居民用户天然气供暖方案

以包头市北部新区居民用户的天然气供暖方案为例,对比分析了燃气壁挂炉供暖、燃气壁挂炉与太阳能联合供暖、模块式燃气锅炉楼栋供暖、燃气区域锅炉房供暖、燃气热泵空调供暖、燃气冷热电三联供、天然气红外线辐射供暖7种供暖方案的技术特点,对比较适合居民用户供暖的前4种方案进行了工程建设造价和运行费用对比分析。燃气壁挂炉供暖方案工程造价最低,运行费用较少,节能效果较好;燃气壁挂炉与太阳能联合供暖方案工程造价最高,但其运行费用最少,节能效果最佳。     

别墅建筑的几种空调设计方案

介绍了可用于别墅建筑的风冷式盛大热泵空调机组系统，风冷热泵冷水机组系统、等方案，指出应根据不同的能源和气候条件，     

燃气热泵的应用与分析

介绍了以天然气为能源的燃气热泵系统,以某示范工程为例,分析了其初投资和运行费用,并与电空调系统、电空调＋锅炉系统、直燃机系统相比较,认为燃气热泵系统的一次能源利用率高,供暖性能好,调控容易,运行维护费用低,符合节能环保要求。     

Economic and exergy analysis of alternative plants for a zero carbon building complex

The feasibility of zero carbon emission plants for heating, air conditioning and domestic hot water (DHW) supply, is analyzed, with respect to conventional plants, for a new residential building complex to be constructed, in Northern Italy. Two zero carbon plants are considered: the first is composed of air-to-water heat pumps for space heating and cooling, PV solar collectors, air dehumidifiers, thermal solar collectors and a wood pellet boiler for DHW supply; in the second, the air-to-water heat pumps are replaced by ground-coupled heat pumps. The conventional plant is composed of a condensing gas boiler, single-apartment air to air heat pumps, and thermal solar collectors. The economic analysis shows that both zero carbon plants are feasible, and that the air-to air heat pumps yield a shorter payback time. The exergy analysis confirms the feasibility of both plants, and shows that the ground coupled heat pumps yield a higher exergy saving.     

燃气热泵系统技术经济分析

介绍了我国制冷行业的能源使用状况,发展燃气空调的意义,燃气热泵系统的原理、特点。比较了燃气热泵系统、电力中央空调系统、燃气直燃机组、电驱动分体空调加锅炉供暖等几种制冷供暖方式的经济性,总结了燃气热泵技术的成熟性、适用性和使用的安全性。     

某工业园区空调冷热源系统改造

近年来,由于建筑空调冷热源系统设计及配置的不合理而进行改造的项目及情况越来越多,合同能源管理的改造模式也是在这样的情况下产生的。分析了西安市某工业园区空调冷热源系统的现状及存在的问题,并结合园区内可供利用的一次能源、市政能源和可再生能源,以经济性最优为出发点,设计了由土壤源热泵系统、冰蓄冷系统、水源热泵系统和燃气锅炉系统构成的新的空调冷热源系统。通过技术经济性比较得出,改造系统的动态投资回收期小于10年。     

Energy,economic and environmental performance of heating systems in Greek buildings

The introduction of natural gas in the Greek energy market broadened the options in the field of space heating. Residents in five major Greek cities can choose from a variety of different fuels and systems for heating their houses or working spaces; 12 more cities will be connected to the gas network within the next 5 years. Considering that space heating is the major energy consuming activity in the Greek building sector and that the environmental constrains imposed by the Kyoto protocol will be met only with difficulty, if at all, a strategy concerning the developments in space heating seems to be necessary. This however presupposes an elaborate analysis of the overall performance of the alternative systems, taking into consideration the particular conditions of the Greek energy system and the ‘established’ way of designing residential and mixed-use buildings. The present paper aims to present the empirical comparative results related to the three most popular heating systems operated in Greek multi-apartment and mixed-use buildings, which use three different fuels, respectively: a central oil-fired boiler, a unitary gas-fired boiler and unitary heat pumps.     

天然气供热供冷的技术经济分析

对冬季采用天然气热水锅炉供热，夏季采用电动离心式冷水机组供冷和冬夏季都采用天然气直燃型溴化锂吸收式冷热水机组进行供热供冷的两种方案进行了技术经济比较。指出天然气价和电价是影响供热供冷成本的最敏感因素。     

胜利油田新能源利用与供热新模式

本文通过对胜利油田热电联供-水源热泵-空气源热泵供暖新模式的分析,并与大、中、小原有燃油锅炉分区供暖的模式相对比,从各工程的运行数据得出利用废气、废水余热和利用空气源热泵开发新能源可大大节约能源和减少温室气体排放,真正做到经济效益与社会效益的完美结合,对其他油田和地区也具有极大的推广价值,为改造传统供热提供新思路、新模式。     

太阳能热泵供热系统的应用及经济性分析

以0.7 MW的供热功率为评价标准,分别对太阳能热泵、燃油锅炉、燃气锅炉和电加热锅炉四种供热系统进行了初期投资、运行费用、燃料价格等因素的综合技术经济分析与评价,评价结果表明：太阳能热泵供热系统的综合效果最好,适合在青岛推广应用。     

Utilization of wind energy in space heating and cooling with hybrid HVAC systems and heat pumps

Approximately one-third of the primary energy resources are consumed in space heating, cooling, and air-conditioning with a very low exergetic efficiency. The depleting nature of primary energy resources, negative environmental impact of fossil fuels and low exergetic efficiencies obtained in conventional space heating and cooling are the main incentives for developing alternative heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) techniques which can employ low density and interrupted energy sources. In this respect, in spite of difficulties primarily encountered in coupling wind energy with conventional space heating and cooling equipment, wind energy seems to be an exciting alternative provided that synectic combinations are pursued and applied. In this paper, a new wind turbine coupled hybrid HVAC system is presented, which consists of an optimum combination of convective and radiant heating and cooling systems with in-space thermal energy storage. A design case for a single family home is presented. In this study a 6 kW(e) wind turbine drives a ground source heat pump (GSHP) which is coupled to a hybrid HVAC system to satisfy the thermal loads of a 100 m² home. In this example, sensible heating and cooling loads are satisfied by the high mass radiant floor which matches the daily peak demand and the available peak wind energy. Latent heating and cooling loads, along with ventilation requirements are satisfied by a forced-air system. Variable radiant and convective split type of control is implemented, and both systems are served by the same GSHP which also satisfies the domestic hot water (DHW) demand.     

Saving energy in the make-up air unit (MAU) for semiconductor clean rooms in subtropical areas

The energy requirements to cool, dehumidify, preheat and/or humidify outdoor air are significant in the make-up air unit (MAU) of clean room air-conditioning systems, and can represent 30% to 65% of the total thermal energy required to maintain a clean room environment. Because of these high-energy requirements, cost-effective means to reduce energy costs can influence unit production costs. Reducing or displacing mechanical cooling or electrical heating requirements can achieve the greatest opportunity for significant energy savings. This paper, therefore, aims to improve the energy performance of the MAU system by properly arranging compositions of components of a typical MAU applied in a semiconductor clean room. Explicitly, we investigated the influence of various factors including the fan location (draft-through type vs. push-through type), chilled water system (single-chilled water temperature system vs. two chilled water temperature system) and reheating scheme (electrical heating vs. hot water provided by heat recovery chiller). The result shows that the draw-through type accompanied by two chilled water temperature system with heat recovery function exhibits the lowest electrical power consumption.     

辐射供暖、供冷系统冷热源的研究

探讨了以地热水、地下水、地热（土壤热）、太阳能、电锅炉、燃气锅炉作为辐射供暖、供冷系统的热源或冷源的可行性。     

Coupled simulation of convicton,radiation, and HVAC control for attaining a given PMV value

A new computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation for designing indoor climates is presented in this study. It is coupled with a radiative heat transfer simulation and heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) control system in a room. This new method can feed back the outputs of the CFD to the input conditions for controlling the HVAC system, and includes a human model to evaluate the thermal environment. It can be used to analyze the conditions of the HVAC system (e.g. temperature of supply air, surface temperature of radiation panel, etc.) and the heating/cooling loads of different HVAC systems under the condition of the same human thermal sensation (e.g. PMV, operative temperature, etc.) To examine the performance of the new method, a thermal environment within a semi-enclosed space which opens into an atrium space is analyzed under steady-state conditions in the summer season. Using this method, the most energy efficient HVAC system can be chosen under the same PMV value. In this paper, two types of HVAC system are compared: one is a radiation-panel system and the other is an all-air cooling system. The radiation-panel cooling is found to be more energy efficient for cooling the semi-enclosed space in this study.     

Swimming pools as heat sinks for air conditioners: Model design and experimental validation for natural thermal behavior of the pool

Swimming pools as thermal sinks for air conditioners could save approximately 40% on peak cooling power and 30% of overall cooling energy, compared to standard residential air conditioning. Heat dissipation from pools in semi-arid climates with large diurnal temperature shifts is such that pool heating and space cooling may occur concurrently; in which case heat rejected from cooling equipment could directly displace pool heating energy, while also improving space cooling efficiency. The performance of such a system relies on the natural temperature regulation of swimming pools governed by evaporative and convective heat exchange with the air, radiative heat exchange with the sky, and conductive heat exchange with the ground. This paper describes and validates a model that uses meteorological data to accurately predict the hourly temperature of a swimming pool to within 1.1 °C maximum error over the period of observation. A thorough review of literature guided our choice of the most appropriate set of equations to describe the natural mass and energy exchange between a swimming pool and the environment. Monitoring of a pool in Davis, CA, was used to confirm the resulting simulations. Comparison of predicted and observed pool temperature for all hours over a 56 day experimental period shows an R-squared relatedness of 0.967.     

某高校天然气分布式能源站及供能管网系统

上海某新建高校采用天然气分布式能源系统通过供能管网实现区域供能。能源中心以天然气作为一次能源,采用冷热电三联供技术,并辅以电制冷机组和燃气热水锅炉作为调峰设备,可满足该新建校区所有冷热负荷需求,能源综合利用效率达到80%以上。能源中心通过校区各二级泵房向各空调末端直接提供循环冷热水,通过校区各热交换机房提供生活热水一次侧热媒。空调供能管网及生活热水热媒管网均采用两管制闭式循环系统。目前该能源中心及供能系统已成功运行。     

Modelling of enhanced passive and conventional cooling systems

This study modelled a recently completed typical steel-framed speculative office development in the UK. It investigated the comparative performance of the building for various servicing regimes. These included natural and mechanical ventilation, two types of active fabric energy storage (FES) system (AirDeck and AirCore), air-conditioning (a conventional all-air system and chilled ceiling with mechanical ventilation), and mixed-mode solutions combining some of the above approaches. The assessment covered both summer and winter (heating) performance. The main objective was to evaluate overall performance of these systems in terms of thermal comfort and energy use and to compare the findings with more conventional servicing options for the same building. The study demonstrates that active FES can enhance thermal comfort while reducing energy use and emissions. In comparison with conventionally and naturally ventilated systems, the studied FES systems reduced temperature excess hours and peak temperatures, supplied cooler air as a result of overnight cooling, and reduced chiller consumption and boiler ratings as well as emissions. The annual operating costs of these active FES systems increase energy costs by only 13% over that of the naturally ventilated option. The mixed-mode solutions reduce them by over 35% when compared with all-mechanically cooled alternatives.     

Modelling of enhanced passive and conventional cooling systems

This study modelled a recently completed typical steel-framed speculative office development in the UK. It investigated the comparative performance of the building for various servicing regimes. These included natural and mechanical ventilation, two types of active fabric energy storage (FES) system (AirDeck and AirCore), air-conditioning (a conventional all-air system and chilled ceiling with mechanical ventilation), and mixed-mode solutions combining some of the above approaches. The assessment covered both summer and winter (heating) performance. The main objective was to evaluate overall performance of these systems in terms of thermal comfort and energy use and to compare the findings with more conventional servicing options for the same building. The study demonstrates that active FES can enhance thermal comfort while reducing energy use and emissions. In comparison with conventionally and naturally ventilated systems, the studied FES systems reduced temperature excess hours and peak temperatures, supplied cooler air as a result of overnight cooling, and reduced chiller consumption and boiler ratings as well as emissions. The annual operating costs of these active FES systems increase energy costs by only 13% over that of the naturally ventilated option. The mixed-mode solutions reduce them by over 35% when compared with all-mechanically cooled alternatives.     

天津地热区域供热的效果评价

介绍了天津利用中低温地热水以化石燃料调峰的小区供暖系统实际运行效果,通过与煤炭、天然气、柴油等三种热源进行技术经济比较,对天津地热供暖系统进行了效果评价。     

Evaluation of fuel-switching opportunities in the residential sector

The aim of this paper is to analyse the impact of different natural gas and electricity end-use technologies in the residential sector, which compete among themselves in terms of energy consumption and carbon emissions. The analysis of 17 different technology options, which were chosen in order to match the consumption behaviour of a typical Portuguese family, has shown that the use of electric heat pumps, both for space and water-heating, combined with the use of a natural gas cooker, leads to the lowest energy consumption and to the lowest environmental impacts in terms of carbon emissions. Considering only the running costs, this choice is 45% more economic than having a natural gas centralised heating system combined with a gas cooker, and is 60% more economic than having an electric resistance space heater combined with an electric storage water heater and electric cooker, which is the worst case. The life cycle cost (LCC) analysis shows that the economic optimum is reached by the combination of a natural gas water heater with an electric storage space heater, and a natural gas cooker. The cost of conserved carbon (CCC) analysis shows that the combination of an electric heat pump water heater with an electric storage space heater, and a natural gas cooker is the best option in terms of environmental performance.