废轮胎热解半焦CO2气化反应动力学

利用热重－差热（TG－DTA）分析仪对废轮胎热解半焦进行气化反应的研究,反应气体为CO2,在20－1100度温度范围内以不同的加热速率（10℃/min,30℃/min,50℃/min对各种热解条件下制得的废轮胎半焦进行气化动力学研究,分析了升温速率,制焦条件等对半焦气化反应特性的影响,得到废轮胎热解半焦与CO2气化反应的动力学参数。建立了废轮胎半焦CO2气化反应一级动力学模型,模型与实验结果吻合良好。     

典型城市固体废弃物热解动力学机理研究

利用热重（TGA）技术研究了城市固体废弃物中塑料橡胶类、木质纤维素类、织物类和厨余类四大类可燃组分中七种典型固体废弃物热解反应过程。实验结果表明,塑料类和织物类最难热解,厨余类组分最易热解;采用Freeman-Carroll法对七种典型固体废弃物热解进行数据处理,从20种常用的固相反应机制函数中遴选出最优解,利用优化的数学函数和动力学参数建立动力学模型,结果表明,PE和羊毛线热解主要反应阶段的最优固相反应模型是球形相界面反应模型;橡胶粉、杨树枝热解反应模型遵循化学反应规律;米饭和本白棉布热解曲线遵循幂函数法则;白菜的最优模型是三维扩散模型。     

典型城市固体废弃物热解动力学机理研究

利用热重(TGA)技术研究了城市固体废弃物中塑料橡胶类、木质纤维素类、织物类和厨余类四大类可燃组分中七种典型固体废弃物热解反应过程。实验结果表明,塑料类和织物类最难热解,厨余类组分最易热解;采用Freeman-Carroll法对七种典型固体废弃物热解进行数据处理,从20种常用的固相反应机制函数中遴选出最优解,利用优化的数学函数和动力学参数建立动力学模型,结果表明,PE和羊毛线热解主要反应阶段的最优固相反应模型是球形相界面反应模型;橡胶粉、杨树枝热解反应模型遵循化学反应规律;米饭和本白棉布热解曲线遵循幂函数法则;白菜的最优模型是三维扩散模型。     

稻秆半焦与CO2气化反应特性的研究

利用三种热解炉装置,分别在热解终温550℃～950℃、加热速率0.1K/s～500K/s下热解制取稻秆半焦。采用等温热重法,在STA409综合热分析仪上进行了稻秆半焦与CO₂的气化实验,考察了热解终温、热解速率以及气化温度对半焦气化反应性的影响。研究表明,热解条件对稻秆半焦的反应性影响很大。在热解终温为550℃～950℃时,随着热解温度的提高,其气化反应性呈下降趋势;热解速率越高,其气化反应性越好。在850℃～950℃,提高气化温度能提高稻秆半焦与CO₂的反应性。采用扫描电镜技术观测了0.1K/s和500K/s 两种热解速率下半焦的表面形貌。结果显示,后者具有更加丰富的孔隙结构,且大孔结构明显多于前者。采用混合反应模型描述了稻秆半焦与CO₂的气化反应过程,求取了反应动力学参数。     

酚醛树酯的热解动力学模型

建立了一种利用热重峰值分析进行酚醛树酯热解动力学研究的方法, 这种方法利用热重谱峰上几个特征点的数据来确定动力学参数. 根据酚醛树酯热解DTG曲线的特点, 把酚醛树酯的热解过程分解成三个阶段, 用峰值分析法对每个反应阶段分别建模, 通过三个反应阶段的叠加得到了一个酚醛树酯分阶段热解动力学模型, 该模型能够很好地描述酚醛树酯的热解过程.     

废轮胎热解特性研究

利用TG/DTG对不同来源的三种废轮胎样品的热解特性进行了研究，并得到了热解动力学参数。结果表明，新旧废外轮胎样品热解趋势基本一致，均经历了一个不明显的失重过程和两个明显的失重过程，其原因是由于废外轮胎中的橡胶组分比较复杂；内轮胎样品中的组分比较单一，其热解过程比较简单，仅经历了一个不明显的失重过程和一个明显的失重过程；三种样品的主要失重温度为600K～800K，转化率为0.2～0.8；使用一级动力学反应模型很好的拟和了三种样品的主要失重过程，并求出了热解动力学参数。     

生物质组分及温度对闪速热解挥发分的影响

生物质是一种可再生、污染小的自然资源，它可以直接燃烧产生热能，也可以转化为气体、液体燃料或化工原料。生物质热转化技术近年来受到国内外学者的广泛重视。而热转化过程中，热解是第一步，与生物质组分、热解温度、滞留时间等因素有关。热重仪（TGA）是一种研究热解机理常用的方法，它适用于慢速程序升温的热解研究。研究发现，热解条件及生物质种类对反应表观活化能与表观频率因子等动力学参数有很大影响。层流炉闪速加热设备，已经用于煤的热解研究。本文利用自己设计的以热等离子体为热源的层流炉系统，对椰子壳、棉花秆和稻壳粉末进行了闪速热解实验研究及模型理论分析，探讨了生物质化学组分、热解温度和滞留时间对挥发分的影响，为生物质闪速热解提供了一定的基础数据。     

硬木热解过程中颗粒内部二次反应的数值研究Ⅰ. 单颗粒热解模型的构建

为了研究生物质(硬木)热解过程中颗粒内部的二次反应,弥补常规实验研究在该领域内的不足,构建合适的数学模型进行数值模拟是一个很好的途径.本文介绍了硬木单颗粒热解综合模型的构建方法.针对所研究的问题,模型中细致考虑了包含一次焦油二次裂解的生物质热解动力学过程.为了准确描述热解产物在热解颗粒内部的传递和二次反应过程,模型包含了对热解过程中颗粒内部各种气相产物在孔隙率不断变化的生物质颗粒内的生成、消耗、积累以及在压力驱动下的输运等行为的描述.模型参数的选取尽可能真实地模拟了实际过程,引入转化率或温度对涉及到的各种物理性质参数进行了修正.构建的模型在理论上较全面地描述了单颗粒生物质热解的复杂过程,可以利用它对颗粒内部的二次反应过程进行进一步的研究.     

杉木热解及燃烧特性热天平模拟试验研究

对南方森林主要树种－杉木的变工况热解行为进行了热重分析（TG）和差热分析(DTG)研究。将试样分别加热到200 ℃、300 ℃、400 ℃和500 ℃做空气变氮气、氮气变空气热天平试验,模拟实际火场由于火势发展产生的局部缺氧状态及由缺氧状态转变为富氧的状态;在空气气氛下将试样分别加热到250 ℃、300 ℃、350 ℃、400 ℃和450 ℃,然后冷却到50 ℃再继续加热直到700 ℃,模拟火场中可燃物不完全燃烧后的回燃情况。通过试验结果分析,深入研究了环境气氛变化对试样热解的影响。给出了杉木热解的两阶段一级反应模型,通过模型计算得出在233.3 ℃～369.9 ℃、369.9 ℃～490.8 ℃热解二阶段的活化能分别为77.85 kJ·mol－1、138.18 kJ·mo－1,频率因子分别为1.95×106、 4.84×109。     

硬木热解过程中颗粒内部二次反应的数值研究 I、单颗粒热解模型的构建

为了研究生物质（硬木）热解过程中颗粒内部的二次反应，弥补常规实验研究在该领域内的不足，构建合适的数学模型进行数值模拟是一个很好的途径。本文介绍了硬木单颗粒热解综合模型的构建方法。针对所研究的问题，模型中细致考虑了包含一次焦油二次裂解的生物质热解动力学过程。为了准确描述热解产物在热解颗粒内部的传递和二次反应过程，模型包含了对热解过程中颗粒内部各种气相产物在孔隙率不断变化的生物质颗粒内的生成、消耗、积累以及在压力驱动下的输运等行为的描述。模型参数的选取尽可能真实地模拟了实际过程，引入转化率或温度对涉及到的各种物理性质参数进行了修正。构建的模型在理论上较全面地描述了单颗粒生物质热解的复杂过程，可以利用它对颗粒内部的二次反应过程进行进一步的研究。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed stereoselective ring expansion of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed ring expansions of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds were investigated. Thiiranes generated 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines in the presence of copper sulfate and trans-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-thiiranes through an intramolecular S_N2 process. Oxiranes gave rise to 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines under the catalysis of copper hexafluoroacetylacetonate and cis-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-oxiranes via an intimate ion-pair mechanism. The current method provides a direct and simple strategy in efficient preparation of 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines and 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines, important agents in medicinal and agricultural chemistry, from readily available thiiranes and oxiranes, respectively.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.