2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸代谢中的水解反应机理

2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)是应用广泛的农用除草剂和植物生长素,在它的代谢过程中,涉及多种化学反应. 本文采用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法, 分别研究了它在代谢过程中的三条水解反应途径的机理. 研究结果表明: (I) 2,4-D水解反应有两种模式, C(1)―O键解离的氢转移和C―Cl键解离的氯被取代. (Ⅱ) C―Cl键的解离能垒明显低于C(1)―O键的解离能垒, 即水解速率较快, 反应动力学占优势. 在三条反应途径中, 途径(2)和(3)优先水解C―Cl键, 再水解C(1)―O键. 由于受反应速率的影响, 不同中间体在降解过程中的浓度有明显区别.(III) 对于水解反应,采用导体极化连续模型(CPCM)考虑溶剂化效应,可更合理地阐述水解反应机理.     

槐糖内酯的脂酶修饰

槐糖内酯是一种生物表面活性剂,槐糖内酯经脂酶修饰后,并未得到断裂内酯键的槐糖脂开环衍生物,而是有选择性地水解掉糖上的一个乙酰基。     

乙酰水杨酸在微乳液中水解动力学研究

用紫外分光光度法研究了乙酰水杨酸在十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)/正丁醇/25%正辛烷/H2O微乳液体系中水解动力学, 探讨了反应机理。结果表明,微乳液结构和结构转变点对乙酰水杨酸水解有影响。水解速率在油包水(W/O)微乳液结构介质中较大, 且随水含量增加而减小。而水解反应速率转变点发生在微乳液结构由W/O到B. C. 再到O/W转变点处, 认为是水解反应机理不同和界面膜极性改变造成的。     

乙酰糖基金属卟啉的合成及其对烷烃温和氧化的选择性催化作用

由吡咯和葡萄糖取代苯甲醛直接缩合制备了两种葡萄糖取代卟吩,四(邻位乙酰葡萄糖氧代苯基)卟吩和四(间位乙酰葡萄糖氧代苯基)卟吩,它们进一步金属化合成了四种葡萄糖金属卟啉,氯化四(邻位乙酰葡萄糖氧代苯基)卟吩合铁、氯化四(间位乙酰葡萄糖氧代苯基)卟吩合铁、氯化四(邻位四乙酰葡萄糖氧代苯基)卟吩合锰和氯化四(间位乙酰葡萄糖氧代苯基)卟吩合锰。它们的结构由紫外-可见光谱、元素分析和核磁共振证实。研究了这些葡萄糖取代金属卟啉对亚碘酰苯常温常压下氧化异戊烷反应的选择性催化作用。研究表明,糖基金属卟啉催化异戊烷端基碳氢键的氧化,对一级碳氢键表现出专一性催化作用。非糖基金属卟啉催化异戊烷二级和三级碳氢键的氧化。与非糖基金属卟啉比较,糖基金属卟啉对烷烃羟基化反应的催化行为更接近细胞色素P-450单充氧酶。     

三乙醇胺-Co（Ⅱ）金属胶束催化4-硝基苯酚乙酸酯水解反应

本文分别研究了在有和无CTAB及Triton x-100两种表面活性剂存在时,三乙醇胺-Co(Ⅱ)配合物催化4-硝基苯酚乙酸酯(PNPA)水解反应动力学,实验结果表明,三乙醇胺-Co(Ⅱ)配合物对PNPA水解有较强的催化作用,与金属配合物键合的水分子离解所产生的活性物种ML-OH-是金属配合物催化水解PNPA的主要因素。表面活性剂胶束的存在对金属配合物催化水解PNPA有加速作用,这种加速作用主要是由于胶束的存在增大了与配合物键合的水分子的酸离解常数,从而使活性物种的数量增加所致。建立了催化反应的动力学数学模型,获得了催化反应相关的热力学和动力学参数。     

聚(α,β-L-天冬氨酸丁酯)的合成及水解降解行为研究

以L-天冬氨酸为原料,采用热缩聚法合成聚琥珀酰亚胺.选用醇钠作为亲核试剂,开环反应得到聚(α,β-烷氧基-L-天冬氨酸).该聚合物部分水解制备两亲性聚天冬氨酸(PAsp-Na/PAsp-R).以聚(α,β-L-天冬氨酸丁酯)为例,利用UV、<'1>H NMR等方法研究聚合物的水解降解行为.通过<'1>H NMR中侧链酯基信号的消失和主链游离氨基在紫外光谱中吸光度的变化,证明水解降解过程包括侧链酯键的水解和主链酰胺键的适度裂解两部分,水解过程受环境温度和缓冲溶液pH的共同影响.水解速率具有温度响应性,环境温度越高水解速率越快(37℃时的水解速率>25℃时的水解速率).缓冲溶液pH对聚合物降解速率的影响顺序为:pH 12>pH4>pH 7.     

血吸虫病化学治疗的研究 Ⅴ——2-氨基葡萄糖与巯基脂酸形成的酰胺

O-四乙酰基-2-氨基-2-脱羟-D-葡萄吡喃糖与相应的溴代脂酰氯作用,生成溴乙酰胺(Ⅱa),β-溴丙酰胺(Ⅳa),α,β-二溴丙酰胺(Ⅴa)及α,α′-二溴己二酰胺(Ⅵa)。这些溴代酰胺以及相应已知的α-溴丙酰胺(Ⅲa)与乙硫羟酸钾的置换作用生成相应的乙酰巯基脂酰胺。巯基及羟基上的乙酰基用甲醇钠水解后制成2-氨基葡萄糖的四种巯基脂酰胺(Ⅱc,Ⅲc,Ⅳc,Ⅵc)。     

氨基酸及多肽合成的研究Ⅰ 脯氨酸的合成

本文报告一脯氨酸合成新法,此法基于(γ-鄰苯二甲酰亚氨基丙基)-乙酰亚氨基丙二酸乙酯的水解环化。粗品借四硫氰根二苯胺络铬酸铵纯化。另报导二种脯氨酸改良合成法,第一法是以1,3-二氯丙烷代替赤堀四郎法的二溴丙烷直接与乙酰亚氨基丙二酸乙酯缩合。第二法是(γ-溴代丙基)-乙酰亚氨基丙二酸乙酯的水解环化。这中间体是由丙烯基乙酰亚氨基丙二酸乙酯经溴化氢加成反应而得。作者较为详细研究了这类加成反应的条件。     

氧锑化合物Ⅲ.——关于数种1:1隣二酚型氧锑化合物性能的观察

对于含■Sb-OH 基团的1:1鄰二酚型氧锑化合物作了性能上的观察,并尝试利用这类化合物以作分离或证明鄰二酚类:(1)惟有个别的少数这类锑化合物(母体水溶性的),其锑上的羟基能经盐酸处理而为氯原子所取代,故不能作为普遍的事实,如 Causse 所肯定者。(2)酚型锑二氧键遇一定浓度以上的盐酸则显不安定。每一含这基团的氧锑化合物都能经盐酸处理而得回原来的鄰二酚,与一般认为对盐酸稳定之说不同(Christianson及 Hunter)。(3)酚型锑二氧键对硷也不稳定,与 Causse 及 Christians(?)n 的结果亦不同。(4)这类氧锑化合物仍一般都能为一定浓度的盐酸重结晶而达到纯化,惟分子中不能兼含有乙酰化酚基,因其能完全水解而脱去乙酰基,至酯基或酰胺基则大致无碍,虽然各该基团有些许水解。(5)曾从按照一德国专利所获得的产物中,分离出1-乙酰焦没食子酚锑,从而说明在该产物中至少含有1-乙酰焦没食子酚。(6)以吐酒石或酒石酸锑钠制得3-乙酰没食子酸的氧锑化合物,从而证实了 Lesser与 Gad 所拟的乙酰基位置,并且证明 Christiansen 的结论不确。(7)儿茶酚能与吐酒石成锑化合物,至其所以不能在较稀的水溶液中析出,乃受反应产品酸性酒石酸钾的溶解影响,若加以食盐,亦能析出。     

多聚磷酸催化合成阿斯匹林

自1950年Snyder第一次认识多聚磷酸(PPA)的催化活性以后,PPA在环化、缩合、水解、重排等反应中,迅速成为极为有用的催化剂。阿斯匹林(乙酰水杨酸)有多种合成方     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.