脑梗死分型诊断思路和分层治疗依据

1病例简介 患者女性,82岁,主因“发作性口角歪斜、左侧肢体无力2d”于2009年4月10日收入院。患者入院前2d无明显诱因突发口角歪斜、左侧肢体无力,持续1～2min后症状完全缓解,共发生2次,入院前1d活动后再次出现上述症状,持续约10min后完全缓解,未予药物治疗,急到我院急诊就诊,行颅脑电子计算机体层扫描（computerized tomography,CT）检查后收入院。人院第3天清晨起床后发现口角歪斜、左侧肢体麻木无力,症状持续未缓解。     

颈内动脉系统TIA型脑梗死与高同型半胱氨酸血症关系的临床研究

目的 探讨血同型半胱氨酸水平与颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attack,TIA)及颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA型)脑梗死的关系.方法 对颈内动脉系统TIA及颈内动脉系统TIA型脑梗死的患者血同型半胱氨酸水平进行分析.结果 颈内动脉系统TIA型脑梗死患者血同型半胱氨酸水平高于颈内动脉系统TIA患者,且两组患者的血同型半胱氨酸水平水平均高于对照组.结论 高同型半胱氨酸血症与颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作相关,且其升高水平与是否进展为脑梗死有关.     

脑梗死患者动脉粥样硬化与OCSP分型关系的研究

目的 探讨脑梗死患者动脉粥样硬化所致的颈动脉颅外段狭窄与OCSP分型各亚型的关系。方法 对161例急性脑梗死（ACI）患者进行OCSP分型,并对其中配合检查的156例以及54例单纯高血压患者和43例健康正常人进行颈动脉彩色多普勒超声检测颈动脉颅外段的狭窄程度,并探讨OCSP各亚型与颈动脉狭窄的关系。结果 脑梗死组颈动脉颅外段狭窄发生率为75％,较高血压组35．19％,和正常对照组27．91％明显升高（P〈0．01）。脑梗死组OCSP各亚型构成比为：腔隙性梗死49．1％,部分前循环梗死37．9％,和后循环梗死7．5％,完全性前循环梗死5．6％。OCSP各亚型急性脑梗死患者之间的颈动脉狭窄阳性率无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。前循环和后循环梗死中重度的血管狭窄明显高于腔隙性梗死。结论 脑梗死同颈动脉颅外段的狭窄明显相关,OCSP分型不能提示脑梗死患者动脉粥样硬化病因。     

1019例脑梗死OCSP分型及其与预后关系的研究

目的 了解脑梗死患者OCSP 临床分型的构成及不同亚型与预后及复发的关系.方法 采用前瞻性队列研究,登记2007年1月～2008年5月环湖医院神经内科确诊的1019例脑梗死患者,按照OCSP标准分型分为TACI、PACI、POCI和LACI,并进行随访,分析各亚型与预后及复发的关系.结果 OCSP各亚型构成比分别为:TACI占4.3%、PACI占54.2%、POCI占29.4%、LACI占12.1%,分型与预后明显相关,TACI的预后最差,POCI和LACI预后相对较好,PAC1次之.复发与分型有明显相关.结论 OCSP分型作为一种脑梗死临床分型方法,可以为脑梗死的预后判断提供参考依据.     

颈内动脉系统TIA型脑梗死的临床特点分析

目的对颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA型)脑梗死的临床特点进行分析。方法对44例颈内动脉系统TIA型脑梗死患者危险因素、临床表现、影像学资料等进行分析。结果颈内动脉系统TIA型脑梗死高血压病史24例(54.5%),糖尿病病史12例(27.3%),基底节区梗死33例(75%)。结论颈内动脉系统TIA型脑梗死预后相对良好提示缺血耐受的存在。     

影像学分型与急性脑梗死患者认知功能关系的研究

目的探讨影像学分型与急性脑梗死患者认知功能关系。方法对136例急性大脑梗死患者于发病后24～72h内行颅脑MRI检查确定梗死部位、测量病灶大小并作出影像学分型，于发病1周内，在患者床前采用简易精神状态检查法（mini—mentalstate examination，MMSE），检测患者的认知功能，并同步进行事件相关电位P300的检测，判断患者认知功能的情况，对比分析应用MRI进行的影像学分型与认知功能关系。结果额叶、颞叶脑梗死患者的MMSE和WAIS—RC评分明显低于顶枕叶和基底节区梗死患者，P300潜伏时明显长于顶枕叶和基底节区梗死的患者，但其P300波幅低于顶枕叶和基底节区梗死的惠者；中梗死和多发性梗死患者的MMSE和WAIS—RC评分明显低于顶枕叶和基底节区梗死患者，B300潜伏时明显长于顶枕叶和基底节区梗死的患者，但其P300波幅低于顶枕叶和基底节区梗死的患者。结论影像学分型与急性脑梗死患者认知功能有相关性。     

急性大脑梗死患者影像学分型与抑郁关系的研究

目的探讨急性大脑梗死患者影像学分型与抑郁关系。方法对144例急性大脑梗死患者于24-72h内行头颅MR1检查确定梗死部位、测量病灶大小并作出影像学分型,于入院后第2周,在患者床前采用Hamiltron（HAMD）抑郁量表进行测验,判断患者有无抑郁及抑郁的程度,对比分析MRI变化与抑郁的关系。结果在144例患者中,12例大面积脑梗死因2周后病情仍不稳定,不能配合抑郁量表评定,未能入组。其余132例患者中65（49％）例出现抑郁,统计结果显示各部位之间抑郁发生率差异有显著性意义（x^2=12．613,v=4,P=0．013）,其抑郁严重程度差异有显著性意义（x^2=19．955,v=8,P=0．011）;大小不同的梗死其抑郁的发生率之间的差异有显著性意义（x^2=12．877,v=3,P=0．005）,其抑郁严重程度差异有显著性意义（x^2=21．233,v=6．P=0．011）。结论急性大脑梗死患者抑郁的发生及其程度与影像学分型有关。     

200例青年脑梗死患者CISS分型与高同型半胱氨酸的关系

目的通过分析不同CISS分型(Chinese ischemic stroke subclassification,CISS)青年脑梗死与高同型半胱氨酸(high homocysteine,HHcy)的关系,为青年脑梗死的病因诊断及治疗提供依据。方法选择我院住院治疗的青年脑梗死患者200例作为实验组,于我院同期进行健康体检者作为对照组,测定Hcy水平,比较两组之间的Hcy差异;实验组进行CISS分型,各型进行NIHSS评分,应用方差分析及q检验比较不同CISS分型的青年脑梗死患者NIHSS评分及Hcy水平的差异。结果实验组与对照组的Hcy水平分别为21.38±3.32μmol/L、11.65±2.74μmol/L,两组Hcy水平差异有统计学意义(P=0.0000)。在实验组CISS分型中,与其他四型(PAD,CS,OE,UE)相比,LAA型Hcy水平升高,NIHSS评分升高,差异有统计学意义(相应F=209.03,P=0.0000;F=2410.54,P=0.0000),但其他四个亚型(PAD、CS、OE、UE)之间比较,差异无统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论高同型半胱氨酸是青年脑梗死的危险因素之一,血浆同型半胱氨酸水平与青年脑梗死的神经功能缺损程度相关,LAA型病情更重,同型半胱氨酸水平更高,应提高重视。     

血清胆红素与脑梗死患者年龄及分型的关系探讨

目的探讨动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死患者发病早期(48h内)血清胆红素水平与年龄及分型的关系。方法选取127例动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死住院患者,分为动脉粥样硬化穿支闭塞型35例,动脉-动脉脑栓塞型32例,栓子清除障碍型30例,混合型30例,行NIHSS评分,采用全自动生化分析仪测定血清胆红素水平,按照患者年龄分组并与对照组比较。结果动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死患者血清胆红素水平与对照组比较显著降低(P<0.01),不同年龄段患者血清总胆红素水平比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);各分型中动脉-动脉脑栓塞型脑梗死血清胆红素水平最低,其次为栓子清除障碍型、混合型,而动脉粥样硬化穿支闭塞型最高。结论动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死患者血清胆红素水平与年龄及神经功能缺损程度呈负相关,在不同病因及病理生理机制方面存在差异。     

脑梗死后出血性转化的分型与针对性治疗相关性研究

目的探索脑梗死后出血性转化(HT)的分型与治疗间的关系。方法收集出血性转化患者48例,并根据欧洲急性卒中合作组(ECASSⅡ)的CT分型标准分为出血性梗死(H I)和脑实质出血(PH)。30例H I患者在发现HT后继用抗血小板药物;11例H I患者及7例PH患者则停用抗血小板药物。随访至出院时观察病情变化。结果继用抗血小板药物的H I患者中,8例病情好转,22例病情无变化。停用抗血小板药物的H I患者中,2例病情加重,9例无变化。7例PH患者均停用抗血小板药物,5例病情无变化,2例好转。结论 HT患者的治疗应结合CT分型。对H I患者可继续给予抗血小板药物;对PH患者应停用抗血小板药物,但不需使用止血药。     

Anterior cerebral artery dilation to increase cerebral perfusion in a patient with chronic internal carotid artery occlusion

Chronic internal carotid artery occlusions (CICAO) increase the risk of stroke recurrence and cognitive dysfunction. Here, we describe the case of an adult patient with ipsilateral CICAO who underwent endovascular treatment of anterior cerebral artery stenosis to improve cerebral perfusion. First, the patient presented ataxia and left facial palsy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed right hemispherpe cerebral infarct, right CICAO, and sub-occlusive stenosis of the left bulbar internal carotid artery. Stenting of the left carotid artery was performed. One year later, she experienced acute walking imbalance and left hemiparesis. MRI showed new watershed and anterior cerebral artery infarctions, worsening of the right hemisphere hypoperfusion, and a new severe stenosis of the right anterior cerebral artery. Dilation of this stenosis was performed. Perfusion parameters, clinical deficit, and cognitive functions improved after the endovascular treatment, and the patient had no stroke recurrence.     

Acute infarction in a patient with agenesis of the internal carotid artery and transcavernous anastomosis

A 70-year-old man presented with left-sided weakness and dysarthria. His brain MRI and magnetic resonance angiography demonstrated acute infarctions in the bilateral middle cerebral artery territories in a setting of agenesis of the right internal carotid artery (ICA) with transcavernous anastomosis, a rare developmental anomaly. In this setting, atherosclerotic disease in the unilateral common carotid artery or ICA can induce acute infarctions in the bilateral anterior circulation.     

颈内动脉系统超急性期脑梗死不同时间窗动、静脉溶栓的对比分析

目的 关注颈内动脉系统超急性期脑梗死的溶栓治疗,探讨起病3～6 h动脉溶栓与3 h内静脉溶栓的疗效差异并比较其安全性.方法 选择发病6 h内的颈内动脉系统超急性脑梗死患者66例,其中38例起病3 h内的患者予静脉溶栓治疗(采用重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)0.9 mg/kg静脉溶栓),28例起病3～6 h的患者予动脉溶栓治疗(经股动脉穿刺,经微导管对梗死部位接触性给予rt-PA,总量为0.6 mg/kg).对两组患者治疗前和治疗后2 h、24 h、7 d的神经功能缺损程度评分(NIHSS)以及治疗前和治疗后7 d、90 d的Barthel指数(BI)进行比较,并记录两组的不良事件.结果两组治疗后2 h、24 h、7 d的NIHSS评分与治疗后7 d、90 d的BI评分均较治疗前有明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);各时间点NIHSS评分与BI评分在动脉溶栓组与静脉溶栓组之间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组不良事件发生率相当.结论 对于颈内动脉系统超急性期脑梗死,3 h内予静脉溶栓具有与3～6 h动脉溶栓相当的疗效,且未增加出血、死亡等不良事件的发生率.在具备介入治疗条件的单位,针对3～6 h起病的合并大动脉病变的急性脑梗死患者,动脉溶栓治疗可能是理想的治疗策略.     

探究前循环新发脑梗死患者头晕症状与颈内动脉系统血管病变的关系

目的 探究前循环新发脑梗死(ACI)患者头晕症状与颈内动脉(ICA)系统血管病变的关系。方法纳入前循环新发脑梗死患者234例,均接受全脑血管造影(DSA)检查,排除椎基底动脉(VBA)系统血管异常,根据发病前24 h内是否出现头晕症状,分为头晕组与非头晕组。收集患者人口学特征、一般临床资料、影像学资料,进行两组间脑血管危险因素(VRFs)、责任梗死部位、颈内动脉(ICA)系统、侧支循环建立的差异分析。结果 单因素分析高血压、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、VRFs≥3、一侧ICA狭窄合并迂曲、ICA中度迂曲差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05),多因素回归分析显示LDL-C、一侧ICA狭窄合并迂曲为ACI患者伴随头晕症状的脑血管独立危险因素。结论 合并低密度脂蛋白胆固醇越高的ACI患者头晕发生比例增加。一侧颈内动脉存在狭窄合并迂曲,为ACI出现头晕症状的独立危险因素,值得临床工作者重视。     

CADASIL in a patient with bilateral internal carotid artery agenesis

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a well-recognised cause of stroke in the young. Bilateral internal carotid artery (ICA) agenesis is a rare congenital malformation, with few previous reported cases in the literature. CADASIL is not reported to be associated with ICA agenesis. We report the case of a 41 year old man who presented with recurrent orthostatic symptoms associated with increasingly frequent falls. Initial investigation with CT angiography revealed absent bilateral ICAs with an ectatic vertebrobasilar arterial tree supplying the intracranial circulation. Skull base CT revealed simultaneous absence of ICAs and bilateral carotid canals, confirming agenesis of bilateral ICAs. MRI of the brain revealed extensive areas of confluent high T2 signal intensity in the subcortical and periventricular zones of both hemispheres. The patient subsequently developed episodic and progressive headache, dysarthria, ataxia, cognitive impairment and personality changes. Radiological progression of cerebral subcortical and periventricular abnormalities was demonstrated with established lacunar infarcts and generalised atrophic changes. Genetic testing confirmed the diagnosis of CADASIL with the presence of a heterozygous c.994C > T (p.Arg332Cys) mutation in exon 6 of the NOTCH 3 gene.We report the first case of coexistent bilateral ICA agenesis and CADASIL. This case highlights the need to consider CADASIL in patients with cerebral subcortical and periventricular imaging abnormalities, even with coexistent large vessel pathology.     

Results from 88 consecutive prophylactic carotid endarterectomies in cerebral infarction and transitory ischemic attacks

Thirty-two patients with transitory ischemic attacks (TIA), 55 with cerebral infarction (minor stroke) and one with a disturbing bruise underwent carotid endarterectomy during a 4 year period. Within the first 2 weeks postoperatively, 10 patients (11 %) had developed new neurological symptoms from the operated side. Two patients died postoperatively due to major stroke and 2 patients developed persistent neurological deficits, yielding a total operative mortality and permanent morbidity rate of 4.5 %. In the other 6 patients, the neurological signs and symptoms disappeared completely within one month.
During a follow-up for an average of 21 months, the only symptoms from the operated side were TIA in 3 patients, while 3 patients developed TIA and 5 infarctions from other vascular territories.     

伴2型糖尿病的急性脑梗死患者颈内动脉狭窄的特点

目的探讨伴2型糖尿病的急性脑梗死(ACI)患者的颈内动脉狭窄的特点。方法对经颅多普勒或CT血管成像检查出颈内动脉狭窄的54例伴2型糖尿病的ACI患者进行数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查,并对结果进行分析。结果本组54例患者DSA检查均发现颈内动脉狭窄。单支血管狭窄发生率为42.6%(23/54),明显低于多支血管狭窄(57.4%,31/54)(P<0.05)。颈内动脉重、中度狭窄的比例(20.3%,18.8%)明显低于轻度狭窄(53.9%),明显高于血管闭塞(7.0%)(均P<0.05)。颈内动脉C4处狭窄的比例(18.8%)明显低于C1处(60.9%),明显高于C2、C3、C5、C6和C7处(1.6%~6.2%)(均P<0.05)。结论伴2型糖尿病的ACI患者颈内动脉狭窄多为多支血管狭窄,狭窄程度以轻度为主,狭窄部位以C1狭窄最常见。     

Sonographic diagnosis and endovascular recanalization of the internal carotid artery in a patient with carotid thromboembolism following coiling of cerebral aneurysm

Thromboembolism after brain aneurysm embolization involves high morbidity/mortality and its conservative treatment is still a standard policy. We report the practical utility of transcranial colour-coded Doppler sonography (TCCS) in the early diagnosis and effectiveness of prompt intravascular intervention in the treatment of this condition. A 50-year-old woman developed acute neurological deficit after intravascular re-embolization of a brain aneurysm. Severely decreased blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery was revealed with TCCS and angiography confirmed nearly complete occlusion of the carotid artery. After heparin administration, intravascular thrombectomy was performed at the same session with implantation of a stent. The symptoms faded away within hours and the patient recovered fully. Prompt intravascular intervention could be a valuable and efficient alternative in the treatment of thromboembolism after embolization of cerebral aneurysm. TCCS enables early differential diagnosis of this potentially devastating sequel.