Combined system of magnetic circuit and phase locked loop

PLL has its own feedback loop and locks its frequency to the input frequency. By adding another feedback loop through a magnetic circuit to PLL, the combined systems have been found to have various interesting functions, which could not be obtained separately. They are, for example, a multistable system, linear or bistable current to frequency converter, and analog memory. The first one is a combined system of PLL, a magnetic core, and a frequency divider. The second one consists of PLL and a magnetic modulator, The third one is realized by PLL and a magnetic delay line.     

基于微波锁相环的Ka波段锁相信号源

采用鉴相器、变容管压控振荡器(VCO)和毫米波倍频器实现了Ka波段低噪声锁相信号源,其中心频率可在37.6～44 GHz之间设定,在39.8 GHz频点的输出功率为16 dBm,抖动均方根值JRMS≈0.8 ps,相位噪声为-94.4 dBc/Hz(100 kHz频偏).该锁相信号源可作为40Gb/s光纤通信系统中的参考时钟,也可用作毫米波雷达、制导系统中的信号源或本振源.     

大三环天线校准自动定位装置

基于大三环天线系统工作原理,提出了大三环天线系统的校准方法,设计了大三环天线系统自动校准夹具,建立相应的校准系统。实验数据符合相关标准要求,证明校准系统的准确、可靠。     

On the tracking of resonance and antiresonance of a piezoelectric resonator. II. Accurate models of the phase locked loop

For pt.I see ibid., vol.38, no.3, p.231 (May 1991). The previous model of the phase-locked loop for the tracking of resonance and antiresonance has been extended so that the observed transient waveforms of the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) may be reproduced for a wide range of off-resonant initial frequencies. The use of an accurate VCO response function and accurate admittance phase angles has brought significant improvements. The remaining discrepancies have been removed nearly completely by making an integrator within the loop filter slightly imperfect.     

Pulsed phase-locked loop calibration over frequency

This paper presents a method of correcting for unwanted phase shifts introduced by interchanging ultrasonic transducers and other measurement system components when using the pulsed phase-locked loop (PPLL) ultrasonic system. Theory is derived mathematically separating phase errors into their constituents. The relationship to a previously derived method of determining the number of periods into the tone-burst, at which the system samples, is established, and a method of adjusting this number to be an integer is presented. Implementation of the technology on a computer is demonstrated through experimental results on transducers of differing frequencies and diameters. Sensitivity to path-length is tested. This work has resulted in a straightforward means of calibrating transducers in conjunction with PPLL measurements using a single, fixed reference block     

Global analysis of the phase calibration operation

A global approach to phase calibration is presented. The corresponding theoretical framework calls on elementary concepts of algebraic graph theory (spanning tree of maximal weight, cycles) and algebraic number theory (lattice, nearest lattice point). The traditional approach can thereby be better understood. In radio imaging and in optical interferometry, the self-calibration procedures must often be conducted with much care. The analysis presented should then help in finding a better compromise between the coverage of the calibration graph (which must be as complete as possible) and the quality of the solution (which must of course be reliable).     

Application of analog frequency-difference converters in phase locked loops

Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 7, pp. 44–46, July 1990.     

Preliminary Results from a Shuttle Mission to Measure the Heat Capacity of Confined Helium near the Lambda Point

We describe the preliminary results from a Shuttle mission to measure the heat capacity of helium confined within a stack of evenly spaced silicon plates at temperatures very close to the superfluid transition. Recently developed high resolution thermometry has substantially improved our ability to study dimensional cross-over effects in well-defined geometries. These effects have been of interest to theorists and esperimentalists for decades. The main part of the apparatus consists of a high purity copper calorimeter containing a stack of 408 silicon plates spaced 57 microns apart, and a pair of high resolution, fast response, paramagnetic salt thermometers with a noise level of < 10^–10 K in a 1 Hz bandwidth. The resolution of the heat capacity measurements was about 5 × 10^–9 K, allowing the finite size peak to be mapped in detail. In addition, wide range data containing information on the behavior of the surface specific heat was collected. The preliminary analysis shows fair agreement with theory. The results can also be combined with supplementary ground measurements on smaller length scales to perform additional tests of scaling predictions for cross-over to lower dimensional behavior.     

Multiharmonic generators for relative phase calibration ofnonlinear network analyzers

Multiharmonic generators are of interest for determining coupler phase dispersion of nonlinear network analyzers inherently dealing with nonsinusoidal waveforms for RF current-voltage (I-V) measurements. Supported by simple waveform analysis, two on-wafer devices are experimentally evaluated: a single diode and a nonlinear transmission line (NLTL). The investigation uses an active harmonic load-pull system with 2 GHz fundamental frequency. It turns out that the NLTL is well suited as a reference generator. We present measurement examples of phase dispersion for different directional couplers up to 18 GHz and the application to RF I-V waveforms of a 1-W power HBT with harmonic load tuning     

A nonlinear propagation model-based phase calibration technique for membrane hydrophones

A technique for the phase calibration of membrane hydrophones in the frequency range up to 80 MHz is described. This is achieved by comparing measurements and numerical simulation of a nonlinearly distorted test field. The field prediction is obtained using a finite-difference model that solves the nonlinear Khokhlov-Zabolotskaya-Kuznetsov (KZK) equation in the frequency domain. The measurements are made in the far field of a 3.5 MHz focusing circular transducer in which it is demonstrated that, for the high drive level used, spatial averaging effects due to the hydrophone's finite-receive area are negligible. The method provides a phase calibration of the hydrophone under test without the need for a device serving as a phase response reference, but it requires prior knowledge of the amplitude sensitivity at the fundamental frequency. The technique is demonstrated using a 50-microm thick bilaminar membrane hydrophone, for which the results obtained show functional agreement with predictions of a hydrophone response model. Further validation of the results is obtained by application of the response to the measurement of the high amplitude waveforms generated by a modern biomedical ultrasonic imaging system. It is demonstrated that full deconvolution of the calculated complex frequency response of a nonideal hydrophone results in physically realistic measurements of the transmitted waveforms.     

适用于离焦状态相机的相位编码标定方法

现阶段通用的相机标定方法需要使用者提供准确的标定板特征点像素坐标。但对某些成像位置特殊的相机而言,一般标定物(如长宽在厘米级别的标定板)的使用范围在其清晰成像范围之外。使用这些相机拍摄一般标定物,只能得到离焦的模糊图像,无法准确提取特征点像素坐标。本文分析了光学系统离焦状态对基于正弦光栅的结构光(简称正弦结构光)相位的影响。利用正弦结构光相位与相机对焦状态无关的性质,提出了一种利用相移法正弦结构光编码的方法,对标定物上特征点进行相位编码,实现了相机在离焦状态下的标定。经过实验验证,标定结果焦距长度与真实值之间最大偏差为0.47%,最大像素重投影误差为0.17 pixels。该方法为具有特殊成像范围的相机的标定提供了一种解决方案。     

高频相移器测试方法研究

为解决高频相移器的溯源问题,在介绍相移器工作原理基础上,分析高频相移器的相移准确度、绝对相位测量准确度、插入损耗和电压驻波比等性能指标。利用网络分析仪、校准件、低失真信号发生器和高准确度相位计搭建相移器的测试平台,阐述相移器的基本校准方法和校准步骤。通过建立不确定度传播率的数学模型,分析相移器的相移参数测量的不确定度分量来源,从而对被测相移器核心参数的准确度进行不确定度分析和评估。实现高准确度相移器的溯源方法,提高信号相移控制的准确度。     

Optical calibration from tens to hundreds of meters for a neutrino telescope

A critical review of the available optical calibration techniques is given in the context of the Neutrino Burst Experiment. We will discuss the effects of the optical properties of water on different candidate light sources and the challenges from an engineering point of view. The merits of candidate light sources will be compared.     

Optical readout for optical storage with phase jump

A novel, to our knowledge, optical readout for optical storage with phase jump is presented. In the readout scheme two coherent laser beams are focused on an optical disk with one beam scanning along pits and the other along land. When the probe beam scans across a pit, two phase jumps will take place in the interference resultant of the two beams if the phase difference between two beams is prefixed at pi, resulting in a phase pulse of 180 deg. The slopes of rising and falling edges of the phase pulse are infinite, and they are not affected by the intensity variation of the light source, stray light, and the vibration of the disk. Therefore this phase pulse can be used to read out the information on an optical disk. The use of phase jump will improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the readout signal and enhance the density of optical storage. An optical readout with phase jump was constructed. Both the theoretical design and the experimental verification are conducted. Experimental results show that the proposed optical readout is feasible.     

Optical trap detector for calibration of optical fiber powermeters: coupling efficiency

The optical trap detector is based on two, 1 cm x 1 cm silicon photodiodes and a spherical mirror contained in a package that is highly efficient for measuring light diverging from the end of an optical fiber. The mathematical derivation of the coupling efficiency relies on the integral directional response weighted by the angular intensity distribution of an idealized parabolic optical beam. Results of directional-uniformity measurements, acquired with the aid of a six-axis industrial robotic arm, indicate that the trap has a collection efficiency greater than 99.9% for a fiber numerical aperture of 0.24. Spatial uniformity measurements indicate that the variation of detector response as a function of position is less than 0.1%. The detector's absolute responsivity at 672.3, 851.7, and 986.1 nm is also documented by comparison with other optical detectors and various input conditions and indicates that the design is well suited for laser and optical fiber power measurements.     

The energetic NeUtral Atom Detector Unit (NUADU) for China''s Double Star Mission and its calibration

An account is provided of an advanced Energetic NeUtral Atom Detector Unit (NUADU) designed for China's Double Star Mission. Special emphasis is given to describing the detector head of the instrument and its calibration.     

基于相位测量的摄像机标定方法

提出一种新的摄像机标定方法,该方法基于2D共面参照物摄像机标定方法和相移技术.首先由摄像机记录已知相位分布的平面,通过相移计算出相位分布.对任意标定平面,两个正交相位分布与平面坐标的对应关系已知,由此可以建立像素坐标与2D平面坐标的一一对应关系.将该已知相位分布的平面在空间中放置不同的位置,分别完成上述测量,即可根据2D共面参照物摄像机标定方法完成摄像机的高精度标定.该方法避开了复杂的标定特征点提取,大大增加了2D标定数据量,提高了标定精度.实验和计算机模拟表明,该方法简单、可靠和精度高.