纳米针阵列多孔材料3D CoP@CC的制备与电催化析氢性能研究

采用水热法在碳布基底上沉积了前驱体,然后在Ar气气氛中加热并用次磷酸钠在300～350℃磷化得到了纳米针阵列多孔材料3D CoP@CC,并分析了所得样品的物相、微观结构和电催化性能.XRD分析结果表明所得材料本体为正交结构的CoP,SEM分析结果表明所得阵列结构纳米针的直径在100 nm以下,长度约为10μm.电催化性能分析结果表明,制备所得该3D CoP@CC作为催化材料在0.5 mol/L硫酸溶液中表现出优异的电催化析氢性能,当电流密度为10 mA·cm-2时,过电位为124 mV.Tafel斜率为84.9 mV/dec,说明该3D CoP-CC电催化析氢的控速步为Volmer反应.从阻抗图谱可以看出有两个不完整的半圆弧,表明其具有两个时间常数,CPE2-P=0.5019意味着粗糙和多孔的电极表面产生了双层电容,电荷较难穿透,表明了阻抗的来源主要是传质与传荷.     

铂/铜合金催化剂的制备及其电解水析氢性能研究

面对化石能源危机问题，清洁高效的氢能源受到人们的广泛关注，电解水制氢成为新的研究热点。本文主要围绕铂/铜合金催化剂的合成、表征及其电解水析氢催化应用展开研究。采用溶剂热法合成铂/铜合金，通过XRD、SEM、TEM、EDS、XPS等表征铂/铜合金的组成结构和微观形貌，对铂/铜合金的构效关系进行探索。利用电化学测试系统测得铂/铜合金不同条件下的析氢催化性能。在0.5 mol/L H₂SO₄中，铂/铜合金的起始过电位为20.3 mV(10 mA·cm^-2时),塔菲尔斜率为37.56 mV·dec^-1;在1 mol/L磷酸缓冲盐溶液(PBS)中，铂/铜合金的起始过电位为35.0 mV(10 mA·cm^-2时),塔菲尔斜率为52.12 mV·dec^-1;在1 mol/L KOH中，铂/铜合金的起始过电位为25.3 mV(10 mA·cm^-2时),塔菲尔斜率为36.82 mV·dec^-1。对比发现，铂/铜合金在酸性电解质中展...     

溅射腔气压对电极材料析氢活性的影响

采用直流磁控溅射法制备了析氢反应的电极材料-NiFe,CoMo,研究了在1.0Pa～4.0Pa的范围内,不同溅射腔气压条件下制备的电极材料的晶粒尺寸、析氢反应的过电位与气压的关系,结果显示过电位随气压升高而降低,而且在2.0Pa处,过电位变化的程度和Tafel斜率均发生突变,表明不同溅射气压下制备的材料晶粒尺寸的变化,引起了析氢反应控制步骤的改变.     

高性能、可弯曲碳纳米管纤维负载镍磷合金电催化析氢电极的研究

利用电化学沉积法在碳纳米管纤维(CNTFs)上沉积了镍磷合金,对比了不同循环圈数、不同镍磷比例下制备的碳纳米管纤维负载镍磷合金(Ni-P/CNTFs)电极在中性电解质溶液中的电催化析氢性能,发现当电沉积液中镍磷比为2:1时,沉积50圈时制备出的样品具有最佳的电催化析氢性能,产生10 mA·cm-2电流密度仅需138 mV过电势,塔菲尔(Tafel)斜率为83 mV·dec-1,同时具有良好的稳定性.并且在保持催化性能不变的前提下,样品可以进行弯曲,扩展了应用领域.     

NiCoP合金纳米棒阵列制备及电催化析氢性能研究

开发非贵金属析氢电催化剂对于解决当前严重的能源危机具有现实意义.本文在导电金属基底泡沫镍上原位生长NiCoP纳米棒阵列,该自支撑合金电极材料显示出优异的电催化析氢性能,在1 mol/L氢氧化钾电解液中,达到电流密度10 mA/cm2时,其仅需要过电位93 mV,此外该催化剂还具有较低的塔菲尔斜率、电荷迁移电阻和较高的催化稳定性.     

介孔Co3S4纳米棒的制备及电催化产氧性能的研究

以六水合硝酸钴(Co(NO3)2· 6H2O)为钴源,硫脲(CS(NH2)2)为硫源,采用溶剂热法和低温固相硫化的方法制备出了介孔Co3S4纳米棒.采用X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)等手段对于介孔Co3S4纳米棒进行表征,同时对介孔Co3S4纳米棒进行了电催化产氧性能测试.结果表明:介孔Co3S4纳米棒的起始过电位为0.37 V,塔菲尔斜率为76.95 mV/dec,具有高的电催化产氧性能.     

射频等离子制备石墨烯负载Co3O4催化剂及其析氧性能研究

氢能的引入能有效提升配电网的供电可靠性,而电解水制氢是实现低碳转型的关键技术,开发高效的电解水催化剂势在必行。过渡金属氧化物储量大、催化活性高,是具有广阔应用前景的析氧反应催化剂。本文通过射频等离子体处理制备石墨烯上负载Co₃O₄析氧催化剂,XRD、Raman和XPS测试结果显示,二维结构石墨烯的引入加速表面电子迁移,增大了反应面积。等离子体处理促进了纳米粒子在石墨烯上的负载,利用等离子体刻蚀作用在催化剂表面制造出大量碳结构缺陷和氧空位结构,改善了活性位点分布,有效调控Co₃O₄电子结构,提高析氧催化活性。电化学测试表明,本文中合成的Co₃O₄@rGO在电流密度为50 mA·cm^-2时的过电位为410 mV,动力学反应速率较快,表现出优于商业IrO₂的析氧催化活性。     

无定型NiCo氧化物的制备及氧析出电催化性能研究

氧析出反应(OER)涉及多个电子的转移,动力学较为缓慢,被认为是电解水过程的瓶颈半反应.因此开发高效、稳定的氧析出反应电催化剂,降低该反应的外加过电位是电解水技术发展的关键.本文采用简单的化学浴沉积方法,经低温焙烧成功制备出多孔的无定型NiCo氧化物催化剂,并且该方法一次制备量可达克级.无定型NiCo氧化物因富含氧空位相对于其晶态的NiCo2O4尖晶石复合氧化物具有更优的OER性能,在碱性介质(0.1 mol/L KOH)中当电流密度为10 mA/cm2时的过电位为370 mV,并且表现出优异的催化稳定性.     

InP纳米线场效应晶体管的制备及其电学性能的研究

利用化学气相沉积法在Si/SiO2衬底上生长出了InP纳米线,制备了基于InP纳米线的底栅场效应晶体管并研究了其电输运特性.对不同生长温度器件的阈值电压、亚阈值斜率、场效应迁移率以及载流子浓度等参数进行了计算和比较.结果表明,生长温度对InP纳米线的形貌影响较大.800℃生长温度的InP纳米线性能较好,该器件阈值电压约为-8.5V,亚阈值斜率为142.4 mV/decade,跨导为258.6 nS,开关比＞106,场效应迁移率高达177.8cm2/(V·s),载流子浓度达2.1×101s cm-3.     

膜电极厚度对电极材料析氢活性的影响

用直流磁控溅射法制备不同厚度的膜电极材料.在室温,1mol/L KOH溶液中,这些膜电极材料析氢反应的过电位和膜电极的厚度有关:在一定厚度范围内,膜电极越厚,析氢过电位越小,不同膜电极材料都表现出这样的规律,只是大小和对厚度的依赖程度有所不同.这些结果表明析氢反应不只是发生在电极表面的范围内,反应过程中形成的金属氢化物由于深入到材料内部,从而出现了厚度对析氢反应过电位的影响,并且由于材料不同,可形成的金属氢化物厚度不同,所以对过电位的影响也就不同.     

CsI-LiCl共晶材料的坩埚下降法生长与闪烁性能研究

本文采用坩埚下降法,在真空密封的石英坩埚中成功生长出CsI-LiCl与CsI-LiCl:Na共晶闪烁体。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察晶体微结构表明该共晶中LiCl相与CsI相存在周期性的层状排列,CsI相的厚度在5 μm左右。共晶样品的X射线激发发射谱显示在CsI-LiCl和CsI-LiCl:Na共晶样品存在缺陷发光,在CsI-LiCl样品中还观察到了纯CsI的自陷激子(STE)发光。CsI-LiCl样品在α粒子激发下的多道能谱中观察到明显的全能峰,这一结果证明CsI-LiCl共晶可用于热中子探测的潜力。     

静电纺丝法制备CeO2微纳米纤维及其除氟性能

以聚丙烯腈(PAN)为载体,六水合硝酸铈[Ce(NO₃)₃·6H₂O]为原料,采用静电纺丝法制备了Ce(NO₃)₃/PAN纤维,在空气中热处理得到CeO₂微纳米纤维,通过XRD、BET和SEM对CeO₂微纳米纤维进行表征。采用静态吸附实验探讨了CeO₂微纳米纤维去除水溶液中氟离子的性能,考察了溶液pH值、初始氟离子浓度及共存阴离子等对吸附性能的影响。结果表明,pH=3时,CeO₂微纳米纤维对F^-的吸附性能最佳,CeO₂吸附量随着F^-浓度的增大呈上升趋势。CeO₂微纳米纤维对F^-的吸附等温线遵循Langmuir模型,二级动力学模型能很好地描述CeO₂微纳米纤维对F^-的吸附过程。CeO₂微纳米纤维的除氟性能优良,可为其实际应用提供理论参考。     

First-principles coexistence simulations of supercooled liquid silicon

We perform first-principles coexistence simulations of the low-density and the high-density phases of supercooled liquid silicon and find a negative slope for the coexisting line in the temperature-pressure plane. Electron density maps and electron-localization function plots of the two phases of silicon show marked differences. The calculated differences suggest more localized electrons in the low-density liquid compared to the high-density liquid, coming from an increased population of covalent bonds, which further explain the calculated negative slope in the two phase coexistence regime. This is consistent with the presence of a pseudo-gap in low-density liquid silicon, absent in the high-density liquid which shows a metallic behavior.     

Triethyl ammonium salt of O,O′-bis(p-tolyl)dithiophosphate, [Et3NH]+[(4-MeC6H4O)2PS2]−

Triethyl ammonium Salt of O,O′-bis(p-tolyl)dithiophosphate and O,O′-bis(m-tolyl)dithiophosphate have been obtained by reaction of p- and m-cresol, respectively with P₂S₅ in toluene and have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR, ¹H and ³¹P NMR spectroscopy. The molecular structure of O,O′-bis(p-tolyl)dithiophosphate has been determined. Crystal data: [Et₃NH]⁺[(4-MeC₆H₄O)₂PS₂]⁻: Monoclinic, P2₁/c, a=15.2441(9) ?, b=10.415(2) ?, c=3.9726(9) ?, β=91.709(7)°, V=2217.5(1) ?⁻³, Z=4.Supplementary materials Additional material available from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC no. 600927 for [Et₃NH]⁺[(4-MeC₆H₄O)₂PS₂]⁻ comprises the final atomic coordinates for all atoms, thermal parameters, and a complete listing of bond distances and angles. Copies of this information may be obtained free of charge on application to The Director, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 2EZ, UK (fax: +44-1223-336033; email: deposit@ccdc.cam.ac.uk or www:http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk).     

Crystal structures of thecis andtrans isomers of dithiahexahydro[3.3]metacyclophane

Structures of both thecis andtrans isomers of dithiahexahydro[3.3]metacyclophane, ?C₆H₄?CH₂SCH₂?C₆H₁₀?CH₂SCH₂?, have been determined, wherecis andtrans refer to the attachments to the cyclohexane ring. Thecis form crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP2₁/c witha=8.4299(11)Å,b=21.772(2)Å,c=8.9724(13)Å, β=116.574(11)^o, andZ=4. Thetrans isomer packs into the monoclinic space groupP2₁ witha=8.159(16)Å,b=10.185(5)Å,c=9.558(2)Å, β=112.435(18)^o, andZ=2. The cyclohexane ring of thecis isomer is in the chair conformation, while the cyclohexane of thetrans isomer is found in a twisted boat conformation.     

CTAB与SDBS对碳酸锶粒子生长形态调控及机理研究

以表面活性剂CTAB和SDBS为化学添加剂,采用化学共沉淀法对碳酸锶晶体的生长形态进行调控,成功地制备出了实心的树枝状和花瓣为空心的花状碳酸锶粉体,并用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)等分析手段对样品进行了表征;最后重点对化学添加剂可能产生的影响机理进行了初步的探讨.结果表明,CTAB和SDBS在晶体生长的过程中能起到显著的影响作用,两者对粒子分散性能的作用效果相反,而且后者对晶体(013)和(213)晶面表面能降低的贡献明显大于前者.     

Crystal structure of Zn4Na(OH)6SO4Cl·6H2O

The structure of Zn₄Na(OH)₆SO₄Cl·6H₂O, a secondary mineral from Hettstedt, Germany, was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystals are hexagonal,a=8.413(8),c=13.095(24) Å, space group $P\bar 3$ , Z=2. The structure was refined to R=0.0554 and R_w=0.0903 for 970 reflections with I≥3σ(I). The structure can be described as zinc hydroxide layers perpendicular toc, from which sulfates and chlorides extend. The layers are held together by a system of hydrogen bonds involving hexaaquo Na⁺ ions which occupy the interlayer space.     

X-ray analysis of sideroxol from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sideritis leptoclada</Emphasis>

Sideroxol (1), a kaurane diterpene which has the ent-7α,18-dihydroxy-15β,16β-epoxykaurane structure (MW = 320.47, C₂₀H₃₂O₃) was obtained from the acetone extract of Sideritis leptoclada plant as well as from some other Sideritis species. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P2₁, 2₁, 2₁ with a = 10.967(3), b = 24.555(5), c = 6.372(4) Å, Dc = 1.240 g cm⁻³, Z = 4, and refines to R = 0.065 for 721 independent reflections. The skeleton consists of three fused six-membered rings and a five-membered ring with fused epoxide. The six membered rings exhibited slightly distorted chair conformation. In addition to sideroxol, two kaurane and five kaurene diterpenes were isolated from the hexane and acetone extracts of the studied plant.     

Photoluminescence characteristics of Mg- and Si-doped GaN thin films grown by MOCVD technique

We have studied the optical, structural and surface morphology of doped and undoped GaN thin films. The p- and n-type thin films have been successfully prepared by low-pressure MOCVD technique by doping with Mg and Si, respectively. The different carrier concentrations were obtained in the GaN thin films by varying dopant concentrations. Photoluminescence (PL) studies were carried to find the defect levels in the doped and undoped GaN thin films at low temperature. In the undoped GaN thin films, a low intensity and broad yellow band peak was observed. The donor–acceptor pair (DAP) emission and its phonon replicas were observed in both the Si or Mg lightly doped GaN thin films. The dominance of the blue and the yellow emissions increased in the PL spectra, as the carrier concentration was increased. The XRD and SEM analyses were employed to study the structural and surface morphology of the films, respectively. Both the doped and the undoped films exhibited hexagonal structure and polycrystalline nature. Mg-doped GaN thin films showed columnar structure whereas Si-doped films exhibited spherical shape grains.