日本富钴结壳大比例尺填图对西太平洋勘探的启示

国际海底管理局对国际海底区域内富钴铁锰结壳探矿和勘探出台了新规章,同时对海洋生态环境予以保护。富钴结壳拥有着比多金属结核更大的经济价值潜力,而西太平洋海山和陆缘的富钴铁锰结壳国际勘探呈现出新动向和新的技术趋势。当前,中日俄在西太平洋底呈现三足鼎立之势。中国有必要充分借鉴国外技术,取长补短,方能立于不败之地。日本在密克罗尼西亚海山综合采用物探、钻采、成像3大技术群进行大比例尺填图的技术策略对于我国在西太平洋的富钴铁锰结壳勘探具有重要的借鉴意义。具体来讲,日本的先进海底探测技术体现在以下4个方面:①充分重视地质资料的运用;②科学部署高密度采样点;③地形地貌与吨位品位评价密切结合;④在评价中科学区分各种地震反射区,以期更加准确地反映海底资源状况。     

西太平洋板内玄武岩的同位素地球化学特征

西太平洋板内玄武岩主要是南太平洋中生代板内岩浆作用的产物。对西太平洋板内玄武岩和南太平洋板内玄武岩的对比研究有助于进一步揭示南太平洋超级地幔柱的性质及其时空演化规律。本文收集整理了西太平洋板内玄武岩的Sr,Nd,Pb同位素数据,并与南太平洋板内玄武岩对比。得到如下认识：(1)西太平洋板内玄武岩同位素组成极不均一,覆盖了所有的富集地幔端元,但主要表现为HIMU和EM-1两端元的混合特征;(2)与南太平洋板内玄武岩相比,西太平洋板内玄武岩的同位素组成的极端程度相对偏低,可能是其地幔源区各组分间混合更均匀的结果;(3)自约120 Ma以来,由于HIMU组分在西太平洋板内玄武岩中持续存在,而EM-1和EM-2型组分表现为断续出现,这可能暗示HIMU端元与两种富集端元在深部地幔中所处的空间不同。     

印度洋大地构造背景及其构造演化——印度洋底大地构造图研究进展

印度洋底大地构造图(1∶1 500万)基于最新地球物理数据,结合中国大洋调查航次积累的地貌、地质、地球物理和矿产资源资料编制,综合反映印度洋底及周缘地质、地貌、地球物理和资源分布等特征,将为理解和推进印度洋盆构造演化和资源分布研究提供理论支撑。本文介绍了该图编制的思路和方法、数据来源、图面内容和大地构造单元划分,认为印度洋盆具有多微陆块、多期扩张、多洋底高原、无震海岭和"入"字形洋中脊等特征。在前人研究基础上,将印度洋盆地构造演化归纳为3个阶段:(1)冈瓦纳大陆裂解与洋盆初始张开(侏罗纪-白垩纪中期);(2)洋盆持续张开与扩张中心跃迁(白垩纪中期-古近纪初期);(3)印度板块与欧亚板块俯冲碰撞及非洲板块裂解(新生代)。在扩张中心跃迁式的发育形式下,现今印度洋盆多微陆块、多期扩张中心和"入"字形的洋中脊基本构造格局在古近纪早期便已形成。     

大区域水深地形图编图处理手段及方法

以1:300万中国海—西太平洋水深—地形图(北幅)为例,编制大区域小比例尺的水深地形图,需要广泛地收集区域内的水深、地形、地貌等方面的资料,并且对相关资料进行整理、归类,对不同来源的数据进行比对和调整,检验数据的可靠性及精确度,使不同来源及精度的数据合理的融合,共同形成标准的网格数据,再根据编图规范、标准及细则的要求,完成成果图件的编制工作。     

中国东部海区及邻域区域构造图的编制方法及地质构造单元划分

我国东部海区及邻域1:1 000 000地质地球物理系列图将于2008年底出版,区域构造图是其中的主要专业图件之一。讨论了该专业图件的编图方法、地质构造单元的划分方法和主要地质构造单元。首次对黄海东海区进行了全面剥皮编图,剥去了Q+N₂地层。对于沉积盆地用等厚度线表示出了新生界的厚度。地质构造单元划分方法是以板块构造理论为指导并以现今的构造特征为主要划分依据。板块内构造单元的划分是在总结国内外多种构造单元划分方法的基础上进行了修改完善,完成了对我国东部海区及邻域的地质构造单元的划分。区内一级构造单元为板块(太平洋板块、欧亚板块和菲律宾海板块),二级构造单元为构造域(东亚大陆构造域、东亚大陆边缘构造域和西太平洋构造域)。西太平洋构造域主要包括太平洋板块的西部及菲律宾海板块。欧亚板块在该区的部分可分为东亚大陆边缘构造域和东亚大陆构造域。东亚大陆边缘构造域由日本琉球岛弧、冲绳海槽弧后盆地、日本海弧后盆地等次级构造单元构成。东亚大陆构造域在该区内由中朝地块、扬子地块、华南地块等次级构造单元构成。各地块又可划分出盆地、隆褶带、隆起区等多个次一级地质构造单元。最低一级的地质构造单元为凸起和凹陷。     

西太平洋暖池核心区上新世以来浮游有孔虫氧同位素特征及古海洋变化

西太平洋暖池区作为驱动全球气候变化引擎,是近年来古海洋学尤其是古气候研究的热点。以南海大洋钻探ODP130航次807站浮游有孔虫的氧同位素值为材料,建立了西太平洋暖池核心区跨越4.5 Ma、分辨率达2~3 ka的天文年代标尺,通过浮游有孔虫表层种和次表层种的氧同位素的变化来分析温跃层、上部水体垂直结构的变化,结合频谱分析以及与地球轨道参数(ETP)的交叉频谱分析,研究始新世以来尤其是北极冰盖形成时期西太平洋暖池的演变及其对地球轨道驱动的响应,为全球气候环境演化提供科学依据。     

中国南部海区及其邻域区域构造图的编制方法及地质构造单元划分

中国南部海区及邻域1∶1 000 000地质地球物理系列图已编制完成并将出版,区域构造图是其中的主要图件之一。本文主要介绍该专业图件的编图思路、方法、地质构造单元的划分原则和主要地质构造单元的特征。该图主要以板块构造理论为指导,采取了剥皮法(剥去第四系)编图方法,主要表达区域地质构造特征,包括构造单元划分、断裂构造、岩浆活动、盆地分布等特征,在海底和沉积盆地中,还用等值线表示出了新生界的厚度。基于现今大地构造格局将本区划分出六级地质构造单元:一级构造单元为板块(欧亚板块、菲律宾海板块),二级构造单元为构造域(东亚大陆构造域、东亚大陆边缘构造域),三级构造单元为地块或岛弧,四级构造单元为盆地、隆起区、隆褶带或海盆区,五级构造单元为隆起或坳陷,六级构造单元为凸起或凹陷。     

The mapping methods and division of tectonic units of the regional tectonic map in the eastern China seas and adjacent regions

The geological-geophysical map series of the eastern China seas and adjacent region (1:1 000 000) will be published in the late half year of 2009. The regional tectonic map is one of the main professional maps. The Mapping methods, the division method of geological tectonic units and the main geological tectonic units are mainly discussed. The strata from Pliocene to Holocene are peeled off so as to display the Pre-Pliocene structures. In basins, isopaches are drawn for the Cenozoic deposits. The plate tectonic theory and present tectonic pattern are adopted as the priorities in tectonic division. As to the division of intraplate tectonic units, it is a revision, complement and improvement of previous dividing systems, and the nomenclature for each tectonic unit follows the current system in China. The first-order tectonic unit is plate (Pacific Plate, Eurasian Plate and Philippine Sea Plate). The second-order tectonic unit is tectonic domain (East Asian continental tectonic domain,East Asian continental margin tectonic domain and west Pacific tectonic domain). The Philippine Sea Plate and the west part of the Pacific Plate are called the West Pacific tectonic domain. The part of the Eurasian Plate involved in this study area can be further divided into East Asian continental tectonic domain and East Asian continental margin tectonic domain. The East Asian continental margin domain is composed of the Ryukyu island arc, the Okinawa Trough back-arc basin and the back-arc basin of Sea of Japan. The East Asian continental tectonic domain in this study area is composed of the Sino-Korea Massif, the Changjiang River (Yangtze) Massif and South China Massif. In turn, these massifs consist of basins, folded belts or uplift zones. The basins,the folded belts or the uplift zones are further divided into uplifts and depressions made up of sags and swells.     

Subsidies to tuna fisheries in the Western Central Pacific Ocean

Tuna fisheries in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean are among the most valuable resources in the region. These fisheries, worth an estimated $4.1 billion each year, play a pivotal role in supporting incomes and development goals in the region. However, due to the twin, and potentially inter-related effects of harmful fishing practices such as the use of fish aggregating devices, overcapacity, and fisheries subsidies, many of these tuna fisheries are currently at risk of over-exploitation—putting the livelihoods of countless local fishers at risk. This study finds that government fisheries subsidies in the region represent 37% of the ex-vessel value of tuna fisheries in the region. Fuel subsidies are estimated at US$ 335 million and non-fuel subsidies are estimated at US$ 1.2 billion for the year 2009. Developed countries are responsible for more than half of the subsidies spent in the predominantly developing region, underlying the fact that the majority of tuna value extracted from the national waters of developing countries in the region benefit larger, developed countries. The total resource rent, or return to society, from tuna fisheries, once adjusted for subsidies is a net negative US$750 million in 2009. Fisheries subsidies are enabling foreign fleets to operate at sub-market rates, putting local fleets out of competition for their own fishery resources.     

Enhanced seamount location database for the western and central Pacific Ocean: Screening and cross-checking of 20 existing datasets

Seamounts are habitats of considerable interest in terms of conservation and biodiversity, and in terms of fisheries for bentho-pelagic and pelagic species. Twenty previously compiled datasets including seamount/underwater feature lists, bathymetric maps and emerged feature maps from different sources (ship-derived and satellite altimetry-derived) at different spatial scales (from individual cruise to worldwide satellite data) were gathered in order to compile an enhanced list of underwater features for parts of the western and central Pacific Ocean (WCPO). The KL04 dataset [Kitchingman, A., and Lai, S., 2004. Inferences on potential seamount locations from mid-resolution bathymetric data. Fisheries Centre Research Reports 12 (5), 7–12], listing seamount positions and depths as calculated from satellite altimetry-derived bathymetry, provided the baseline data for this study as it covered the entire region of interest and included summit depth information. All KL04 potential seamounts were cross-checked with other datasets to remove any atolls and islands that had been incorrectly classified as seamounts, to add seamounts undetected by KL04, to update the overall database (geolocation, depth, elevation, and name) and to compile a 12-class typology of the different types of underwater features. Of the 4626 potential seamounts identified in KL04, 719 were multiple identifications of the same large underwater features and 373 (10%) were actually emerged banks, atolls and islands, leaving 3534 actual underwater features. Conversely, 487 underwater features were documented in other datasets but not registered by KL04. The screening of all the potential WCPO seamounts produced a final list of 4021 underwater features with agreed upon position and information. This enhanced list should have many applications in oceanography, biodiversity conservation and studies of the influence of seamounts on pelagic ecosystems and fisheries.     

中西太平洋镰状真鲨的生物学信息初步研究

镰状真鲨(Carcharhinus falciformis)是金枪鱼(Thunnus)延绳钓渔业中常见的兼捕鱼种之一,位于海洋食物链的顶端,对海洋物种多样性和生态系统的稳定性有重要意义,2017年10月1日作为濒危物种被正式列入濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约附录Ⅱ中。作者根据中国金枪鱼渔业科学观察员在中西太平洋海域(7°S~9°N,149°E~150°W)采集的1 150尾镰状真鲨样本,对其叉长、体质量、繁殖和摄食等生物学信息进行初步研究与分析。结果表明:雌、雄镰状真鲨的优势叉长范围分别为80~180 cm和60~150 cm,雌性叉长均值显著大于雄性;雌、雄的叉长和体质量关系无显著性差异(ANCOVA,P0.05),叉长和体质量的幂函数关系为:W_R=9×10–6×L_F~(2.9712);雌、雄性比符合1︰1比例;镰状真鲨的鳍脚长度与叉长呈显著正相关性,其线性关系为L_C=0.1492×L_F–6.5;镰状真鲨的怀仔数为4~15尾,平均怀仔数为8尾,子宫内雌雄胚胎长度范围为24~56 cm;摄食等级以空胃率为主,其次为1级,分别为51.77%、35.07%。     

热带西太平洋Y3和M2海山区网采浮游植物群落结构特征

研究了热带西太平洋雅浦Y3海山冬季和马里亚纳M2海山春季网采浮游植物群落结构,对调查区浮游植物的物种组成、优势种类、细胞丰度以及多样性指数进行了分析。结果表明,两个海山区共鉴定浮游植物4门50属219种,其中硅藻门30属106种,甲藻门17属112种,蓝藻门1属2种,金藻门2属3种。两个航次研究区浮游植物优势种均以链状硅藻如根管藻(Rhizosolenia)、半管藻(Hemiaulus)和角毛藻(Chaetoceros)等属的种类为主,此外太阳漂流藻(Planktoniella sol)、铁氏束毛藻(Trichodesmium thiebautii)以及部分角藻(Ceratium)物种优势度也比较明显。Y3海山区浮游植物细胞丰度介于1.60～16.61 cells/L,平均值为5.02 cells/L; M2海山区浮游植物细胞丰度介于1.36～10.20 cells/L,平均值为4.12cells/L。两个海山区浮游植物细胞丰度的分布趋势均受硅藻影响较大,甲藻细胞丰度相对较低。在属的水平上,角毛藻、根管藻、角藻和半管藻等属的细胞丰度对两个海山区浮游植物总细胞丰度的贡献较大。多样性指数方面, Y3海山区浮游植物群落香农-威纳指数H′(shannon-wiener index)介于3.95～4.69,平均值为4.30; M2海山区浮游植物群落香农-威纳指数介于3.23～4.46,平均值为3.83。两个海山区浮游植物群落多样性指数均处于较高水平,但站位间的变化不明显。目前,关于热带西太平洋海山区浮游植物群落结构的研究还非常缺乏,亟需后续研究的补充。     

Atmospheric input of trace elements to the western Pacific Ocean and the Kuroshio ocean area

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北极地区大地构造特征及其构造演化——北极地区大地构造编图研究进展

北极地区具有丰富的油气资源,但是受极度寒冷气候和广泛分布冰盖的影响,北极是全球地质研究程度最低的地区之一。为此,基于最新地球物理数据,结合文献资料中的地貌、地质、矿产资源资料,编制了北极地区大地构造图(1:500万)。通过系统的编图研究,认为北极地区位于泛大陆腹地,中生代以来的构造演化受到冰岛地幔柱的垂向作用和欧亚-劳伦板块缓慢的顺时针旋转的水平作用共同制约。其构造演化可归纳为3个阶段:(1)早中生代:北亚-北美西北部(远东-科迪勒拉)造山带俯冲-造山增生阶段,古太平洋向北俯冲,古亚洲洋最终关闭,泛大陆最终形成;(2)侏罗纪-白垩纪:伴随着加拿大盆地张开,南阿纽伊洋盆俯冲消亡并形成南阿纽伊缝合带,两者之间在运动学上具有耦合联系,并伴随其间转换断层的调节作用;(3)新生代以来北大西洋中脊持续扩展传播,造成欧亚盆地张开和加科尔洋中脊发育。北极地区处于全球不同构造域之间的桥梁和枢纽。随着北冰洋洋盆伸展作用发展及加科尔洋中脊向南传播,它将西南贯通北太平洋构造域(远东造山带),彻底改变全球中生代以来的构造格局。     

2016年秋季热带西太平洋网采浮游植物群落结构

作者于2016年9月27日～10月25日对热带西太平洋(0°～20°N, 120°～130°E)10个站位的网采浮游植物群落结构进行了采样调查。应用Uterm?hl方法对调查海域浮游植物的物种组成、细胞丰度、优势物种以及群落多样性等相关生态特征进行了分析。希望为热带西太平洋提供一些基础的背景资料,为以后的研究奠定基础。结果表明, 鉴定出浮游植物共计4门、66属、243种(包括变种、变型), 含硅藻门(Bacillariophyta)34属、103种, 甲藻门(Pyrrophyta)28属、133种, 金藻门(Chrysophyta)2属、4种,蓝藻门(Cyanophyta)2属、3种。浮游植物细胞丰度1 965.573×10³ 细胞/m³ , 其中蓝藻的细胞丰度为1 945.169×10³ 细胞/m³ , 决定了浮游植物的分布格局, 占总细胞丰度的98.96%, 高值区分布在0°N130°E-10°N130°E的4个站位(E130-13、E130-15、E130-17、E130-19); 硅藻丰度在20°N断面N20-4站位存在高值区; 甲藻丰度在130°E断面的3个站位(E130-10、E130-13、E130-15)存在高值区。本次调查的优势种依次为铁氏束毛藻(Trichodesmium thiebaultii)、扁形原甲藻(Prorocentrum compressum)、扁豆原甲藻(Prorocentrum leniculatum)、胞内植生藻(Richelia intracellularis)、菱形海线藻(Thalassionema nitzschioides)、细弱海链藻(Thalassiosira subtilis)、具边线形圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus marginato-lineatus)、科氏角藻(Ceratium kofoidii)、鲁比膝沟藻(Gonyaulax lurbynaii)、中华半管藻(Hemiaulus sinensis)、霍氏半管藻(Hemiaulus hauckii)、小等刺硅鞭藻(Dictyocha fibula)。Shannon-Weiner多样性指数的均值为2.440,Pielou 均匀度指数的均值为0.163。相关分析结果显示浮游植物空间分布主要受PO₄-P、NH₄-N的影响,且由蓝藻的相关性决定的。聚类分析得出群落结构分为大洋群聚和近岸群聚两种类型(其中大洋群聚的站位又划分为0°～10°N纬度范围聚集和10°～20°N纬度范围聚集)。     

The structure of tuna access agreements in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean: Lessons for Vessel Day Scheme planning

The tuna industry in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) is one of the largest and most valuable fisheries in the world. Since the 1980s, Pacific island countries have used licensing agreements with foreign fishing interests—known as access agreements—to earn tuna-related revenue and control the environmental impacts of fishing, with only minimal success. To date, there has been little work detailing the structure of access agreements and assessing how this structure relates to economic and environmental outcomes in the sector. This article helps to fill this gap by providing an overview of various access structures and a detailed empirical assessment of how these structures are applied in access agreements between Pacific island countries and the major foreign fishing interests active in the WCPO. This analysis is placed in the context of evolving regional fisheries management structures. The study reveals that while there is no uniform formula for access agreements, each structure is subject to distinct political, economic and environmental considerations that influence outcomes for Pacific island countries. As Pacific island countries develop the mechanism to allocate fishing rights under the new Vessel Day Scheme, drawing on their long history with access agreements will assist efforts to use access to achieve policy objectives. Improved transparency will enable Pacific island countries to identify successes and problems and adapt the Vessel Day Scheme allocation mechanisms accordingly.