Optimal MAC based cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks

This paper considers a cognitive radio (CR) system in non-ideal fading wireless channels and pro-poses cooperative spectrum sensing schemes based on coherent multiple access channels (MAC),serving as an alternative way to improve the cooperative spectrum sensing performance and provide space diversity for spec-trum sensing.Sufficient statistics are transmitted using a common channel from the secondary users (SUs) to a fusion center (FC) where the global decision is obtained.The optimal scaling factors of the proposed schemes are obtained by maximizing the detection probability under a target false alarm probability and a transmit power constraint.Because the proposed optimal MAC scheme has high computational complexity,a sub-optimal solu-tion based on maximization of the deflection coefficient (DC) is also proposed.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms can significantly improve the spectrum sensing performance and approach the detection baseline.     

A weighted cooperative spectrum sensing framework for infrastructure-based cognitive radio networks

Spectrum sensing plays a critical role in cognitive radio networks. A good sensing scheme can reduce the false alarm probability and the miss detection probability, and thus improves spectrum utilization. This paper presents a weighted cooperative spectrum sensing framework for infrastructure-based cognitive radio networks, to increase the spectrum sensing accuracy. The framework contains two modules. In the first module, each cognitive radio performs local spectrum sensing and computes the total error probability, which combines the false alarm probability and the miss detection probability. The total error probability and the energy signal from the primary user are then sent to the base station. In the second module, the base station makes a final decision after combining the weighted energy signals from all cognitive radios. The final decision is then broadcasted back to all cognitive radios. To reduce the computation complexity and communication overhead, the base station also instructs the cognitive radios that have large total error probabilities not to report their local sensing results. We have developed a theoretical model for the proposed framework, and derived the optimal detection threshold, as well as the minimum number of cognitive radios required to participate in cooperative sensing, subject to a given total error probability. Numerical results verify that the proposed weighted cooperative spectrum sensing framework significantly improves the sensing accuracy.     

基于门限动态调整的最优协作检测方法

为提高协作频谱感知的检测效率、减少系统的反馈开销,提出一种基于门限动态调整的最优协作检测方法。在单节点检测错误概率最小的情况下,导出能量检测中门限值与信噪比的关系表达式,利用二分法求得不同信噪比下的动态门限值。根据系统恒虚警率和恒检测率计算最优协作用户数,并与动态门限值相结合得到系统检测错误概率。仿真结果表明,该方法协作检测概率较高,检测错误概率较低。     

Cooperative spectrum sensing based on stochastic resonance in cognitive radio networks

A new censoring cooperative spectrum sensing scheme based on stochastic resonance(SR)technique in cognitive radio(CR)network is proposed in this paper.The observations of the cooperative secondary users(SUs)whose statistics fall into the censoring interval are processed by SR system in the proposed scheme.The hard fusion and the soft fusion for the censoring cooperative spectrum sensing scheme are analyzed respectively.Theoretical analyses and simulation results show that the proposed censoring cooperative spectrum sensing scheme has the same detection performance as and lower computational complexity than the method that each cooperative SU performs spectrum sensing using SR-based energy detection,and its detection performance is superior to that of the conventional method that all the cooperative SUs perform spectrum sensing using energy detection in hard fusion.In soft fusion,the proposed censoring cooperative spectrum sensing based on equal gain combination can achieve the optimal sensing performance approximately.     

FPGA implementation and performance study of spectrum sensing based on entropy estimation using cyclic features

This work presents a spectrum sensing technique based on the entropy of frequency domain autocorrelation of receiving signal at different cyclic frequencies. The performance of the proposed sensing technique is compared with other sensing techniques such as energy detection using Bayesian and Neyman–Pearson criteria, entropy estimation under frequency domain, cyclostationary feature detection. The performance of sensing algorithms is also analyzed for single node and multinode/cooperative environment under most probable channel effects such as fading, shadowing, receiver’s uncertainty and free space path loss using Monte-Carlo methods. Simulation results reveal that the proposed sensing technique is able to detect signals of signal-to-noise ratio up to −24 dB with five nodes in cooperation while maintaining a false alarm probability of 0.1 and a detection probability of 0.9. The proposed sensing algorithm is also implemented in Virtex-4 Field Programmable Gate Arrays.     

Partial cooperative spectrum sensing schedule in cognitive network

Cognitive radio has emerged as a promising technology for maximizing the utilization efficiency of the limited spectrum resources while accommodating the increasing amount of services and applications in wireless networks. One of the most important and critical components of the cognitive radio is spectrum sensing and accordingly, detection of primary users. Considering the hardware constraints existing in cognitive devices, based on the coarse estimation of channel occupancy, partial cooperative spectrum sensing with adaptive spectrum schedule scheme is proposed to increase the possibility to discover more spectrum opportunities promptly. Simulation results show the gain of sensing performance and the energy-saving feature of partial spectrum sensing. Special security scheme is designed to protect the reliability of sensing result from the false message attack. For the scenarios tested, the proposed scheme is shown to increase opportunities by up to 15 percent.     

认知无线电网络中的分布式协作感知算法*

针对认知无线电中频谱感知的问题,讨论了分布式协作感知场景下最优的感知算法。介绍了经典的基于放大前传（AF）、解码前传（DF）和选择中继（SR）的分布式协作方案,包括模型、检测概率和虚警概率。提出了一种新的分布式协作感知算法,该算法将原始统计量和信噪比发送给协作用户,减少信道噪声对最后决策结果的影响。运用似然比准则推导出了最优的加权系数,以及决策函数。对几种协作方案的中断概率进行理论推导,并用数值仿真的方法验证了算法在中断概率上的性能。仿真结果表明,提出的方法在检测概率和中断概率上远优于其他分布式协作方案,但该方法需要协作用户间无损耗的传输,这也给实际的应用提出了很大的挑战。     

基于循环谱的中继合作频谱检测方法

结合循环谱检测和中继合作检测,提出一种衰落信道频谱检测方法。利用不同信道的信道增益和认知用户间的相关性,构建两用户合作信道模型,给出检测统计量的表达式。在此基础上,分析多用户网络的中继合作并进行检测性能仿真,结果表明,当虚警概率较小时,该方法能提高检测概率和检测灵敏度,且灵敏度的增益随认知用户间距离的增大而减小。     

基于噪声估计的加权协同频谱感知技术

频谱感知是认知无线电研究的关键技术之一,能量检测法是典型的频谱感知方法。针对传统的能量检测法和协同频谱感知存在的局限性,提出一种基于估计噪声的加权协同频谱感知方法,不同认知用户分别通过估计被测频段相邻保护（过渡）频带的噪声特性,近似作为授权用户频带内的噪声特性,以此估计噪声作为信任度进行加权协同数据融合。仿真结果表明,该方法能有效提高频谱检测性能。     

基于协作频谱预测的认知网络吞吐率分析

频谱预测是将预测结果传递给次级用户（Secondary User,SU）,使SU有选择性地实施频谱感知,提高频谱感知的有效性。但是存在预测结果不准确的情况,影响整个网络的吞吐率。在基于遗传算法优化的神经网络预测模型基础上,提出了SU进行协作的频谱预测方法,提高了SU预测空闲信道的准确率。讨论了协作频谱预测条件下,在通信强度、协作用户数量、信道数量不同时的系统吞吐率。仿真结果表明协作频谱预测比传统非协作频谱预测系统吞吐率有较大提升。     

认知无线电协作频谱感知机制的优化

频谱感知的目标是在尽量避免对主用户造成干扰的条件下为感知用户提供尽可能多的频谱接入机会。由于单用户频谱检测算法的局限性,协作频谱感知被提了出来。在满足对主用户干扰限度的条件下,为了使单个授权信道的频谱感知效率达到最大,引入一种新的协作频谱感知机制,联合优化包括感知时间、传输时间、参与协作的感知用户数目在内的感知参数,并通过穷尽搜索算法得到最优解。在此基础上研究了多个授权信道情况下的频谱感知效率问题,提出了一种授权信道选择分配方案。仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性。     

Proposed Approaches for Cooperative Cognitive Radio

This paper in this topic concentrates on an important part is spectrum sensing (SS). It can detect the idle hole in spectrum by detection methods. This paper uses the sensing technique is called energy detector(ED). The ED depends on only the energy of the signal without other needs such as the modulation of signal or pre-knowledge about the signal and this is considered as advantage. This research proposed new two techniques are the additive wavelet transform (AWT) with Homomorphic Way (HW) and Haar Discrete Wavelet Transform (HDWT) approach. We apply these techniques are applied in wide band wireless signal by using the Cognitive Radio (CR) network. Each technique reduces the noise of signal before enter to the detection method ED. The HW is considered new technique in the wireless communication. This study will have these techniques as hybrid with the ED to increase the throughput for the cognitive user with a sufficient protection to the PU transmission. Also, it improves the probability of detection and reduces the probability of false alarm and the probability of error. The cooperative CR is used in this work which more than the non-cooperative cognitive user to detect the holes. The final decision for detection built on four fusion rules are the logic OR, logic AND, MAJORITY and K-Out-Of-M fusion rule. The two proposed are applied techniques on four fusion rule at constant sensing time. Then; study the four metric detection performances for each fusion rule by using the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel. At the end, comparison between two these proposed techniques with each fusion rule. Simulation results prove that the proposed scenario increases the probability of detection in the range of SNR of the PU from ?20 to ?5 dB using the theses proposed approaches.

     

Design of Clustering Techniques in Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks

In recent decades, several optimization algorithms have been developed for selecting the most energy efficient clusters in order to save power during transmission to a shorter distance while restricting the Primary Users (PUs) interference. The Cognitive Radio (CR) system is based on the Adaptive Swarm Distributed Intelligent based Clustering algorithm (ASDIC) that shows better spectrum sensing among group of multiusers in terms of sensing error, power saving, and convergence time. In this research paper, the proposed ASDIC algorithm develops better energy efficient distributed cluster based sensing with the optimal number of clusters on their connectivity. In this research, multiple random Secondary Users (SUs), and PUs are considered for implementation. Hence, the proposed ASDIC algorithm improved the convergence speed by combining the multi-users clustered communication compared to the existing optimization algorithms. Experimental results showed that the proposed ASDIC algorithm reduced the node power of 9.646% compared to the existing algorithms. Similarly, ASDIC algorithm reduced 24.23% of SUs average node power compared to the existing algorithms. Probability of detection is higher by reducing the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) to 2 dB values. The proposed ASDIC delivers low false alarm rate compared to other existing optimization algorithms in the primary detection. Simulation results showed that the proposed ASDIC algorithm effectively solves the multimodal optimization problems and maximizes the performance of network capacity.     

认知无线电网络多用户智能协作频谱感知算法

认知无线电网络中,单用户频谱感知容易受到阴影效应、多径衰落及隐蔽终端等不利因素的影响,造成感知结果的误判.为了提高系统的检测性能,并减少感知花销,提出了多用户智能协作频谱感知算法.各个认知用户根据估计信噪比自适应选择不同的感知策略,当估计信噪比高于选择阈值时采用双门限能量感知,低于选择阈值时则采用循环平稳特征检测,并在同一个感知周期内只进行一种较优的感知策略,从而在不明显增加计算复杂度的情况下,克服了能量感知在低信噪比条件下鲁棒性差的缺点,实现了智能检测.仿真结果表明,智能协作频谱感知有效提高了系统检测概率,缩短了平均感知时间,有较好的鲁棒性.     

单天线认知无线电中的协作频谱感知和无线能量传输

在单天线认知无线电中,可以通过天线协作频谱检测来提高检测衰落信道中主用户(Primary User,PU)存在的传感性能。然而,由于协作频谱检测,认知无线电(Cognitive Radio,CR)可能消耗更多的存储能量,从而降低其传输性能。为了保证其传输性能,提出了一种同步协作频谱检测和无线功率传输的方案,该方案可以收集PU信号的射频(Radio Frequency,RF)能量,以提供频谱检测消耗的能量。提出了时间分流模型、实现了协作频谱检测,能量收集和数据传输的同步。制定了适用于该方案的优化问题,以最大化同步协作频谱检测和无线功率传输模型中认知无线电的频谱效率,分别受限于检测的概率和收集的能量。最后通过计算得到的最佳分配因子,以实现了频谱效率的最大值,并通过仿真得出了结论。     

An Efficient Optimized Handover in Cognitive Radio Networks Using Cooperative Spectrum Sensing

Cognitive radio systems necessitate the incorporation of cooperative spectrum sensing among cognitive users to increase the reliability of detection. We have found that cooperative spectrum sensing is not only advantageous, but is also essential to avoid interference with any primary users. Interference by licensed users becomes a chief concern and issue, which affects primary as well as secondary users leading to restrictions in spectrum sensing in cognitive radios. When the number of cognitive users increases, the overheads of the systems, which are meant to report the sensing results to the common receiver, which becomes massive. When the spectrum, which is in use becomes unavailable or when the licensed user takes the allocated band, these networks have the capability of changing their operating frequencies. In addition, cognitive radio networks are seen to have the unique capability of sensing the spectrum range and detecting any spectrum, which has been left underutilized. Further this capability of recognizing the spectrum range based on the dimensions detected, allows for determination of the band, which may be utilized. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the cognitive radio’s spectrum sensing ability and evolving a self-configured system with dynamic intelligence networks without causing any interference to the primary user. The paper also brings focus to the quantitative analysis of the two spectrum sensing techniques namely; Energy Detection and Band Limited White Noise Detection. The estimation technique for detecting spectrum noise is based on the detection of probability and probability of false alarms at different Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) levels using Additive White Gaussian Noise signal (AWGN). The efficiency of the proposed Cooperative CUSUM spectrum sensing algorithm performs better than existing optimal rules based on a single observation spectrum sensing techniques under cooperative networks.     

认知无线电网络中频谱感知性能分析

分析了认知无线电网络中使用能量检测器进行频谱检测的性能。仿真结果表明,衰落会使认知无线电用户检测性能下降,采用硬合并协作方案的合作频谱检测可以提高认知无线电系统的检测概率,但认知无线电系统的虚警概率也会随着参与协作的用户数的增多而上升,特别是控制信道不理想时,协作检测会导致虚警概率下限的出现,造成频谱利用率达不到预期的目标。     

基于隐马尔可夫模型的短波认知频率选择方法

针对短波频谱利用率低下及频率选择不够智能的局限性,提出一种基于隐马尔可夫模型(HMM)的短波认知频率选择方法。应用认知无线电原理,将短波传统用户作为主用户,将采用认知无线电技术的短波电台作为认知用户。首先,建立隐马尔可夫模型,结合频谱感知历史数据预测主用户信道状态;其次,在预测空闲的基础上估计信道参数;最后,根据估计的信道参数选择最优频率。仿真结果表明,所提方法能够准确预测传统短波用户信道状态,快速估计信道参数。在设定的仿真条件下,所提方法的成功传输率分别较HMM预测和能量感知随机信道选择方法有5.54%和10.56%的提升,能够选择最优信道。     

基于Alamouti编码的协作频谱检测性能分析

针对感知无线电系统的频谱检测问题,设计Alamouti空时编码与时分多址方式相结合的协作通信上报方案,并对其检测性能进行分析。推导系统误告警概率、漏告警概率和误告警概率下限的理论表达式。分析结果表明,该方案的上报误码率会随本地用户交互信道质量的改善而下降,编码增益可达3 dB以上,系统误告警概率的下限降低。     

基于权值协作和能量感知的频谱检测技术

为了提高认知无线电频谱检测的可靠性,介绍了一种新的基于加权协作和能量感知的频谱检测方案;建立了多用户协作检测模型,结合本地能量检测法构建了全局检测统计量,推导出权值融合的协作检测概率解析式,同时分析了相关节点对协作的影响;数据表明,在虚警概率为0.1时,从单个用户到6个用户,权值检测增益从15%提升到80%;OR检测增益从15%提升到64%,权值协作方案优于传统OR方案,更能有效提高全局检测性能和消除阴影衰落及多径效应的影响.