螺旋槽机械密封在气液两相下的工作特性研究

为了分析螺旋槽机械密封在气液两相润滑工况下的性能，采用液氮模拟涡轮泵的低黏介质润滑环境，获得了不同试验条件下液氮在两相中的比例k。引入气液时变混合因子λ，建立了λ与两相介质混合密度ρ和混合黏度μ的关系。给出了螺旋槽机械密封的气液两相量润滑计算模型，计算得到了两相润滑时机械密封的开启力F和泄漏量Q，并和试验结果进行了对比，在150～190 s时添加时变混合因子计算方法计算出的开启力和泄漏量较实测数据平均误差分别为6.71%和4.32%。结果表明：考虑两相影响的开启力和泄漏量计算值均小于不考虑两相影响的计算值，且端面液膜气化降低开启力的同时也减小了泄漏量。气液两相量润滑计算模型增加了螺旋槽机械密封性能计算的准确性，研究结果可为两相工况下的机械密封设计及性能优化提供参考。     

工况参数对螺旋槽机械密封性能的影响

为得到在不同的工况参数下对螺旋槽机械密封的密封性能的影响规律,建立理想状态下的流体计算域模型,运用计算流体力学对螺旋槽机械密封动静环间的流场进行模拟分析,通过工况参数的改变来观察各密封性能参数—端面压力、开启力、泄漏量等的变化规律。结果表明:螺旋槽能够产生明显的动压效应,动压效应的大小与动环转速呈正比;泄露量的大小随动环转速或介质压力的提高而变大,随介质粘度的增大而减小;开启力的大小与动环端面的压力具有相同的变化规律。     

航空发动机轴承腔气液两相润滑机械密封性能分析

针对航空发动机轴承腔气液两相环境非接触式机械密封启动过程的磨损问题,提出高压侧具有引流槽、可实现零泄漏的润滑密封端面结构。基于雷诺方程建立润滑膜流场分析模型,求解计算具有动压-润滑组合槽的机械密封性能,并与普通螺旋槽机械密封进行了性能对比,讨论高压侧引入润滑槽对液膜厚度、液膜刚度、泄漏率以及摩擦性能的影响规律,通过高速性能试验及摩擦磨损试验验证计算的准确性和端面的减磨效果。端面结构在低速阶段的接触摩擦试验显示,具有组合槽的密封端面在相同的启停工况下端面摩擦因数可以有效降低50%～75%,高速性能试验结果显示,具有组合槽和仅有动压槽的机械密封在工况范围内均能保持理想的负泄漏率,说明气液两相润滑机械密封能够在工作环境中处于理想的泵送状态,实现了对润滑油的绝对密封效果。外侧深槽与动压浅槽组合的机械密封端面结构可以显著改善端面摩擦磨损状况,可为高速和超高速轴承腔气液两相机械密封端面减磨优化设计提供参考。     

端面波度、锥度与槽型耦合密封特性数值分析

研究非接触端面密封中密封端面的波度、锥度与槽型耦合作用下非端面密封的密封特性。在层流、稳态的密封介质基础上,基于极坐标下二维雷诺方程,结合数值求解方法,考虑波度、锥度与槽型耦合对密封特性的影响,得到泄漏率、开启力、液膜刚度3类密封特性参数变化趋势。研究表明,当锥度一定时,随着波度增大,泄漏率增加,液膜刚度微幅增大,而开启力则受端面槽型耦合影响,其中直方槽端面和螺旋槽端面开启力呈现逐步变小的趋势,内螺旋槽端面开启力呈现先增后减变化,最后3种槽型端面的开启力趋于同一值;当波度一定时,随着锥度提升,泄漏率增加,开启力增大,液膜刚度变弱。在非接触端面密封中,合理选取波度、锥度与槽型有利于保证密封的非接触状态,提高端面密封的可靠性和工作寿命。     

组合螺旋型槽干气密封密封性能的CFD仿真

设计一种由2个螺旋槽组合构成新型螺旋型槽干气密封结构,该组合螺旋型槽由沿外圈开设的大螺旋槽以及沿大螺旋槽根部开设的小螺旋槽组合而成。运用流体仿真软件Fluent对组合螺旋型槽干气密封的密封性能进行数值模拟,并与螺旋型槽干气密封进行比较。通过正交试验法对组合螺旋型槽干气密封的结构参数进行优化分析,获得了以开启力、泄漏量、扭矩为目标函数的组合螺旋型最优端面结构。结果表明,组合螺旋型槽干气密封在同等结构参数下的密封性能优于螺旋型槽干气密封,且压力、槽台宽比和槽深越大,组合螺旋型槽在减少泄漏量方面的优势更加明显;对于组合螺旋型槽干气密封,泄漏量、开启力、扭矩最优对应的端面结构参数组合不同,在干气密封设计时,应根据设计目标需要,选择合适的端面结构参数组合。     

新型动静压混合润滑机械密封结构参数优化

以流体膜为研究对象,建立了新型动静压混合润滑密封端面的三维模型,并利用流体力学软件FLUENT对端面流场进行数值模拟,得出主要结构参数(动压槽深度、静压槽深度、动压槽宽比、静压槽宽比)对端面开启力、两侧泄漏量等密封性能的影响规律。通过分析得出各结构参数的大致范围,从而对新型动静压混合润滑机械密封结构进行了优化。     

螺旋槽动压密封液膜汽化相变性能优化分析

针对螺旋槽动压密封液膜发生汽化相变后,严重影响密封运行的可靠性和稳定性的问题,基于密封端面液膜汽化相变,建立了其数值计算模型。采用了以泄漏量和开启力两个密封性能参数为优化目标,螺旋角、槽数、槽深、槽坝比和槽堰比5个密封端面结构参数为变量的五因素、五水平的正交优化试验方案;研究了密封端面液膜汽化相变下,不同密封端面结构参数对密封性能的影响规律。研究结果表明:密封结构参数对泄漏量和开启力的影响灵敏度不同,设计的正交试验方案可以有效地对密封性能进行优化,可为此类工况下的密封装置的结构优化设计和实际操作提供参考。     

压力自适应型机械密封的数值模拟研究

针对压力自适应型机械密封在高压工况下密封端面变形与密封性能不佳的问题,采用ANSYS中的计算流体力学软件FLUENT和有限元分析软件Mechanical APDL,在15.9 MPa高压工况下分别对密封端面间隙中的液膜流场和密封环进行了数值模拟分析研究,并将计算出的液膜流场状态和密封环变形结果进行了流固耦合求解,进而对液膜厚度对密封性能的影响规律进行了分析,同时对在实际工作状态下,工作压力逐渐上升,密封各性能参数的变化规律也进行了分析。研究结果表明,该密封在高压下的端面变形符合设计需要,密封环端面间的开启工作压力在3 MPa左右,在15.9 MPa高压工况下密封端面间流场的开启力为67.6 kN、泄漏量为0.04 m3/h,平衡膜厚为2.8μm。与其他类型的密封相比,结果显示该种密封能够在高压下提供足够的开启力和在低压下较小的泄漏量。     

低温液氧T型槽密封端面流场数值模拟

以动环、静环和液膜三者为研究对象,建立了低温液氧介质T型槽密封的三维实体模型。利用流体力学计算软件FLUENT对模型进行数值模拟,得到了密封端面液膜流场的压力场分布、剪切力分布和液膜动静环两侧温度场分布,分析了主轴转速、密封介质粘度和压差对开启力、泄漏量和液膜两侧温升的影响。结果表明:动环端面开槽可减少粘性摩擦热,液膜静环侧温升高于液膜动环侧温升,开启力和泄漏量与转速和压差的变化成正比,主轴转速的提高和密封介质粘度的增大都会提高端面温升,压差对温度变化的影响较小。     

斜线槽液体润滑非接触式机械密封性能研究

根据液体润滑理论建立了斜线槽液体润滑非接触式机械密封数值分析模型,定义了斜线槽的主要几何结构参数,采用有限元方法求解雷诺方程,获得了端面液膜压力分布,分析了斜线槽端面几何参数对端面开启力、泄漏量、液膜刚度等对密封性能参数的影响规律。结果表明,斜线槽槽根半径不能取值过大或过小,大约为58mm时能取得最优的密封性能;斜线槽液体润滑非接触式机械密封倾斜角α1不应该大于倾斜角α2,否则密封性能会很大程度上削弱。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.     

Fractional order nonsingular terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking

This paper investigates a fractional terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking in the presence of inertia uncertainties and extern...     

奥氏体不锈钢表面双辉等离子渗锆的动力学

利用双辉等离子渗金属技术在0Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢表面制备了一层均匀、致密、呈良好冶金结合的渗锆合金层,并对1 060℃下的渗锆动力学进行了研究。结果表明:随着距锆合金层表面距离的增加,锆元素的含量呈梯度递减,扩散系数逐渐减小,而扩散激活能逐步增大;在1 060℃采用双辉等离子技术渗锆时,渗锆合金层表层的空位密度为2.945×(1012~1013)cm-2,与相同温度下采用常规渗金属工艺相比,提高了1~2个数量级。     

气化炉三维扫描测量与数据处理

以德士古气化炉耐火砖的内壁蚀损检测设备为基础,对采集到的点云数据做了进一步处理.通过对数据的筛选和剔除,实现了数据点的平滑降噪细化和精简.然后利用点云对整、网格划分和分色显示等方法,最终完成了内壁腐蚀情况的三维建模.重点讨论了点云数据的预处理及后处理的方法,并根据内壁耐火砖的腐蚀阈值,提出了一种气化炉内壁腐蚀区域的识别与分割方法.对耐火砖的腐蚀分析、气化炉的生产与维修提供了可靠依据,并在工程应用中获得了一致认可.