温度对粒铸XLDB推进剂固化的影响

采用造粒浇铸工艺制备交联改性双基(XLDB)推进剂,研究了固化温度对XLDB推进剂的品质,力学性能,燃烧性能的影响,通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察了粒铸XLDB推进剂不同固化时间的微观形态变化,分析了粒铸XLDB推进剂的固化机理,明确了温度对粒铸XLDB推进剂固化影响的原因,提出了粒铸XLDB推进剂台阶式固化温度方案:固化前期的温度应低于45℃,为物理固化的顺利进行提供充足的时间;固化后期的温度可提高到60℃,以加快化学固化的完成。结果表明,固化温度是影响粒铸XLDB推进剂品质的关键因素,随着温度的升高,化学固化速度比物理固化速度提高的幅度大,粒铸XLDB推进剂固化的品质在很大程度上取决于固化初期物理固化和化学固化的速度对比,固化初温高于45℃对提高粒铸XLDB推进剂性能不利。     

粒铸工艺特点评述

系统介绍了粒铸工艺的发展历史和工艺流程,对其工艺特点进行了分析和论述,与压伸工艺相比,粒铸工艺具有装药形式灵活,对配方的适应性较强的优点,与配装浇铸的推进剂相比,粒铸推进剂具有良好的燃烧性能、力学性能,并且性能重现性非常好,粒铸工艺是固体推进剂成型的先进工艺之一。     

纳米氧化铁对HTPB推进剂性能影响

制备了四种不同形貌的纳米氧化铁Ⅰ-Ⅳ和5种9～14/65～70/17/3/1-粘合剂/AP/Al/二茂铁/普通氧化铁或纳米氧化铁Ⅰ-Ⅳ推进剂(HTPB推进剂).研究了纳米氧化铁对HTPB推进剂力学性能、燃烧特性、安全性能的影响.结果表明,纳米氧化铁Ⅱ是四种纳米氧化铁中效果最好的催化剂,含纳米氧化铁Ⅱ配方推进剂,在25℃条件下,最大抗拉强度为0.83 MPa,最大伸长率60.0％,-40 ℃条件下,最大抗拉强度为2.00 MPa,最大伸长率45.0％;6.86 MPa压强下,燃速为43.24 mm·s-1,压强指数为0.27;药浆50％爆炸的临界撞击能大于14J,摩擦感度小于80％,安全性能与含普通氧化铁配方相当.     

粒铸EMCDB推进剂固化研究

研究了高分子粘结剂在增塑剂中溶解性能、固化剂的反应活性、燃烧催化剂对交联固化反应的催化活性等因素对粒铸EMCDB推进剂固化过程的影响，分析了粒铸EMCDB推进剂的固化机理，找到了产生浇铸粒子难以塑化的“泡米花”现象的原因。实验结果表明，高分子粘结剂在NG中的溶解性能越好越有利于浇铸粒子的充分塑溶，要制得固化质量好的粒铸EMCDB推进剂应当选用反应活性较小的异氰酸酯作固化剂，选用对交联固化反应催化加速作用较小的铅、铜盐作燃烧催化剂。     

Bu-NENA/NC低感度双基推进剂性能研究

使用N-丁基硝氧乙基硝胺(Bu-NENA)全部替代硝化甘油(NG),通过无溶剂法制备了Bu-NENA/硝化纤维素(NC)双基推进剂,并对样品的感度、热分解特性、挥发性和力学性能进行了研究。结果表明,Bu-NENA替代NG后,双基推进剂的特性落高H50由8.1 cm提高到27.1 cm,摩擦感度由94%降低到18%,机械感度大幅降低;起始分解温度和第一分解阶段峰温由120.31℃和151.54℃分别提高到144.58℃和179.47℃,均提高24℃以上;Bu-N EN A/N C双基推进剂在80,90,100℃下的挥发速率常数均低于NG/NC推进剂在对应温度下的挥发速率常数,推进剂的挥发性降低;高温(50℃)、常温(20℃)和低温(-40℃)下,Bu-N EN A/N C双基推进剂断裂伸长率均提高,尤其是低温断裂伸长率可达13.63%,是N G/N C推进剂的1.63倍。     

提高低燃速丁羟推进剂力学特性研究

大量粗粒度AP和降速剂的添加很难实现低燃速丁羟推进剂高强度的技术要求。研究以静态燃速不高于5.1 mm/s(20℃,6.0 MPa)低燃速丁羟推进剂作为基础配方,通过优选HTPB规格、键合剂组合和添加新型扩链剂的方法提高推进剂力学特性。结果表明,采用新型扩链剂SX,使70℃推进剂的抗拉强度高于1.0 MPa,伸长率大于10%。     

几种典型固体推进剂的危险性能实验研究

为进行固体推进剂的危险性能(感度特性)研究,对NEPE推进剂、粒铸CMDB推进剂、螺压CMDB推进剂三种典型的固体推进剂分别进行了雷管感度实验、冲击波感度实验(隔板实验)和燃烧转爆轰实验。结果显示:NEPE推进剂对雷管引爆较敏感;三种推进剂对冲击波刺激较敏感;颗粒状的粒铸CMDB、螺压CMDB推进剂和内部有孔洞的NEPE推进剂在燃烧转爆轰实验中发生爆轰。实验表明,推进剂的危险性能(感度)与推进剂的组成(有无敏感物质)、装药形态(颗粒或药柱)及外界约束条件(强或弱)有密切关系。实验证实,固体推进剂在一定条件下也能发生燃烧转爆轰。     

消焰剂对硝胺推进剂性能的影响

采用外加方式在造粒浇铸工艺推进剂中添加了四种传统消焰剂(LiF、KA、C4O6H4K2和KD),研究了消焰剂对推进剂燃烧性能和特征信号的影响。通过发动机实验研究发现,消焰剂KA和KD可以有效抑制推进剂的二次燃烧,发动机喷焰面积减少80%以上,推进剂的燃速随其含量的增加而增加;测试特征信号结果发现粒铸推进剂的红外和可见光透过率稍有降低、激光透过率增加。     

FOX-7及含FOX-7的HTPB推进剂安全性能

采用DSC-TG热分析联用仪和感度测试仪对比研究了1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)和黑索今(RDX)及含FOX-7(RDX)的HTPB推进剂的多种感度。结果表明,FOX-7的热解活化能为245.2 kJ.mol-1,分解放热峰温为222.13℃,摩擦感度不高于68%,落锤撞击感度大于25.0 J。同比含RDX的HTPB推进剂配方,含FOX-7的HTPB推进剂的机械感度(摩擦、撞击)和静电火花感度显著降低,当FOX-7的含量为15%时,HTPB/AP推进剂中高氯酸铵(AP)的热分解剧烈程度已显著弱化,推进剂的主要分解放热峰温在260℃左右,与RDX/HTPB推进剂相比,该温度前移了近40℃。     

无烟推进剂性能计算图象法

本文绘制了NC—NG(TA、FEGN)—RDX(HMX)系无烟推进剂一系列等性能三角图,由图可清晰的看出主成分的配方与性能,燃气成分的关系。若知主成分的配方可从图上读出各种性能及燃气成分值,也可由性能指标从图中迅速的找出各种组份的含量,并结合工艺选择最佳配方。其特点是简便、直观、便于配方设计与选择。本文还对不同含氮量的硝化棉(NC)、不同增塑剂及压力变化给推进剂性能的影响进行了计算和讨论;提出了适当增加压力对充分利用推进剂能量是有利的。最后,论证了适当增加配方中的氮含量是提高低压下能量释放率的重要途径。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.     

A Study on the Estimation of Aeroheating upon the Warhead Nose at Supersonic Speed

An expression for estimating the aeroheating on a warhead nose at different supersonic speeds is proposed by incorporating CFD （computational fluid dynamics） and the least-square method. Compared with the traditional estimation formula, the expression is more accurate, convenient and can be used in the optimized design of warheads. The error from the result obtained in the test of a ball cartridge flight is less than 3 %. It satisfies the engineering requirements.