FAB2的表达。种子发育前期,油酸不断积累会导致过氧化物酶活性升高,并且活性氧含量随之增加;但是在种子发育后期均降低,该结果与FAB2的表达量变化趋势相同。亚细胞定位结果表明, FAB2与FAD2分别定位于叶绿体与内质网。FAB2编码区序列多态性分析显示,该蛋白序列氮端的氨基酸结构缺失可能会导致硬脂酸含量升高。FAB2启动子序列存在大量AT碱基的富集区域,并且含有光响应、激素调控、转录因子结合的保守顺式元件。本研究发现过量积累的油酸会激活过氧化物酶介导的活性氧信号途径,进而通过细胞核内的未知转录因子调节上游基因FAB2的表达量,该结果不仅拓展了对FAB2的功能认知,也为培育高油酸花生品种提供了相关的理论指导。     

以分子标记辅助连续回交快速提高花生品种油酸含量及对其后代农艺性状的评价

高油酸是花生重要的品质性状,高油酸花生及其制品具有较好的品质稳定性和较高的营养和保健价值。我国高油酸花生的育成品种类型较少,遗传背景不够丰富,育种手段比较单一。针对上述问题,本研究开发了AS-PCR-MP高油酸分子标记检测方法,优化了KASP分子标记检测体系,利用分子标记辅助连续回交,结合近红外品质快速检测技术及南繁加代技术,以河南省大面积推广的豫花15、远杂9102、豫花9327、豫花9326四个不同类型品种为轮回亲本, 5年内连续回交4代、自交4代,定向获得了4个轮回亲本遗传背景的BC4F4和BC4F5稳定高油酸改良材料24个。调查分析了BC4F4和BC4F5单株的13个农艺性状与轮回亲本的相似度,并利用轮回亲本与非轮回亲本之间的差异SNP的KASP分子标记进行了BC4F4和BC4F5株系的轮回亲本遗传背景检测。结果表明,轮回亲本的遗传背景在BC4F5的比例为79.49%～92.31%。本研究为快速高效改良花生油酸含量探索了新的方法,获得的新品系拓展了高油酸花生的遗传背景,获得的一系列近等基因系可作为遗传研究材料进一步加以利用。     

长期连作对不同花生品种生长发育、产量与品质的影响

花生是我国重要的油料作物和经济作物,连作障碍已成为花生产业发展面临的突出问题。为解析长期连作对不同花生品种生长发育、产量及内在品质的影响,我们对7个不同花生品种在3年连作地块和10年连作地块的生长发育、产量与产量构成及品质相关指标进行测定分析。结果表明花生出苗率与出苗时间不受连作年限长短影响,且品种间差异不大,但其他形态性状指标、产量与产量构成以及品质指标均受连作年限影响,且不同品种对连作年限的敏感度表现各异。综合生长发育与产量及产量构成各项指标,花育19号、花育20号、花育34号对长期连作最为敏感,花育30号和花育33号敏感度居中;花育26号和花育50号属于对长期连作的耐受品种。花生内在品质同样受连作年限影响,但品种间对连作年限的反应有所差异。     

Genetic relationships among grapevine varieties grown in different French and Spanish regions based on RAPD markers

The genetic relationships among 32 white grapevine varieties (Vitis vinifera L.) grown in different French and Spanish regions were surveyed by using RAPD markers. Two hundred and eight clear and unambiguous RAPD markers were amplified by using 33 primers previously selected. Genetic relationships were established by UPGMA cluster analysis and also by studying RAPD low frequency bands. Three groups of varieties were clearly defined. The stability of the genetic structuration was surveyed by Student t-test and the confidence for certain nodes of the dendrogram was confirmed by bootstrap method. Varieties were separated in clear geographical groups with Atlantic or Mediterranean influence. Some of them were classified according to a common cultivation area and ampelographic characters, suggesting a common origin. In addition, ‘Albariño’, ‘Caíño Blanco’ and ‘Loureiro Blanco’ from Galicia (Spain) and ‘Melon’, ‘Chardonnay’ and ‘Aligoté’ from Burgundy (France) were closely related varieties. Two new closely related couples were defined as ‘Godello’ and ‘Verdejo’, and ‘Malvar’ and ‘Malvasía’.     

New mutants of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) with changed fatty acid composition

Seeds of the winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) line PN 3756/93 were treated with ethyl methanesulphonate to induce mutations in the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway. The seed mutagenic treatment was repeated in the M₂ generation. After treatments, individual seed and plant selections were made for changes in fatty acid composition during several generations of inbreeding. Self‐pollinated plants with changed fatty acid compositions were inbred to obtain genetically homozygous and stable mutant lines. Two mutants, M‐10453 and M‐10464, with increased levels of oleic acid (approximately 76%) and reduced linoleic and linolenic acid contents (8.5% and 7.5%, respectively) were selected. Gene or genes controlling desaturation of oleic acid were probably mutated in these plants. The third mutant, M‐681 had a very low linolenic acid content (approximately 2.6%) and increased linoleic acid content (approximately 26%). This would suggest the occurrence of mutations in genes controlling linoleic acid desaturation. The results of selection work during several generations showed that the environment had substantial influence on the composition of seed oil. This made the search for mutants with modify fatty acid compositions difficult. The induced mutants are not directly usable as new varieties, but can be used as parents in crosses for the development of high quality rapeseed varieties.     

Environmental variability and heritability of high oleic acid content in winter oilseed rape

Winter oilseed rape, with high oleic (HO) acid contents (C18:1) is of interest for nutritional as well as for industrial purposes. HO mutants have been described, but only limited information is available on any environmental influence on the expression of oleic acid content in these mutants. Therefore, a population of 60 doubled‐haploid (DH) lines segregating for oleic acid content (56‐75% C18:1) was grown in two years at three locations in northern Germany. Analysis of variance revealed a high heritability for oleic acid content of h²= 0.99. Subdividing the DH population into a high (> 64% C18:1) and a low (< 64% C18:1) oleic acid class showed high heritabilities (h²= 0.94) for C18:1 contents within both the high and low oleic acid types. The oleic acid contents in HO types of winter oilseed rape were environmentally stable at the three locations tested.     

棉籽油分和3种主要脂肪酸含量QTL分析

本研究对棉籽油分、棕榈酸、油酸和亚油酸含量进行了不同遗传体系的QTL分析,为相关性状挖掘出更多有用的基因信息。分别于2017年和2018年,利用陆地棉亲本HS46 (P₁)和MARCABUCAG8US-1-88 (P2)所构建的188个重组近交系分别与双亲杂交构建F1群体BC (P₁)和BC(P₂)。基于这些回交群体种子,采用专为种子性状设计的母体和胚核基因组QTL定位的混合线性遗传模型及QTLNetwork-CL-2.0-Seed软件,对棉籽油分、棕榈酸、油酸和亚油酸含量进行QTL定位分析。共检测到7个控制棉籽油分含量、3个控制棕榈酸含量、2个控制油酸含量和3个控制亚油酸含量的QTL,均具有显著或极显著的源自母体和胚2个核基因组的加性主效应,其中有7个QTL的表型变异贡献率大于10%。研究结果可为这些性状的分子标记辅助选择育种提供更为可靠的参考,为这些性状的分子遗传机制研究提供理论基础。     

Stability and Adaptability of Cultivars in Non-balanced Yield Trials. Comparison of Methods for Selecting 'High Oleic' Sunflower hybrids for Grain Yield and Quality

The best‐yielding and most stable cultivars are identified by growing cultivars in different environments. The stability of grain‐quality traits has been less thoroughly investigated than the stability of grain yield. High‐oleic hybrids of sunflower have been available on the Argentinian seed market for several years. Research on the stability of these genotypes is scarce. The objectives of this work were (i) to compare, using three different methods, the stability and adaptability of high‐oleic hybrids for grain yield and oil and oleic acid contents, and (ii) to explore the advantages and disadvantages of each method in selecting stable or adapted genotypes with high grain yield and high quality. Stability and adaptability analyses were performed on results for grain yields and oil and oleic acid contents of 35 high‐oleic sunflower hybrids from 17 comparative yield trials conducted over 2 years in Argentina. Stability was estimated using two methods: Fisher's protected least significant difference (LSD) test, which compared hybrids with the best‐yielding hybrid in each environment, and the test of relative yield (RY), which uses standard deviation as the measure of stability. Adaptability was estimated using Piepho's method of ‘multiple comparisons with the best’. These three methods can be applied to unbalanced data. Piepho's method made little discrimination amongst the hybrids. The LSD and RY tests coincided in classifying the hybrids as stable and unstable in 85 % of cases for grain yield and 76 % for oil content. It is concluded that the most convenient method depends on characteristics of the experimental design and of variability of the evaluated trait. Results from the LSD test depend on the number of environments in which the cultivar is tested. The RY method is valuable for classifying some cultivars as high‐yielding and stable, avoiding the problem of high‐yielding environments biasing the general average. Use of both methods together could be effective for classifying hybrids when the number of environments is adequate.