Fog computing for next-generation Internet of Things: Fundamental,state-of-the-art and research challenges

In recent times, the Internet of Things (IoT) applications, including smart transportation, smart healthcare, smart grid, smart city, etc. generate a large volume of real-time data for decision making. In the past decades, real-time sensory data have been offloaded to centralized cloud servers for data analysis through a reliable communication channel. However, due to the long communication distance between end-users and centralized cloud servers, the chances of increasing network congestion, data loss, latency, and energy consumption are getting significantly higher. To address the challenges mentioned above, fog computing emerges in a distributed environment that extends the computation and storage facilities at the edge of the network. Compared to centralized cloud infrastructure, a distributed fog framework can support delay-sensitive IoT applications with minimum latency and energy consumption while analyzing the data using a set of resource-constraint fog/edge devices. Thus our survey covers the layered IoT architecture, evaluation metrics, and applications aspects of fog computing and its progress in the last four years. Furthermore, the layered architecture of the standard fog framework and different state-of-the-art techniques for utilizing computing resources of fog networks have been covered in this study. Moreover, we included an IoT use case scenario to demonstrate the fog data offloading and resource provisioning example in heterogeneous vehicular fog networks. Finally, we examine various challenges and potential solutions to establish interoperable communication and computation for next-generation IoT applications in fog networks.     

System modelling and performance evaluation of a three-tier Cloud of Things

The emergent paradigm of fog computing advocates that the computational resources can be extended to the edge of the network, so that the transmission latency and bandwidth burden caused by cloud computing can be effectively reduced. Moreover, fog computing can support and facilitate some kinds of applications that do not cope well with some features of cloud computing, for instance, applications that require low and predictable latency, and geographically distributed applications. However, fog computing is not a substitute but instead a powerful complement to the cloud computing. This paper focuses on studying the interplay and cooperation between the edge (fog) and the core (cloud) in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT). We first propose a three-tier system architecture and mathematically characterize each tier in terms of energy consumption and latency. After that, simulations are performed to evaluate the system performance with and without the fog involvement. The simulation results show that the three-tier system outperforms the two-tier system in terms of the assessed metrics.     

基于雾计算的医院信息服务系统

针对移动应用对本地信息的需求和云计算框架在支持移动应用方面的不足,提出了一种基于“智能前端化”思想的雾计算框架。该框架在云计算框架的云服务和移动终端之间扩展一个“雾层”,以便将云服务器上的数据和计算服务更快更经济地提供给移动终端。针对医院场景,设计并研发了能提供就医时相关信息浏览服务、排队时长查询服务和多媒体点播服务等的信息服务系统,并提出了多频段负载均衡接入和基于本地信息融合的排队时长查询两项关键技术。通过真实场景中的测试实验验证了系统的可用性和关键技术的高效性。     

物联网技术在电子物证检验鉴定实验室的应用初探

本文主要研究物联网技术在电子物证检验鉴定实验室的应用,通过对实验室人员流、物证流、数据流的全面动态监管,实现物证采集专家化、物证鉴定标准化,物证信息管理智能化,物证链监管可溯化,物证计算网格化,有效提高实验室管理水平和资源利用效率。     

MQTT 协议在物联网中的应用研究

HTTP协议建立在互联网通信协议TCP / IP 上,由于开发成本低,开放性高,许多厂商正在开发基于HTTP协议的物联网系统;但在资源紧缺型的嵌入式系统中或网络带宽非常昂贵的环境中,HTTP协议并不适用。MQTT协议具有功耗低、开放性好、简单、轻量级及易于实现的优点,即使在资源有限的环境中也可以使用。本文讨论并通过实验对比了HTTP协议和MQTT协议在智能家居领域的应用,测试结果表明MQTT在降低功耗和推送功能开发上优势明显。     

A survey on fog computing for the Internet of Things

Fog computing has emerged to support the requirements of IoT applications that could not be met by today’s solutions. Different initiatives have been presented to drive the development of fog, and much work has been done to improve certain aspects. However, an in-depth analysis of the different solutions, detailing how they can be integrated and applied to meet specific requirements, is still required. In this work, we present a unified architectural model and a new taxonomy, by comparing a large number of solutions. Finally, we draw some conclusions and guidelines for the development of IoT applications based on fog.     

物联网在灾后搜救中的应用展望

面对大的地质灾害造成的巨大人员伤亡和财产损失,传统的搜救方法总是要消耗很大的人力、物力、财力,且效率低下,不能最大限度降低生命财产损失.介绍了一种全新的搜寻方法,即利用物联网进行搜寻,可以大大提高搜寻效率、降低搜寻成本.阐述了它的搜寻原理及其应用,并展望了它的其他应用,体现了物联网作为一种新兴的技术所展现出来的巨大魅力...     

物联网的产生与发展

物联网是计算机科学技术的新挑战,它的出现将掀起新一次科技革命。物联网有前后端之分,前端是研究的热点,后端是结构和技术的实现,还有待进一步研究。文章介绍了物联网的产生背景、概念与原理、应用、研究与发展。     

AUPS: An Open Source AUthenticated Publish/Subscribe system for the Internet of Things

The arising of the Internet of Things (IoT) is enabling new service provisioning paradigms, able to leverage heterogeneous devices and communication technologies. Efficient and secure communication mechanisms represent a key enabler for the wider adoption and diffusion of IoT systems. One of the most widely employed protocols in IoT and machine-to-machine communications is the Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT), a lightweight publish/subscribe messaging protocol designed for working with constrained devices. In MQTT messages are assigned to a specific topic to which users can subscribe. MQTT presents limited security support. In this paper we present a secure publish/subscribe system extending MQTT by means of a key management framework and a policy enforcement one. In this way the flow of information in MQTT-powered IoT systems can be flexibly controlled by means of flexible policies. The solution presented is released as open source under Apache v.2 license.     

SecureSense: End-to-end secure communication architecture for the cloud-connected Internet of Things

Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) has become the de-facto web standard for the IoT. Unlike traditional wireless sensor networks, Internet-connected smart thing deployments require security. CoAP mandates the use of the Datagram TLS (DTLS) protocol as the underlying secure communication protocol. In this paper we implement DTLS-protected secure CoAP for both resource-constrained IoT devices and a cloud backend and evaluate all three security modes (pre-shared key, raw-public key, and certificate-based) of CoAP in a real cloud-connected IoT setup. We extend Sics^thSense– a cloud platform for the IoT– with secure CoAP capabilities, and compliment a DTLS implementation for resource-constrained IoT devices with raw-public key and certificate-based asymmetric cryptography. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort toward providing end-to-end secure communication between resource-constrained smart things and cloud back-ends which supports all three security modes of CoAP both on the client side and the server side. SecureSense– our End-to-End (E2E) secure communication architecture for the IoT– consists of all standard-based protocols, and implementation of these protocols are open source and BSD-licensed. The SecureSense evaluation benchmarks and open source and open license implementation make it possible for future IoT product and service providers to account for security overhead while using all standardized protocols and while ensuring interoperability among different vendors. The core contributions of this paper are: (i) a complete implementation for CoAP security modes for E2E IoT security,  (ii) IoT security and communication protocols for a cloud platform for the IoT, and (iii) detailed experimental evaluation and benchmarking of E2E security between a network of smart things and a cloud platform.     

物联网软件技术发展新趋势研究

阐述了CPS、物联网、RFID、智慧地球、无线传感网、云计算等相关的概念,阐述了不同技术和概念的定义、由来、目前的发展以及将来的发展趋势。最后,结合上海的现状,分析了"十二五期间"(2011-2015)关于物联网、智慧地球等方面的发展可以借鉴的策略与对策。     

Combining heterogeneous service technologies for building an Internet of Things middleware

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that allows ordinary objects to be uniquely identified by “smart tags” which are also capable of storing small quantities of data. The term Internet of Things was originated from a vision strongly coupled with supply-chain concerns and RFID tagged objects. However the idea of such Internet of Things has evolved in a wider sense, referring now to a ubiquitous object society combining RFID, sensor networks and pervasive computing technologies. This scenario involves different requirements such as heterogeneity and dynamicity of objects, sensors, applications and protocols as well as the need for allowing the dynamic evolution of such applications. These issues seemed to be easily addressed if the principles of service-oriented computing (SOC), like loose coupling and heterogeneity, are used for constructing such architectures and applications. In this paper we underline what benefits SOC can offer to constructing a middleware for the Internet of Things. These concepts have been applied in a service-oriented middleware that tries to leverage the existing Internet of Things architectural concepts by using SOC principles in order to bring more flexibility and dynamicity. We describe the approaches used in that middleware and the lessons learned from that experience. This middleware was initially tested on an application for tracking and monitoring supply-chain objects, and later extended to target wider application domains that are also described in this paper. The project described here has become part of the OW2 AspireRFID open-source project.     

TA-ONS——新型的物联网查询机制

针对传统物联网在隐私保护方面存在的缺陷,综合可信计算技术提出改进的物联网查询体系——可信匿名的物联网查询机制(TA-ONS),在传统物联网ONS查询中加入匿名认证过程,对本地ONS服务器(L-ONS)的身份合法性及平台可信性进行验证,为通过验证的L-ONS签发临时证书,在证书的有效期内L-ONS可持临时证书多次向TA-ONS申请查询服务,TA-ONS仅对授权且可信的L-ONS提供查询服务,防止非法的L-ONS查询物品信息,使用通用可组合安全模型对TA-ONS进行安全性证明。分析表明该模型具有安全性、匿名性、可信性和高效性等特点。     

面向信息资源聚合的物联网智能信息中心框架

物联网技术以主动感知、智能分析和反馈控制为基本要素,实现对"物体"的识别、监控和管理,在诸多领域取得显著的应用成效,同时也暴露出应用建设分散、缺乏体系、重复建设现象严重等问题。从回顾物联网的发展历史出发,对物联网技术架构和相关工作进行分析,提出面向信息资源聚合的物联网智能信息中心框架,通过对多源、分布、异构资源的汇聚、整合、分析与再加工,为实现资源共享、提高资源利用率、解决重复建设问题提供基础性支撑,并重点讨论了传感设备的标准化封装与接入、信息资源的一体化管理等关键技术。最后,通过在农业物联网中的应用示例分析了该框架的效果。     

基于物联网技术的电梯公共服务平台的设计与实现

将物联网安全监控应用于电梯,为人们日常生活带来极大便利和安全保障。本论文通过运用软件工程的基本理论,分析和设计了基于物联网技术的电梯公共服务平台的功能与模块。在阐述平台建设意义的基础上,分析了平台的功能性和非功能性需求,并以此为依据建立平台架构、划分平台功能模块并简要论述平台建设所运用到的关键技术。     

云计算和物联网在智慧校园系统构建中的应用

智慧校园是信息技术发展过程中出现的新理念,是云计算、物联网以及其它技术相融合的具体实践、是学校培养人才、提高管理与优化服务的创新。云计算是利用虚拟化技术对各种资源进行深度集成整合,提供超级计算和存储能力,它具有三种服务形式：基础设施即服务（IaaS）、平台即服务（PaaS）、软件即服务（SaaS）。物联网技术是传感网、因特网与移动通信网三网高效融合的产物,核心是物联感知系统,它划分为感知层、网络层和应用层。基于云计算和物联网技术的智慧校园架构由统一门户系统、服务支持平台、数据信息融合平台、网络融合基础平台以及信息标准体系和安全维护体系构成。     

物联网实验平台的研究与实现

设计以传感节点和Android智能物联平台构成的物联网实验平台,实现了“课程体系-关键技术-物联应用”的协同,支持无线传感网操作系统、6LoWPAN等传感网新技术的研究,对今后高校物联网的实验平台建设、专业建设、课程体系建设有很好的借鉴作用。     

物联网时代的嵌入式系统机遇

嵌入式系统是物联网平台的半边天.物联网、云计算给嵌入式系统带来新的机遇.单片、嵌入、物联是嵌入式系统的三个基本特性,体现了嵌入式系统的三个时代特征.物联网是多学科的大科技概念,要有多学科视野,嵌入式系统应该用自己的语言来诠释物联网.目前,物联网平台的许多嵌入式技术已经成熟,建设物联网的大型国家工程迫在眉睫.     

COMFIT: A development environment for the Internet of Things

This paper presents COMFIT (Cloud and Model based IDE for the Internet of Things), a development environment for the Internet of Things that was built grounded on the paradigms of model driven development and cloud computing. COMFIT is composed of two different modules: (1) the App Development Module, a model-driven architecture (MDA) infrastructure, and (2) the App Management and Execution Module, a module that contains cloud-based web interface connected to a server hosted in the cloud with compilers and simulators for developing Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The App Development Module allows the developers to design IoT applications using high abstraction artifacts (models), which are tailored to either the application perspective or the network perspective, thus creating a separation between these two concerns. As models can be automatically transformed into code through the App Development Module, COMFIT creates an environment where there is no need of additional configurations to properly compile or simulate the generated code, integrating the development lifecycle of IoT applications into a single environment partially hosted in the client side and partially in the cloud. In its current version, COMFIT supports two operating systems, namely Contiki and TinyOS, which are widely used in IoT devices. COMFIT supports automatic code generation, execution of simulations, and code compilation of applications for these platforms with low development effort. Finally, COMFIT is able to interact with IoT-lab, an open testbed for IoT applications, which allows the developers to test their applications with different configurations without the need of using local IoT devices. Several evaluations were performed to assess COMFIT’s key features in terms of development effort, quality of generated code, and scalability.     

Exploration on the Load Balancing Technique for Platform of Internet of Things

In recent years, the Internet of Things technology has developed rapidly, and smart Internet of Things devices have also been widely popularized. A large amount of data is generated every moment. Now we are in the era of big data in the Internet of Things. The rapid growth of massive data has brought great challenges to storage technology, which cannot be well coped with by traditional storage technology. The demand for massive data storage has given birth to cloud storage technology. Load balancing technology plays an important role in improving the performance and resource utilization of cloud storage systems. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study how to improve the performance and resource utilization of cloud storage systems through load balancing technology. On the basis of studying the read strategy of Swift, this article proposes a reread strategy based on load balancing of storage resources to solve the problem of unbalanced read load between interruptions caused by random data copying in Swift. The storage asynchronously tracks the I/O conversion to select the storage with the smallest load for asynchronous reading. The experimental results indicate that the proposed strategy can achieve a better load balancing state in terms of storage I/O utilization and CPU utilization than the random read strategy index of Swift.