PET 微孔编织结构张力环境下诱导细胞迁移机制的 研究现状及发展动态

随着关节韧带损伤发生率日益提高,人工材料植入重建韧带功能是重要治疗手段之一。植入后宿主细胞的趋向、黏附和迁移是人工材料在体内形成长期稳定生物连接的关键。以往研究集中于提高材料生物性,如增加材料亲水性、表面修饰、黏附适宜细胞以及复合细胞因子等,目前在张力环境下三维微孔结构对宿主细胞黏附、迁移、长入和分化影响的研究较少。本文拟以生物相容性良好的聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PET)材料作为载体,探讨在张力状态下新编PET的结构、孔径大小和孔隙率对细胞迁移等细胞生物学行为影响的研究现状和未来发展。为这些研究的深入指明方向,也为PET作为人工材料修复韧带损伤的临床应用奠定实验基础。     

壳聚糖接枝改性PET 人工韧带的表面结构与特性研究

目的:于聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)人工韧带材料表面接枝壳聚糖长链分子,对改性PET人工韧带的表面结构与特性进行分析,以期为较好生物相容性的PET人工韧带材料的设计和研发奠定一定的理论基础和技术支持。方法:首先采用化学接枝法在聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)织物表面接枝丙烯酸(PET-AAc),再与壳聚糖分子发生酰胺化反应实现PET表面的壳聚糖接枝(PET-CHI)。借助接触角、x射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)、热失重(TG)和扫描电镜(SEM)等对PET改性效果进行分析表征。结果:壳聚糖长链分子成功接枝到PET表面,壳聚糖在PET表面的接枝厚度为2.25μm,接枝量为9.66 wt%。结论:接枝改性后PET表面亲水性有较大提高,浸润性得到改善。     

不同消毒方法对生物化PET 人工韧带的生物力学影响

目的:探讨环氧乙烷、高压蒸汽、60Co照射三种消毒方法,对生物化PET人工韧带的生物力学影响,为选取合适的消毒灭菌方法提供实验依据。方法:以表面改性的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯纤维为材料,制备生物化PET人工韧带,分别给予环氧乙烷熏蒸、高压蒸汽、60Co照射消毒处理,并设未作消毒处理的空白对照组,分别进行生物力学测试,对测量结果行统计学比较分析。结果:高压蒸汽消毒后,韧带所能承受的最大拉力及第一次破裂力降低,且与对照组间的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);60Co照射消毒后,韧带所能承受的最大拉力降低,与对照组间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但第一次破裂力的差异不明显(P>0.05);环氧乙烷消毒处理后,最大拉力、第一次破裂力与对照组之间无明显差异(P>0.05);各组间断裂伸长率无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论:高压蒸汽消毒后韧带样品的生物力学性能降低比较明显;采用60Co射线消毒方法对产品的力学性能影响较小,但进一步的消毒方法改进可能更为理想;环氧乙烷消毒法可作为生物化PET人工韧带的有效消毒方法。     

骨髓间充质干细胞在大鼠体内的迁移研究

目的:将体外预先标记的骨髓间充质干细胞(mesenchymalstemcells,MSCs)移植到大鼠脑内观察细胞的存活和转归,从在体(invivo)角度阐明MSCs在中枢神经系统疾病细胞治疗中的潜在应用前景。首先用DiI在体外标记MSCs。将标记后的MSCs分别移植到大鼠纹状体和侧脑室,在移植后2w和4w灌杀动物,进行脑组织及脊髓的冰冻切片,在荧光显微镜下观察细胞的存活与转归。结果:移植到纹状体的MSCs可沿针道向周围实质迁移,迁移的最远距离可达0.2mm。并且,在大脑皮层及其他脑实质的血管壁、血管中以及血管周围还可见到标记细胞;而移植到侧脑室的MSCs则主要沿脑室系统迁移,细胞主要分布在移植侧侧脑室,对侧脑室与第四脑室也有分布,也有少量细胞沿侧脑室向周围实质迁移,迁移的最远距离为0.23mm。还可见到沿胼胝体向对侧脑室迁移的细胞流,甚至有个别细胞迁移至脊髓腰段。所有动物在细胞移植后4周均未发现肿瘤形成。结论:MSCs脑内移植后可以在中枢神经系统内存活并迁移,无致瘤性。结果提示骨髓间充质细胞是很多疾病细胞与基因治疗的有力工具。     

氯化锂对人骨髓间充质干细胞迁移的影响

目的:探究氯化锂(Lithium chlorid,LiCl)对人骨髓间充质干细胞(human Mesenchymal Stem Cells,hMSCs)迁移的影响。方法:采用划痕试验、Transwell chamber等方法,在梯度浓度LiCl作用下,观察对hMSCs迁移效果的影响并进行分析。结果:1划痕试验显示hMSCs在梯度浓度LiCl作用下,细胞迁移距离逐渐减少,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。2 Transwell chamber实验显示hMSCs在梯度浓度LiCl作用下,穿梭至小室下方的细胞逐渐减少,锂剂作用组迁移细胞数差异与对照组比较有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:LiCl可抑制hMSCs的迁移且呈浓度依赖性。     

用于人工韧带的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯支架材料 的编织和力学性能分析

目的:通过对聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(Polyethylene terephthalate,PET)材料的编织和力学性能的分析,初步探讨使用该材料构建组织工程韧带支架的可行性。方法:将不同强度的PET单纤维通过经编法编织成支架材料;然后使用电子拉力机对编织好的支架材料以及消毒处理后的支架材料进行力学性能测试并进行分析。结果:PET编织构建的支架材料结构稳定,其极限抗张强度已达到了前交叉韧带的力学要求。辐照消毒对支架材料的力学性能无短期影响。结论:该支架材料编织结构设计合理,具有优良的力学性能,消毒后对其力学性能无短期影响,有望通过改进生物学性能后成为一种较理想的组织工程前交叉韧带支架材料。     

cxcr2基因修饰小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的构建与鉴定

目的构建小鼠CXC型趋化因子受体2(CXCR2)基因cxcr2过表达的骨髓间充质干细胞(Bone marrow mes-enchymal stem cell,BMSC)并进行鉴定。方法全骨髓贴壁法分离培养小鼠BMSC,采用流式细胞术检测干细胞抗原1(stem cell antigen-1,SCA-1)、CD44、CD43、CD45、IA/IE表达率,并诱导成骨分化。以含有小鼠cxcr2的质粒为模版进行PCR扩增,将获得的cxcr2克隆到慢病毒载体,命名为p Lenti-cxcr2-GZ;将其与慢病毒包装质粒共转染HEK-293T细胞,收获慢病毒后,通过离心法感染BMSC,经过1μg/mL zeocin压力选择建立了稳定表达CXCR2的小鼠BMSC(CXCR2-BMSC)。采用流式细胞术和RT-PCR分别检测其CXCR2蛋白和m RNA表达水平,Transwell趋化实验检测其迁移能力。结果 90%以上的第3代BMSC表达CD44、SCA-1,几乎不表达IA/IE、CD34、CD45,且成功诱导成骨分化。菌液PCR、质粒双酶切后,琼脂糖凝胶电泳鉴定结果得到特异、大小正确的条带及测序鉴定正确,表明成功构建了p Lenti-cxcr2-GZ表达质粒。流式细胞术和RT-PCR结果显示,CXCR2-BMSC的CXCR2蛋白和m RNA表达水平均明显高于对照组BMSC,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。Transwell结果显示,CXCR2-BMSC迁移能力高于对照组BMSC,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论利用慢病毒系统成功构建了稳定表达CXCR2的BM-SC,cxcr2基因修饰BMSC后可明显增加BMSC的迁移能力。     

SMA模型小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞体外培养体系的建立

目的 建立脊髓型肌萎缩症(SMA)小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMMSC)体外培养体系,研究反义寡核苷酸(ASO)对其生物学特性的影响,为深入研究SMA发病机制及药物筛选提供可靠的体内模拟工具细胞。方法 选取刚出生4 d的SMA小鼠,CO₂窒息法处死后,于75%乙醇中浸泡,分离、纯化骨髓细胞。细胞荧光检测细胞表面标志物;RT-PCR及Western Blot研究ASO对运动神经元存活基因2(SMN2)外显子(exon7)列入水平以及运动神经元存活(SMN)蛋白表达量;EDU法和TUNEL法检测细胞增殖和凋亡能力。结果 体外分离培养的SMA模型小鼠BMMSC具有贴壁生长、可以传代等特点;对P3代BMMSC进行细胞免疫荧光鉴定结果显示：CD44、CD29高表达,CD34、CD45低表达;转染ASO后细胞SMN2 exon7列入率显著上升以及SMN蛋白表达量显著上调,并显著促进细胞增殖能力,同时核内Gemini bodies(gems)数量也有所增多。结论 成功建立SMA小鼠BMMSC体外培养体系,通过阳性药物ASO验证可促进BMMSC SMN2 exon7列入及SMN蛋白表...     

小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的分离、培养及鉴定

目的建立一种从小鼠骨髓中分离培养间充质干细胞（MSCs）的高效方法。方法采取贴壁细胞分离法分离和纯化小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞（mMSCs）,检测mMSCs在不同诱导条件下向成骨细胞及脂肪细胞分化能力,用流式细胞术及显微镜分别检测mMSCs纯度和形态特征。结果mMSCs贴壁生长后形态较均一,细胞形态呈成纤维细胞样,流式细胞术检测：CD45、CD11b、CD44及CD29分别为（3.34）%、（2.41）%、（98.46）%及（99.36）%。第4代mMSCs经诱导后可向成骨细胞和脂肪细胞分化。结论通过贴壁培养可以从小鼠骨髓中分离培养出高纯度mMSCs,该方法效率高,稳定性好。     

BMSCs 选择性迁移对大鼠全脑缺血模型认知功能的影响

目的:探究不同时间点移植后骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)的选择性迁移对大鼠全脑缺血/再灌注模型认知功能的影响以及可能的分子机制。方法:成年雄性SD大鼠80只,随机分为四组,全脑缺血再灌注组(model组,n=20),假手术组(sham组,n=20),造模1 d后较早BMSCs移植组(early组,n=20),造模7 d后较晚移植组(late组,n=20)。结扎双侧颈总动脉并结合低血压建立大鼠全脑缺血/再灌注模型,后于不同时间点尾静脉移植GFP+BMSCs。造模后1、3、7、14 d用酶联免疫法(ELISA)检测模型损伤区域大鼠皮层和海马部位的SDF-1α和MCP-1的表达水平,28 d后进行Morris水迷宫检测认知改变,32 d通过免疫组织化学染色和Western blot观察GFP+BMSCs的分布情况。结果:水迷宫实验表明细胞移植组相比sham组参数有显著提升,且early组相比late组表现更好(P0.05);GFP免疫组化和western结果表明,early组BMSCs移植后分布于海马更多(P0.05),而late组中BMSCs在皮层分布更多(P0.05);ELISA结果表明,造模后1 d模型大鼠海马区域的SDF-1α和MCP-1的表达水平呈现短暂的相对性上调(P0.05),而造模7 d后相关皮层区域的SDF-1α表达缓慢上调(P0.05)。结论:造模后早期(1 d)移植BMSCs比晚期能更好的改善模型大鼠的认知功能;造模后SDF-1α和MCP-1的时空变化可能介导了BMSCs的选择行迁移,后者直接决定了对模型大鼠的认知功能改善的疗效。     

Arginylation-Dependent Neural Crest Cell Migration Is Essential for Mouse Development

Coordinated cell migration during development is crucial for morphogenesis and largely relies on cells of the neural crest lineage that migrate over long distances to give rise to organs and tissues throughout the body. Recent studies of protein arginylation implicated this poorly understood posttranslational modification in the functioning of actin cytoskeleton and in cell migration in culture. Knockout of arginyltransferase (Ate1) in mice leads to embryonic lethality and severe heart defects that are reminiscent of cell migration–dependent phenotypes seen in other mouse models. To test the hypothesis that arginylation regulates cell migration during morphogenesis, we produced Wnt1-Cre Ate1 conditional knockout mice (Wnt1-Ate1), with Ate1 deletion in the neural crest cells driven by Wnt1 promoter. Wnt1-Ate1 mice die at birth and in the first 2–3 weeks after birth with severe breathing problems and with growth and behavioral retardation. Wnt1-Ate1 pups have prominent defects, including short palate and altered opening to the nasopharynx, and cranial defects that likely contribute to the abnormal breathing and early death. Analysis of neural crest cell movement patterns in situ and cell motility in culture shows an overall delay in the migration of Ate1 knockout cells that is likely regulated by intracellular mechanisms rather than extracellular signaling events. Taken together, our data suggest that arginylation plays a general role in the migration of the neural crest cells in development by regulating the molecular machinery that underlies cell migration through tissues and organs during morphogenesis.     

Use of A Mouse Chimaeric Model to Study Cell Migration Patterns In the Small Intestinal Epithelium

The pattern of cells migration in the small intestinal epithelia of a RIII/?ro C57BL/6J mouse aggregation chimaera is demonstrated using Dolichos biflorus agglutinin-peroxidase (DBA) conjugate as a strain-specific marker. Using serial tangential sections of heterogeneously stained villi and plotting the distribution of labelled/unlabelled cells with a drawing tube, and by three-dimensional reconstruction with the aid of computer graphics, we show the migration pathway to be in tight cohorts of similar DBA-peroxidase staining type, which move upwards in straight lines. There is little cell mixing either on the villus or along the crypt-villus junctions. Our observations also show for the first time that a single crypt can feed cells to more than one villus. They also suggest that either cell loss is not confined to the villus tips but can take place from the villus sides, or that there is marked asynchrony of cell production between crypts.     

Modified Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell based Assay for Quantifying Cardiogenic Induction Efficiency

Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells is tightly controlled by temporal and spatial regulation of multiple key signaling pathways. One of the hurdles to its understanding has been the varied methods in correlating changes of key signaling events to differentiation efficiency. We describe here the use of a mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell based assay to identify critical time windows for Wnt/β-catenin and BMP signal activation during cardiogenic induction. By scoring for contracting embryonic bodies (EBs) in a 96-well plate format, we can quickly quantify cardiogenic efficiency and identify crucial time windows for Wnt/β-catenin and BMP signal activation in a time course following specific modulator treatments. The principal outlined here is not limited to cardiac induction alone, and can be applied towards the study of many other cell lineages. In addition, the 96-well format has the potential to be further developed as a high throughput, automated assay to allow for the testing of more sophisticated experimental hypotheses.     

A Dynamic Model of Chemoattractant-Induced Cell Migration

Cell migration refers to a directional cell movement in response to chemoattractant stimulation. In this work, we developed a cell-migration model by mimicking in vivo migration using optically manipulated chemoattractant-loaded microsources. The model facilitates a quantitative characterization of the relationship among the protrusion force, cell motility, and chemoattractant gradient for the first time (to our knowledge). We verified the correctness of the model using migrating leukemia cancer Jurkat cells. The results show that one can achieve the ideal migrating capacity by choosing the appropriate chemoattractant gradient and concentration at the leading edge of the cell.     

A Mouse Surgical Model for Metastatic Ovarian Granulosa Cell Tumor

We recently described a genetically engineered mouse model that develops ovarian granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) that mimic many aspects of the advanced human disease, including distant dissemination. However, because the primary tumors killed their hosts before metastases were able to form, the use of these mice to study metastatic disease required the development of a simple, reliable, and humane surgical protocol for the excision of large GCTs from debilitated mice. Here we describe a protocol involving multimodal anesthesia, tumor removal through ventral midline celiotomy and perioperative fluid therapy, and analgesia that led to the postoperative survival of more than 90% of mice, despite the removal of tumors representing as much as 10% of the animal''s body weight. Intraabdominal recurrence of the GCT did not occur in surviving animals, but most developed pulmonary or adrenal metastases (or both) by 12 wk after surgery. We propose that this mouse model of metastatic GCT will serve as a useful preclinical model for the development of novel treatment modalities and diagnostic techniques. Furthermore, our results delineate anesthetic and surgical principles for the removal of large abdominal tumors from mice that will be applicable to other models of human cancers.Abbreviation: GCT, granulosa cell tumorThe ovarian granulosa cell tumor (GCT) is the most prevalent sex cord tumor in women and is thought to represent up to 5% of all ovarian cancers.⁸ It is generally considered a low-grade malignancy, but a small percentage of GCTs are considered aggressive, and a large proportion of patients develop recurrent disease postoperatively.¹⁰ Few therapeutic options are available for the recurrent disease, and fastidious long-term follow-up is required in most patients, given that recurrent lesions have been diagnosed as long as 40 y after removal of the original tumor.⁴One of the key factors that has limited progress in the development of therapeutic approaches for ovarian cancer is the dearth of relevant animal models.⁹ Our laboratory has recently developed a genetically engineered mouse model (Pten^{tm1Hwu/tm1Hwu}; Ctnnb1^tm1Mmt/+;Amhr2^{tm3(cre)Bhr/+}) that develops an aggressive form of GCT in animals of both sexes.¹ In female mice, the disease is characterized by perinatal onset and rapid tumor development in both ovaries, causing death by approximately 8 wk of age. Histopathologic analyses of 6- to 8-wk-old Pten^{tm1Hwu/tm1Hwu}; Ctnnb1^tm1Mmt/+; Amhr2^{tm3(cre)Bhr/+} tissues revealed the presence of tumor cell embolisms in the lungs, suggesting metastatic potential for GCTs.⁶ However, the mice invariably died or required euthanasia for humane reasons before true metastases were able to form. Surgical excision of the primary tumors allowed for the postoperative survival of the mice for several months, and permitted the development of metastases in several tissues including lung and adrenal gland, thereby confirming the metastatic potential of the tumor cells.⁶Because of its mimicry of advanced human disease from the molecular to tumor biology level, we have proposed that the Pten^{tm1Hwu/tm1Hwu};Ctnnb1^tm1Mmt/+;Amhr2^{tm3(cre)Bhr/+} model could represent a powerful tool for the development of new therapeutic strategies for metastatic GCT. However, because the GCTs kill their hosts before metastases are able to form, their use as a model of the metastatic disease requires the development of a simple, reliable, and humane surgical protocol for the excision of the primary tumors. Such a protocol would need to take into account that pulmonary tumor cell embolisms have not been noted in these mice before the age of 6 wk, necessitating that surgery be performed in debilitated animals with tumor burdens approaching 10% of their body weight. A review of the existing literature on anesthesia, fluid therapy, pain management, and surgical techniques in mice yielded little information applicable to our model, necessitating that we develop a novel protocol that addressed both the medical needs of the mice and the scientific objectives of the research program.     

Tuning Cell Motility via Cell Tension with a Mechanochemical Cell Migration Model

Cell migration is orchestrated by a complicated mechanochemical system. However, few cell migration models take into account the coupling between the biochemical network and mechanical factors. Here, we construct a mechanochemical cell migration model to study the cell tension effect on cell migration. Our model incorporates the interactions between Rac-GTP, Rac-GDP, F-actin, myosin, and cell tension, and it is very convenient in capturing the change of cell shape by taking the phase field approach. This model captures the characteristic features of cell polarization, cell shape change, and cell migration modes. It shows that cell tension inhibits migration ability monotonically when cells are applied with persistent external stimuli. On the other hand, if random internal noise is significant, the regulation of cell tension exerts a nonmonotonic effect on cell migration. Because the increase of cell tension hinders the formation of multiple protrusions, migration ability could be maximized at intermediate cell tension under random internal noise. These model predictions are consistent with our single-cell experiments and other experimental results.     

Crawling and Gliding: A Computational Model for Shape-Driven Cell Migration

Cell migration is a complex process involving many intracellular and extracellular factors, with different cell types adopting sometimes strikingly different morphologies. Modeling realistically behaving cells in tissues is computationally challenging because it implies dealing with multiple levels of complexity. We extend the Cellular Potts Model with an actin-inspired feedback mechanism that allows small stochastic cell rufflings to expand to cell protrusions. This simple phenomenological model produces realistically crawling and deforming amoeboid cells, and gliding half-moon shaped keratocyte-like cells. Both cell types can migrate randomly or follow directional cues. They can squeeze in between other cells in densely populated environments or migrate collectively. The model is computationally light, which allows the study of large, dense and heterogeneous tissues containing cells with realistic shapes and migratory properties.