创伤性血管损伤的DSA检查及临床价值（附11例分析）

目的：探讨在创伤性血管损伤中，损伤血管局部和其远端血运情况的DSA诊断及其临床价值。材料和方法：对11例临床拟诊有血管损伤的患者进行DSA检查。损伤的原因有医源性、刀刺伤、车祸伤、钝伤等。结果：11例患者中均出现不同程度的动脉损伤表现，阳性率100％。血管造影的表现为动脉闭塞6例、动脉狭窄4条、动脉迂曲3条、对比剂外渗1条、假性动脉瘤4条、动静脉瘘4条。结论：对有血管损伤的患者进行动脉DSA检查，能对损伤动脉局部作出定性、定位的诊断，同时亦能了解其远端血运中断或重建情况。     

三维对比增强MRA对四肢创伤性动脉损伤的诊断价值

目的 探讨三维对比增强磁共振血管造影(3D CE-MRA)对四肢创伤性动脉损伤的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析30例四肢创伤性动脉损伤患者的3D CE-MRA影像学资料,并与手术探查结果进行对比.结果 30例患者中,动脉断裂3例,动脉部分裂伤6例(合并有假性动脉瘤5例和动静脉瘘1例),动脉挫伤(动脉内膜挫伤并血栓)12例,动脉胁迫征9例(完全动脉胁迫征4例和部分动脉胁迫征5例);3D CE-MRA诊断正确27例,另3例不能鉴别动脉损伤类型.结论 3D CE-MRA能清楚诊断四肢动脉损伤的部位和类型,对治疗方案的选择具有重要的指导作用,可作为四肢创伤性动脉损伤患者的常规检查方法.     

肾内血管损伤的血管内介入诊断与治疗

目的 :探讨肾内血管损伤的血管造影诊断价值和选择肾动脉栓塞术的治疗价值、适应症以及一些诊疗经验。方法 :回顾性分析 16例 (男 13例 ,女 3例 ,年龄 9～ 4 7岁 ,平均 30 .5± 11.8岁 )肾内血管损伤患者的血管内介入放射学资料 ,所有患者于栓塞前行肾动脉造影检查 ,栓塞材料选用明胶海绵和弹簧钢圈。结果 :16例肾内血管损伤患者经血管造影检查均能获得明确的诊断 ,12例可见对比剂外溢 (其中 6例合并有创伤性假性动脉瘤和 /或动脉瘘形成 ) ,9例可见假性动脉瘤形成 (其中 3例合并有动静脉瘘形成 ) ,单纯动静脉瘘形成者 1例。 16例肾内血管损伤者经弹簧钢圈栓塞者 7例 ,明胶海绵栓塞者 3例 ,弹簧钢圈加明胶栓塞者 6例。 9例随访了 3～ 2 5个月 (平均 14个月 ) ,无血尿等症状复发。结论 :血管造影有利于指导肾内血管损伤的诊断与治疗 ,选择性肾动栓塞术是一种微创的疗效可靠的治疗手段。     

急诊选择性动脉造影与栓塞在腹部创伤中的应用

目的评价选择性动脉造影与栓塞在腹部创伤中的应用价值。方法对54例腹部创伤行121支血管造影,其中48例行选择性动脉栓塞,6例仅用立止血1～2ku局部灌注。结果121支血管造影中56支血管有损伤表现,52例54支靶血管经栓塞和（或）立止血局部灌注,术后出血停止,有效率96．3％（52／54）。2例栓塞术后手术治疗。18例肾脏损伤栓塞术后1个月作静脉肾孟造影（IVU）检查显示患肾功能正常。结论选择性动脉造影与栓塞治疗对腹部损伤有诊断明确、止血迅速、疗效肯定、并发症少的优点,值得推广。     

颈动脉假性动脉瘤的血管造影诊断

目的探讨颈动脉假性动脉瘤的血管造影表现及诊断价值。方法由2名有经验的放射学医师按双盲法对16例颈动脉假性动脉瘤的血管造影及临床资料进行回顾性分析，然后共同讨论并达成一致意见。结果16例患者经血管造影均能明确诊断，动脉瘤位于颈总动脉者1例，颈动脉分叉处9例，颈内动脉5例，颈外动脉1例。血管造影主要表现为瘤腔内造影剂滞留(12例)，瘤腔内形成涡流(9例)，动脉瘤开口处“喷射征”(7例)，颈动脉分叉角度增大，颈内、外动脉移位(9例)。结论血管造影是诊断颈动脉假性动脉瘤最有价值的检查方法，其不但可明确诊断，而且有利于临床治疗方式的选择。     

动脉造影和栓塞治疗在动脉损伤中的临床应用

目的：探讨动脉造影检查和栓塞治疗在动脉损伤中诊断和治疗价值。方法：回顾性分析我院9年来87例疑有动脉损伤患者的DSA表现及其中15例栓塞治疗患者的临床疗效。结果：87例中84例患者血管造影见阳性征象,阳性率96．5％。84例血管造影阳性病例中,共有109支动脉出现异常表现：包括动脉闭塞40支,动静脉瘘21支,动脉瘤20支,动脉狭窄12支,对比剂外溢8支,动脉内充盈缺损5支,动脉壁龛影3支。造影后我们对其中15例患者进行了栓塞治疗,经保守治疗后均康复出院,以上病例未发生与DSA检查或治疗相关的严重并发症。结论：动脉造影和栓塞治疗在动脉损伤的临床应用中具有诊断准确、及时、安全的优点,并在一定程度上能达到临床外科手术治疗的相应疗效。     

脊髓血管畸形的DSA检查与栓塞治疗

目的 探讨脊髓血管畸形的DSA检查与栓塞治疗。资料与方法 搜集脊髓血管畸形9例。临床均表现为进行性脊髓损害。经股动脉穿刺插管，对每一对肋间动脉和腰动脉进行造影，颈髓血管畸形者行双侧椎动脉，甲颈干及肋颈干造影，9例中，单纯栓塞6例。单纯手术2例。未治1例。结果 选择性脊髓血管DSA的病变显示率达100%。栓塞治疗的6例，临床症状均有明显改善。结论 选择性脊髓血管DSA是诊断脊髓血管畸形的可靠依据。栓塞治疗操作简便，创伤性小，并发症少，是非手术治疗脊髓血管畸形的优良方法。     

经导管选择性靶动脉栓塞治疗复杂创伤性动脉出血临床价值

目的探讨经导管选择性靶动脉栓塞治疗复杂创伤性动脉出血的临床价值。方法 38例创伤性动脉出血患者,在伤后1～32天,平均(6.2±2.4)h行血管造影及选择性靶动脉栓塞,根据出血部位和造影结果,选用明胶海绵颗粒或/和条、不锈钢圈栓塞相应的靶动脉。结果所有患者在0.5～2.0h内完成栓塞治疗,栓塞成功率100%,栓塞后活动性出血停止,失血性休克得到纠正,有效率达100%,其中35例经康复治疗后出院,2例因发生弥散性血管内凝血(DIC),1例因合并颅脑损伤而死亡。无严重的栓塞后并发症出现。结论经导管选择性靶动脉栓塞治疗复杂创伤性动脉出血是一种安全有效、简便的方法,该方法为复杂创伤性动脉出血提供了一种新的救治方式。     

DSA对外伤后动脉损伤的诊断与介入治疗

目的：探讨DSA对外伤后动脉损伤的诊治价值。方法：对外伤后疑合并血管损伤患者进行DSA检查，40例患者均采用Seldinger法经健侧股动脉穿刺，当导管插管至可疑血管近端时行DSA造影，栓塞材料使用弹簧圈或明胶海绵，结果：检查结果阳性38例，阳性率为95％，损伤血管有48条。造影征象：血管闭塞26条，充盈缺损7条，近端扩张7条，对比剂外渗5例，对比剂滞留5例，管腔细小15例，血流变慢9例， 以增多19例，假性动脉瘤5例，动静脉瘘1例。病理分析：血管断裂9条，血管痉挛3条，血管挫伤17条，血栓形成20条，血管受压4条，假性动脉瘤5例，动静脉瘘1例，盘膜间隙综合征2例。对38例阳性患者行带皮瓣移植9例，行弹簧圈栓塞介入治疗4例，保守治疗5例，其余为手术治疗，疗效为治愈29例，好转8例，转院1例。结论：DSA对外伤后动脉损伤的诊治中具有重要价值；外伤后1－2d为血管闭塞的高危时期，对可凝病例应立即行DSA检查，明确诊断；DSA检查可提高带血管皮瓣移植术的成功率，适当病例行介入治疗可替代传统手术治疗。     

血管腔内治疗创伤性后交通动脉假性动脉瘤伴海绵窦瘘

【摘要】 目的 探讨创伤性后交通动脉假性动脉瘤伴海绵窦瘘的血管造影表现及血管腔内介入治疗的可行性。 方法 回顾1例创伤性后交通动脉假性动脉瘤伴海绵窦瘘患者的临床诊疗过程。结合Pubmed数据库文献,分析该病临床、病理特点及治疗策略。 结果 创伤性后交通动脉假性动脉瘤破裂危害极大,可引起蛛网膜下腔出血和海绵窦瘘,治疗难度增加。血管腔内介入栓塞治疗后交通动脉假性动脉瘤是首要和推荐方法,同时可达到海绵窦瘘微创治疗的目的。 结论 脑血管造影可完善创伤性颅内假性动脉瘤诊断,随后的血管腔内介入栓塞可为该病提供治疗机会。     

Angiographic Findings and Embolotherapy in Renal Arterial Trauma

Purpose To evaluate the angiographic findings and embolotherapy in the management of traumatic renal arterial injury Methods This is a retrospective review of 22 patients with renal trauma who underwent arteriography and percutaneous embolization from December 1995 to January 2002. Medical records, imaging studies and procedural reports were reviewed to assess the type of injury, arteriographic findings and immediate embolization results. Long-term clinical outcome was obtained by communication with the trauma physicians and by clinical chart review.Results Arteriography was performed in 125 patients admitted to a State Trauma Center with suspected internal bleeding. Renal arterial injury was documented in 22 and was the result of a motor-vehicle accident (10), auto–pedestrian accident (1), gunshot (4) or stab wounds (6) and a fall (1). Percutaneous renal arterial embolization was undertaken in 22 of 125 (18%) patients to treat extravasation (11), arterial pedicle rupture (5), abnormal arteriovenous (3) or arteriocalyceal (2) communication and pseudoaneurysm (3). One of the pseudoaneurysms and one of the arteriovenous fistulae were found in addition to extravasation. All 22 patients (16 men, 6 women) were hemodynamically stable, or controlled during arteriography and embolotherapy. Selective and/or superselective embolization of the abnormal vessels was performed using coils in 9 patients, microcoils in 9 patients and Gelfoam pledgets in 3 patients. In one patient Gelfoam pledgets mixed with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles were used for embolization. Immediate angiographic evidence of hemostasis was demonstrated in all cases. Two initial technical failures were treated with repeat arteriography and embolization. There was no procedure-related death. There was no non-target embolization. One episode of renal abscess after embolization was treated by nephrectomy and 3 patients underwent elective post-embolization nephrectomy to prevent infection. Follow-up ranged from 1 month to 7 years (mean 31 months). No procedure-related or delayed onset of renal insufficiency occurred.Conclusion In hemodynamically stable and controlled patients selective and superselective embolization is a safe and effective method for the management of renal vascular injury     

Vascular trauma to the extremities and lower neck: initial assessment with intravenous digital subtraction angiography

Rapid assessment of a patient with possible major peripheral vascular injury is essential to preserve limb function. Intravenous digital subtraction angiography (IV DSA) allows rapid evaluation of these patients without the need for intraarterial examination. We report our experience in 295 vessels studied by IV DSA for the evaluation of possible traumatic arterial injury to the extremities or neck. Of our study population requiring angiography (469 patients), 63.4% were appropriate candidates for IV DSA. Of the vessels studied by IV DSA, 93.6% required no further radiologic evaluation. A normal appearance on IV DSA study indicates no major vascular injury; patients with positive studies may proceed to surgery without further interventional assessment.     

Optimized diagnostic angiography in high-risk patients with severe peripheral vascular disease.

Conventional arteriography remains the usual method for preoperative assessment of severe peripheral vascular disease (PVD). Unfortunately, many peripheral arteriograms are still performed with a suboptimal technique, which can cause significant diagnostic errors in patients with severe PVD. A suboptimal technique may be due to poor collimation (causing incorrect exposure and incorrect gray scale), excessive patient-film distance (magnification unsharpness), inadequate volume or density of contrast material, poor contrast resolution (screen-film arteriography), nonselective injection, patient movement, and pressure from restraints or incorrect patient position (failure to profile lesions, pseudo-occlusion from external pressure or plantar flexion). The technique of selective digital subtraction arteriography (DSA) allows one to avoid these errors. The superior contrast resolution of DSA allows use of lower concentrations of contrast material. Selective injection into the external iliac artery allows proper positioning and improves image quality. Demonstration of distal vessels is best achieved by using biplane arteriography. For patients with severe resting ischemia, especially those with diabetes, high-quality selective DSA is essential to ensure that all distal vessels suitable for distal bypass grafting are identified. When properly performed, selective DSA remains the investigation of choice for reliably demonstrating arterial anatomy in high-risk patients with severe PVD.     

肝内胆管细胞癌DSA表现与病理对照研究

目的　分析肝内胆管细胞癌DSA征象并探讨其病理基础。方法　 16例肝内胆管细胞癌行选择性肝动脉DSA检查 ,5例手术和 11例穿刺活检病理证实诊断。结果　 13例DSA表现为肿瘤血管呈“网格状”或“羽毛状” ,肿瘤染色轻至中度 ,边界不清 ;3例肿瘤血管稀少 ,染色淡而迟。病理所见 :肿瘤细胞簇状排列 ,间质纤维丰富 ,血管分布稀疏。结论　肝内胆管细胞癌DSA表现“网格状”和“羽毛状”颇具特征 ,对肝内胆管癌有较大诊断价值     

Intravascular sonography in the assessment of traumatic injury of the thoracic aorta.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to describe the use of intravascular sonography in the evaluation of suspected injury of the thoracic aorta as an adjunctive tool to digital subtraction arteriography (DSA). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Images of the thoracic aorta were obtained using DSA and intravascular sonography in 20 consecutive patients who underwent arteriography after chest trauma. A 6-French, 12.5-MHz sonography catheter was used for the intravascular sonography study. Diagnoses based on the review of both studies were compared. RESULTS: Five of 20 patients had aortic or great vessel injuries confirmed by surgery. Intravascular sonographic findings were positive (one false-positive) in seven patients, whereas DSA findings were positive in six patients (one false-positive and one false-negative). Surgery showed the lesion that was false-positive using both techniques to be a ductus diverticulum. Intravascular sonographic findings included intimal flaps, intramural lesions (hematomas), pseudoaneurysms, and perivascular hematomas. CONCLUSION: In our initial limited experience, intravascular sonography of the thoracic aorta and great vessels effectively identified traumatic injuries. Intramural injury without pseudoaneurysm formation or obvious intraluminal flap was visualized by intravascular sonography in one patient but was not detected by DSA. On the other hand, a ductus diverticulum was erroneously interpreted as trauma using both techniques. Intravascular sonography is a relatively new procedure with an obvious learning curve in the interpretation of the findings. An atypical ductus diverticulum may still be mistakenly interpreted as a sign of traumatic injury of the aorta. Familiarity with intravascular sonography in the setting of aortic trauma is necessary for correct interpretation of the images. The sonographic findings offer views of the aorta that are complementary to those of aortography.     

Stab wounds to the extremities: indications for angiography

To ascertain the sensitivity of physical examination with respect to significant arterial injury, the angiographic findings of 61 stab wounds to the extremities were correlated with specific physical findings. In 25 injuries there were physical findings of major injury, including one or more of the following: pulse deficit, active bleeding or expanding hematoma, bruit or murmur, neurologic deficit, or hypotension. Of these 25 injuries, angiographic examination revealed significant vascular damage in 11. In 36 injuries physical findings indicated minor injury, with proximity to major vessels or nonexpanding hematoma being the only indication for arteriography. None of these patients had significant vascular injuries. Physical examination was found to be 100% sensitive in screening for significant vascular injuries. These results indicate that arteriography is unwarranted in stab wounds to the extremities if the only indications are proximity to major vessels or nonexpanding hematoma.     

Selective digital subtraction arteriography in necrosis of the femoral head

Summary Selective digital subtraction arteriographic investigations of the arteries of the femoral head in 31 patients with traumatic and 34 patients with nontraumatic femoral head necrosis (FHN) were compared with investigations in a control group of 35 patients without hip disease. In the control group and in patients with nontraumatic FHN atypical arteriographic findings were found only in one third of cases. In traumatic FHN, however, vascular alterations could be detected in 97% of cases. This evidence suggests that damage to the femoral head vessels is a major etiological factor in traumatic, but not in nontraumatic, FHN. In late arterial phases of DSA a perinecrotic hypervascularization was the common feature in all nontraumatic necroses and could be observed in 71% of traumatic necroses. Its pathophysiological mechanism is discussed.     

Indications for angiography in extremity trauma

The angiograms of 119 extremities of patients with gunshot wounds (65), lacerating injuries (17), and blunt trauma (29) were retrospectively evaluated and correlated with clinical history. Indications for angiography were decreased or absent pulse or blood pressure, cold limb, bruit or murmur, uncontrolled bleeding or increasing hematoma, neurologic deficit, and proximity of the injury to vascular structures. Angiographic findings were compared with preprocedure clinical assessment. Angiograms performed only because of proximity of the wound/injury to major vessels showed no major arterial injuries. However, angiograms performed for one or more of the other indications demonstrated significant vascular abnormalities in 44% of gunshot wounds, 80% of knife injuries, and 67% of blunt trauma. Of the indications for arteriography, pulse abnormalities or cold limbs were most often associated with significant angiographic findings, positive studies occurring in 74% of cases. Despite the differences in mechanism of injury, physical examination is sensitive and effective in predicting which patients will have negative angiographic studies after each of the three forms of trauma.     

Arteriography for proximity of injury in penetrating extremity trauma.

Arteriography for proximity of injury was studied prospectively at a trauma center. Findings in 85 patients with penetrating extremity wounds were analyzed to determine the prevalence and types of vascular abnormalities seen with these injuries. Ninety-two limb segments were studied for 77 gunshot and 15 stab wounds. Arteriographic findings were positive in 24% overall but in only 5% for injuries confined to major vessels. A 60% positive rate was seen in a small subgroup of 10 patients with fractures due to gunshot wounds. The most frequently injured vessels were muscular branches of the deep femoral artery (59%); the most common injury was focal, non-occlusive spasm (42%). All patients were treated conservatively, without sequelae at follow-up. In this study, the vascular injuries found at arteriography for proximity of injury in penetrating trauma due to bullets of knives, particularly in the thigh, did not require surgical or radiologic intervention.     

Proximity injuries: correlation with results of extremity arteriography.

The results of 170 emergency arteriography procedures in 142 patients who had sustained extremity injuries near major arteries were correlated with the findings from a physical examination conducted prior to arteriography. Radiographically demonstrable significant arterial injuries, which usually required surgical repair, were present at 42 of the 170 injury sites (25%). Major physical findings suggestive of arterial injury were noted at 105 of 170 sites (62%). Arteriography demonstrated a significant injury in 40 (38%) of these 105 injury sites, representing 95% of all major arterial injuries. Among the 65 injury sites without any suggestive major physical finding, only two were associated with a significant vascular injury at arteriography (3%) (5% of all 42 arterial injuries). At each of these 65 injury sites, the decision to perform emergency arteriography was based solely on the proximity of the wound to a major artery. In spite of this very low yield in the subgroup of 51 patients without major physical findings, emergency arteriography is still routinely requested for extremity injuries at the authors' institutions. The validity of this policy, a possible reason for its development, and its effect on patient disposition are examined.