工程勘查钻进数据采集设备的自动控制系统设计与应用

本文阐述了工程勘查钻进数据采集设备的研制背景和性能要求。重点介绍了工程勘查钻进数据采集设备的主要结构和性能参数,工程勘查钻进数据采集设备的电气控制系统及重要电器元件选型。详细阐述了钻头输出恒定转速的自动闭环控制方案。最后经过施工现场试验,验证了工程勘查钻进数据采集设备能够输出恒定钻速,精确采集并存储钻头转速、扭矩、钻进速度、钻进压力等4个主要钻进参数。     

浅论岩土工程极限状态设计基本思想

论述了岩土工程极限状态设计的基本思想,包括极限状态的概念、土工参数设计值的确定过程和方法、构造物的重要度和场地地基复杂程度的划分、岩土工程类别、作用载荷组合、分项安全系数和极限状态设计等;给出了土工参数的实测值、导出值、标准值和设计值的确定原则或方法;指出在极限状态设计中,可通过增大设计作用效应或降低设计抗力的方法来进行岩土工程的可靠性设计.     

武汉地区一级阶地黏性土电阻率试验研究

通过电阻率原位测试和室内土工试验,研究黏性土电阻率特性及电阻率与岩土参数的相互关系。在武汉市轨道交通7号线勘察过程中,沿轨道走向,在长江一级阶地共布置完成电阻率测井22组,并于测井位置采取原状土样进行常规土工试验、无侧限抗压试验、直剪快剪试验及三轴UU试验。通过研究发现:黏性土电阻率随含水量及孔隙比的增加而增加,随无侧限抗压强度增加而减小。根据黏性土三轴UU试验结果,其电阻率随黏聚力、内摩擦角的增加而减小。通过拟合,给出了黏性土电阻率与岩土参数间的经验公式,其相关性显著。     

煤炭勘查中岩土参数的统计分析

基于岩土工程勘察规范中岩土参数标准值的确定方法,就修正系数在置信度为0.95和0.90的简化公式进行了讨论,并运用于煤炭勘查项目中具体力学参数的标准值计算。结果表明,工程实际中若遇试验数据不足,置信度0.95和0.90修正系数的简化公式均具有足够的精度;采用服从标准正态分布计算的置信度为0.90的单侧置信下限与采用正态分布计算的置信度为0.95的单侧置信下限相等。      

Numerical integration method for computing reliability index of geotechnical system

To account for the uncertainties in the design of a geotechnical system, reliability-based design approach is often adopted, in which the main task is to evaluate reliability index of the system based on a performance function (or limit state function). In this paper, we propose a new method for computing the reliability index, based upon the numerical integration of the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the performance function. This numerical integration method requires only a deterministic evaluation of the system performance and the joint probability of the uncertain input parameters. The effectiveness and the efficiency of the proposed method, measured in terms of the accuracy and the computational effort, respectively, are demonstrated with two geotechnical problems: a drilled shaft in sand and a semi-gravity retaining wall. The new method is found valid regardless of the type of distribution of uncertain input parameters, whether the correlations exist among these input parameters, whether the system involves single or multiple failure modes, and how the performance function is formulated.     

Geotechnical and mineralogical properties of weak rocks from Central Greece

Thirty bulk samples of hard soils-soft rocks such as marls, originating from Euboea Island and Peloponnesus area, were investigated to evaluate their geotechnical behavior. Specifically, by conducting a series of physical and geotechnical tests, such as liquid limit and plastic limit tests, along with the estimation of the grain size fraction, Slake Durability and Point Load Test. Certain parameters were determined and used for empirical correlations with their mineralogical characteristics. The mineralogical composition was determined by X-ray diffraction, thermo-gravimetric and thermal analysis, succeeded by textural analysis performed by Optical Microscope. With the help of the above mentioned tests, we interpreted the observed geotechnical behavior of the examined weak rocks by means of mineralogical composition and texture. Durability and the unconfined compressive strength was found to be influenced by high percentages in carbonate minerals. In addition, it was found that a decrease in clay content resulted in higher strength and durability values. The concluded empirical correlations verified the influence of these parameters and gave a general overview of the engineering behavior of the examined weak rocks.     

统一强度理论在边坡稳定性分析中的应用

基于统一强度理论,以某高速公路路基边坡的典型断面为例,运用刚体极限平衡理论中的毕肖普简化法进行计算,得到不同的统一强度理论参数、不同的双剪应力状态参数与边坡稳定系数之间的关系。在此基础上,讨论了边坡问题的强度理论效应。通过分析可知,中间主应力在边坡稳定性分析中不容忽视。实际工程中,应根据具体边坡的岩土特征及应力状态确定统一强度理论参数和双剪应力状态参数,确切地反映岩土强度特性,界定稳定系数的上下限范围,有效地发挥材料的强度潜能,节约工程费用。      

基于地物光谱分析的ASTER岩土类型识别

利用遥感数据和实测不同岩土类型波谱测试数据,以实测不同土体反射光谱数据为基础,通过对遥感数据进行图像增强处理,对不同沉积环境、不同粒级组成的松散土体类型进行识别。研究发现,ASTER数据721波段组合能够有效识别不同土体类型,在凸显不同土体类别的效果最好;ASTER数据的平方根拉伸及标准分段拉伸对不同土体类型的区分效果最好;通过对遥感数据进行主成分变换,发现遥感数据图像信息量得到有效集中,增强了图像的层次感,能够有效增强图像信息。     

Geotechnical parameter estimation in tunnelling using relative convergence measurement

Accurate estimation of geotechnical parameters is an important and difficult task in tunnel design and construction. Optimum evaluation of the geotechnical parameters have been carried out by the back‐analysis method based on estimated absolute convergence data. In this study, a back‐analysis technique using measured relative convergence in tunnelling is proposed. The extended Bayesian method (EBM), which combines the prior information with the field measurement data, is adopted and combined with the 3‐dimensional finite element analysis to predict ground motion. By directly using the relative convergence as observation data in the EBM, we can exclude errors that arise in the estimation of absolute displacement from measured convergence, and can evaluate the geotechnical parameters with sufficient reliability. The proposed back‐analysis technique is applied and validated by using the measured data from two tunnel sites in Korea. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

视电阻率测井数据处理的应用研究

影响土的电阻率的因素众多,土的视电阻率大小与土的工程力学指标密切相关。在阐述视电阻率测井基本原理的基础上,采用三极测深的方式采集数据,对比分析所测得的三种类型土的视电阻率值,并结合土工试验结果,依据试验数据归纳总结出亦庄地区典型土的电阻率值与土的饱和度、含水率、天然密度之间的相关性。当土体趋于饱和时,土的视电阻率趋于稳定,约等于水的视电阻率,土体视电阻率值随着含水率增大而减小,而随着天然密度的增大而增大。     

岩土参数不确定性的分析与评价

结合岩土工程实践的特点,定性分析参数不确定性的来源、分类、特征和处理方法,对认识岩土参数的变异性及概率极限状态设计准则的推广应用具有促进作用。     

对岩土工程有限元强度折减法的几点思考

有限元强度折减法是岩土工程极限分析有限元法中研究和应用较多的一种。近年来获得了快速发展,且成果丰硕,初步显示出在岩土工程中的可行性、优越性和实用性。在充分肯定其优势及特点的同时,从安全系数定义、摩尔-库仑准则的应用条件、计算参数选取等方面,探讨了有限元强度折减法的若干问题。认为应注意该方法的使用条件和计算参数选取;研究以变形控制设计为主的岩土结构安全系数及稳定性,与传统极限平衡方法结合互补,研发多种方法和用途的专业计算软件是较好的发展方向。     

特定场地下土工构筑物的几何可靠性分析

针对特定场地下土工构筑物的正常使用极限状态,采用近年发展的几何可靠性方法计算了多种构筑物的可靠度指标。考虑同一场地下的钻孔灌注桩、抗浮锚杆和CFG桩单桩加载变形测试曲线的离散性,各曲线回归参数呈现差异并可作为随机变量,进而探讨了各曲线回归参数间的相关性及联合分布特性。基于这些回归参数的联合发散概率密度等值线,即随机变量刚好达到极限承载能力状态,该几何可靠性算法可在随机变量的原始空间求得土工构筑物的可靠度指标。通过比对该几何可靠度指标与常规的一次可靠性算法成果,验证了该几何可靠性计算技术的可行性。计算表明,几何可靠性评价模型实施简便,易于被工程技术人员接受。     

岩土综合勘察技术在风力发电场地基工程中的应用

以风力发电场工程勘察为例,介绍了岩土综合勘查技术在不同的地形地貌、地层和水文地质条件中的应用。由于拟建工程的风机塔基大多数坐落于地势较高的山坡处,故采取以井探、槽探方法为主,工程物探为辅的勘察方法;对于位于平缓地带的办公区、生活区和变电站的场地勘察,则运用了土层剪切波速测试和静力触探试验的方法。通过各种岩土勘察技术的应用,掌握了该场地的地基土层物理力学性质指标及地基适宜性。地基变形监测和建筑物的稳定性检测结果显示,应用该方法所提供的岩土设计参数和各种施工方案经济合理、目的性和针对性强。     

苏通大桥地基中深厚软土电阻率试验研究

通过室内电阻率试验和土工试验,对长江下游苏州-南通长江公路大桥地基中深厚软土电阻率特征及其与物理力学参数的相关关系问题进行了研究。发现,（1）在同一钻孔（即CZK30）中,从粉质黏土→粉砂→细砂→中粗砂,土样的电阻率逐渐增大。电阻率随含水率、孔隙比、饱和度的增加而减小,而随垂直渗透系数、水平渗透系数、压缩模量、标贯等的增加而增大。（2）CZK30孔中粉质黏土电阻率随含水率、孔隙比、饱和度、压缩系数、液限系数增加而减小,而随压缩模量、黏聚力等的增加而增大。（3）通过拟合,提供了软土电阻率与物理力学参数相关关系的量化表达式,拟合曲线与试验数据点的相关程度较高,相关系数绝大部分在0.88以上。结果表明,土电阻率与其它物理力学参数间存在密切的联系。     

基于PSO-MLSSVR的土体参数反演方法在深基坑工程中的应用

为了确保基坑工程安全,常常会采用数值模拟的方法预测支护结构的位移,其中岩土体力学参数的选取对于结果的影响最大.本文使用了一种粒子群(PSO)算法结合多输出最小二乘支持向量回归机(MLSSVR)的基坑土体参数位移反分析法,以深圳某深基坑的支护桩顶水平位移监测数据为依据,基于正交设计生成具有代表性的土体参数组合,通过有限元...     

岩土强度参数概率分布拟合及贝叶斯优化

岩土强度参数是工程设计以及工程核算中十分重要的参数,但在实际工程中,由于条件有限,从室内外试验中得到的试验数据难以确定工程中应采用的设计值。利用贝叶斯公式可以参考以往工程中积累的工程经验对实际工程中得到的岩土强度参数进行优化。论述了强度参数的单独以及联合分布的概率分布拟合、检验以及贝叶斯方法优化,提出了相关的贝叶斯优化公式。通过锦屏一级水电站左岸坝肩处近SW向结构面强度参数的优化,验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

相关型岩土参数分析和选用

岩土参数与应力环境、沉积条件、风化程度和埋藏条件等因素相关,其统计值具有空间变异性和相关性,采用非相关型岩土统计参数进行岩土工程设计具有不经济性。通过分析岩土参数的变化规律及与其相关的主要因素,说明岩土参数可用深度或参数与地层顶面或底面的距离作为相关参数进行相关型判别,论述相关型参数的判定标准和相关型标准值的计算方法,采用图解法分析相关型参数多种取值方法的可靠性。以华南某核电厂常规岛地基和某变电站边坡为例,介绍了相关型岩土参数标准值经验公式在岩土设计优化中的应用。分析表明：具有规律性变化的岩土参数宜选择恰当的相关参数划分为相关型,相关参数可取参数与地层顶面或底面的距离,相关型岩土参数标准值可使岩土设计方案更具合理性和经济性。     

Modeling of electrical resistivity and maximum dry density in soil compaction measurement

This paper presents the mathematical relationship of electrical resistivity and dry density in compacted soil through electrical signal for geotechnical investigations. Monitoring of the compacted soil through electrical conductivity plays an important role in the construction of highway embankments, earth dams and many other engineering structures. Conventionally, soil compaction is measured through the estimation of maximum dry density at optimum moisture contents in laboratory tests. This conventional testing method is very tedious and costly especially when a lot of samples are involved. In this work, a mathematical model is developed to estimate the soil compaction on-site through electrical resistivity corresponding to the percentage of moisture contents in the compacted soil. The practical usage of the derived mathematical model is demonstrated using several soil samples for various types of soil.     

Prediction of undrained shear strength using extreme gradient boosting and random forest based on Bayesian optimization

Accurate assessment of undrained shear strength(USS)for soft sensitive clays is a great concern in geotechnical engineering practice.This study applies novel data-driven extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost)and random forest(RF)ensemble learning methods for capturing the relationships between the USS and various basic soil parameters.Based on the soil data sets from TC304 database,a general approach is developed to predict the USS of soft clays using the two machine learning methods above,where five feature variables including the preconsolidation stress(PS),vertical effective stress(VES),liquid limit(LL),plastic limit(PL)and natural water content(W)are adopted.To reduce the dependence on the rule of thumb and inefficient brute-force search,the Bayesian optimization method is applied to determine the appropriate model hyper-parameters of both XGBoost and RF.The developed models are comprehensively compared with three comparison machine learning methods and two transformation models with respect to predictive accuracy and robustness under 5-fold cross-validation(CV).It is shown that XGBoost-based and RF-based methods outperform these approaches.Besides,the XGBoostbased model provides feature importance ranks,which makes it a promising tool in the prediction of geotechnical parameters and enhances the interpretability of model.