小麦谷蛋白亚基的组成及含量与谷蛋白聚合体大分子的关系及其对面包烘焙品质的影响

含有高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)5 10的生物型小麦与2 12的生物型小麦相比，前者谷蛋白具有更大的分子量分布。高低分子量谷蛋白亚基的比例对于谷蛋白聚合体分子量的大小起着重要的作用，谷蛋白聚合体的体积越大，含有的高低分子量谷蛋白亚基的比例越高。SDS非可溶性谷蛋白含有较高比例的高低分子量谷蛋白亚基，并且其分子量要比可溶性谷蛋白聚合体的大。谷蛋白聚合体分子量分布的差异是不同小麦品种面包烘焙品质存在差异的重要因素。     

不同类型专用小麦HMW-GS和GMP含量与面筋含量的关系

高分子质量谷蛋白质亚基(HMW-GS)是决定小麦加工品质的重要因子,以25个小麦品种为材料,采用SDS-PAGE电泳方法研究亚基组成、各位点(Glu-A1、Glu-B1、Glu-D1)亚基积累量、谷蛋白大聚合体(GMP)含量及其与面筋含量的关系.研究结果表明:低蛋白小麦品种HMW-GS组成主要以"N、7+8/7+9、2+12"亚基组合为主,高蛋白小麦品种HMW-GS组成则主要以"1、7+8/7+9、5+10"亚基组合为主,中等蛋白小麦品种兼有以上两种类型亚基组合;亚基组成相同的小麦,籽粒GMP含量和蛋白质含量仍有较大差异.相关分析表明,HMW-GS亚基总积累量与籽粒蛋白质含量和GMP含量呈极显著正相关,与干、湿面筋含量成正相关;GMP含量与干、湿面筋含量、蛋白质含量均呈极显著正相关,说明小麦品质类型虽与HMW-GS组成有关,但亚基积累强度不同可能是导致籽粒品质类型差异的重要因素之一.     

不同发芽状况对小麦烘焙品质的影响

对强面筋、中强面筋和弱面筋类型的３个小麦品种的烘焙品质进行分析。结果表明,随发芽程度加深,籽粒蛋白质含量降低,α－淀粉酶活性增强,面粉和面改变。小于４１ｈ发芽处理的强面筋、中强面筋泪科小于１８ｈ发芽处理的强面筋小麦,其面包烘焙品质与对照处同一水平。发芽面对包烘焙品质影响,弱面筋类型品种比强面筋类型品种更为敏感。     

面粉特性对燕麦挂面品质的影响

为了探究面粉特性对燕麦挂面品质的影响,测定了7种小麦粉的粉质特性、拉伸特性、麦谷蛋白大聚体(GMP)干质量、面筋蛋白及其亚基组成,用其制作燕麦挂面,并通过相关性分析研究面粉特性对燕麦挂面品质的影响.结果表明,面粉的吸水率与燕麦挂面的硬度、适口性、韧性和感官总分呈正相关;拉伸能量、延伸度、最大拉伸阻力与燕麦挂面的拉断距离...     

面筋蛋白与小麦品质关系的研究进展

小麦面筋蛋白品质是决定其加工品质的重要因素，也是近年来小麦品质遗传改良的研究重点。本文主要从小麦面筋蛋白组成，研究思路及方法以及对面筋蛋白与小麦加工品质三方面展开综述。分析了不同研究思路及方法的发展变化以及目前最新的研究成果。同时还讨论了目前研究存在问题及未来研究的方向。     

Wheat protein composition and properties of wheat glutenin in relation to breadmaking functionality

The unique breadmaking properties of wheat are generally ascribed to the visco-elastic properties of its gluten proteins. While monomeric gluten proteins (gliadin) show viscous behavior, polymeric gluten proteins (glutenin) are elastic. The unique elasticity of glutenin results to a large extent from its polymeric nature. Glutenin is a highly heterogeneous mixture of polymers consisting of a number of different high- and low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits linked by disulfide bonds. Although glutenin obviously is the major polymeric protein in wheat, other polymeric proteins occur as well. Their importance in breadmaking may be underestimated. Nevertheless, variations in both quantity and quality of glutenin strongly determine variations in breadmaking performance. Structural features of different classes of glutenin subunits are described. Variations in glutenin quality may result from variations in its (1) structure, (2) size distribution, and (3) subunit composition. Some hypotheses on glutenin structure and current insights into the role of glutenin size distribution are evaluated. Finally, different ways in which variation in glutenin composition may directly or indirectly (by affecting glutenin structure and/or size distribution) influence glutenin quality are discussed.     

麦谷蛋白聚合体含量与小麦粉质量性状相关性研究

利用9个小麦高世代品系(F7),含118个株系为研究材料,研究了蛋白质组分及谷蛋白聚合体(GMP)含量与微量SDS沉降值及面筋指数的相关性.结果表明:清球蛋白含量与微量SDS沉降值无相关性,谷蛋白含量与微量SDS沉降值及面筋指数均呈极显著正相关;GMP含量、GMP/TPP、GMP/CP、GMP/SGP以及TPP/CP对微量SDS沉降值有极显著的正向作用,其中GMP的贡献最大;GMP含量、GMP/TPP、GMP/CP与面筋指数呈显著或极显著正相关,其中GMP/TPP与面筋指数的相关性最高.偏相关分析表明:微量SDS沉降值变异平方和的60.58%可由其与TPP%、GMP%和GMP/SGP的线性关系来说明;通径分析结果显示:GMP含量与微量SDS沉降值的相关性主要是由其直接效应提供,GMP含量是影响微量SDS沉降值的第一因素.研究结果指出,西南麦区小麦品质改良中GMP含量,面筋指数可作为优质面条、馒头小麦的早代选择指标.     

Wheat Flour Protein Concentrate Characterization by Biochemical, Physicochemical and Baking Tests

Protein concentrates before and after defatting from hard and soft wheat flours by water and 1% NaCl solution were characterized by lipid, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) sedimentation, solubility, and breadmaking. Sedimentation values were higher for hard wheat flours than for soft, and in both about three times higher than in separated glutens. Solubility of proteins in SDS was reduced from ～23 to 31% in flours to ～3 to 19% in gluten concentrates. Defatting did not affect electrophoretic patterns but indicated lowered protein extractability. Gliadins and HMW glutenins were lower in extracts of separated glutens than in the extracts of doughs. Protein concentrates from fractionation with 1% salt solution, differed widely from those separated with water. This especially affected water absorption, dough development, and baking performance.     

面筋聚集参数及其与小麦其它品质性状的关系

本文研究了小麦蛋白质品质检测指标面筋聚集试验与其它品质性状的关系 ,对其在指导谷物化学研究方面进行了讨论。结果发现 :面筋聚集试验中聚集时间与谷蛋白溶涨指数和湿面筋含量分别呈显著、极显著负相关 (r=- 0 .92 1,- 0 .878;p <0 .0 5 ,0 .0 1) ,聚集能量、平均能量输入、最大能量输入和面包烘焙潜能与蛋白质含量、Zeleny沉降值、谷蛋白溶涨指数、湿面筋含量均呈显著正相关 (r =0 .84 7～ 0 .990 ;p <0 .0 5 ,0 .0 1)。蛋白质组分中清蛋白和醇溶蛋白与面筋聚集参数、谷蛋白溶涨指数无关系 ;球蛋白与聚集能量、面包烘焙潜能、谷蛋白溶涨指数呈极显著负相关 (r =- 0 .881～ - 0 .96 9;p <0 .0 5 ,0 .0 1) ;谷蛋白与聚集能量、能量输入、面包烘焙潜能、谷蛋白溶涨指数呈显著正相关 (r=0 .890～ 0 .990 ;p <0 .0 5 ,0 .0 1) ;面筋聚集实验中聚集时间与百克面包重呈显著正相关 ,平均能量输入 ,最大能量输入和面包烘焙潜能与面包百克重呈显著负相关 (r =- 0 .86 0～ - 0 .94 0 ;p <0 .0 5 ,0 .0 1)。面筋聚集试验对面包产品品质有很好的预测能力 ,可以作为谷物化学研究、食品企业质量控制的测定指标之一。     

小麦谷蛋白亚基的凝胶电泳分离及其品种鉴定

小麦胚乳贮藏蛋白在去除醇溶蛋白后，再提取高分子量（ＨＭＷ）和低分子量（ＬＭＷ）谷蛋白亚基，然后采用酸性（ｐＨ３．１）聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（Ａ－ＰＡＧＥ）方法进行分离。结果表明，在６００Ｖ电压下（缓冲液温度不超过２８℃），一般可在２～３ｈ内完成电泳，并可获得分辨度较高的分离图谱，在电泳谱上可发现两个明显的ＨＭＷ和ＬＭＷ谷蛋白亚基区域。通过与标准品种和常规ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ方法比较，可对不同品种ＨＭＷ谷蛋白亚基组成进行快速鉴定。一些重要小麦品种的分析结果显示，各品种ＬＭＷ谷蛋白亚基组成具有特异性，而且在品种间存在较大的变异度，根据ＨＭＷ和ＬＭＷ谷蛋白亚基Ａ－ＰＡＧＥ图谱很容易区分不同品种或基因型。因此，Ａ－ＰＡＧＥ方法麦谷蛋白蛋快速分离与品种鉴定中具有较大的应用潜力     

Relationship between glutenin subunit composition and gluten strength measurements in durum wheat

Durum breeders use a range of techniques in the development of new cultivars. An important selection criterion is the rheological properties of semolina dough and durum wheat breeders use this criterion in the development of new cultivars using a range of techniques. Because of the need to process large numbers of genotypes encountered in breeding programs, methods that are inexpensive, rapid, require small amounts of sample and that correlate with semolina quality are desirable. Using breeding material, this study investigated the relationship between the glutenin subunit composition and two traditional tests of gluten strength, gluten index (GI) and mixograph. Two sample sets of durum wheat breeding lines and cultivars, one grown in Canada (n = 229) and the other grown in Australia (n = 139) were analysed for GI, mixograph and both high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) glutenin subunits by SDS‐PAGE. Nine different HMW and 14 different LMW allelic combinations were found. In the Canadian set, the most frequent LMW alleles were aaa, bba, caa and cfa while in the Australian set, caa was predominant. For the HMW subunits, the most common allelic groups were Glu‐A1c/Glu‐B1d (null, 6 + 8) and Glu‐A1c/Glu‐B1b (null, 7 + 8) with fewer numbers of Glu‐A1c/Glu‐B1e (null, 20) in both sample sets. LMW subunits were more important contributors to gluten strength than HMW subunits with the rank for higher GI according to the LMW allele (Canadian set) being caa = aaa > bba and aaa > cfa while HMW subunits 6 + 8 = 7 + 8 > 20. Similarly, using the mixograph, strength ranking for the LMW alleles was aaa > cfa = bba and HMW subunit 20 gave poorer rheological properties. For some samples with a good LMW allelic group a low GI was observed and vice versa. Further characterisation of the protein composition in these samples showed the GI results could be explained by polymeric/monomeric (P/M), glutenin/gliadin (Glu/Gli) and HMW/LMW ratios or the proportion of unextractable polymeric protein. © Crown in the right of the State of New South Wales, Australia; and for the Department of Agriculture and Agri‐Food, Government of Canada, © Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada 2005. Published for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

谷朊粉应用概述

本文对谷朊粉的研究历史，组成和应用进行了综述。较全面的概述了谷朊粉中麦醇溶蛋白、麦谷蛋白的结构和性质，介绍了谷朊粉在工业和非工业领域的应用，提出了谷朊粉研究的方向，同时展望了谷朊粉在工业领域的发展前景。     

Wheat Gluten and Glutenin Thermal Conductivity and Diffusivity at Extruder Temperatures

Thermal properties (thermal conductivity and diffusivity) of gluten and glutenin were measured in the temperature range 60-175°typically used in extrusion processing. Thermal conductivity and diffusivity of gluten decreased with increasing temperature and increased with increasing moisture content. Thermal conductivity and diffusivity of glutenin increased with temperature and moisture content. Thermal conductivity of gluten was 0.06-0.35 W/m-C and glutenin was 0.29-0.49 W/m-C for the temperature range 60-175°and moisture content range of 0-30%.     

用溶涨试验法检测小麦面筋品质的研究

选取面筋强度差异较大的小麦品种，制取全麦粉并洗面筋，分析了其在稀乳酸溶液中浸泡的时间对溶涨值及透光率的影响，提出：３ｈ面筋溶涨体积和２ｈ面筋－乳酸溶液透光率可作为检测小麦面筋品质的有效指标，这些指标在蛋白质含量和面筋含量保持恒定时与ＳＤＳ沉降值、揉面时间、Ｐｅｌｓｈｅｎｋｅ值等密切相关，与揉面曲线峰高等无明显相关。提出了强、中、弱面筋小麦的溶涨值及透光率指标。     

酶法制备水溶性小麦蛋白

采用酶法制备水溶性小麦蛋白,研究各个影响参数,形成一条易于产业化工艺流程:加碱打浆进行预处理,加碱性蛋白酶水解,加酶量为1350 U/g谷朊粉,反应温度55℃,水解度2．0％;所得产品蛋白质含量75．1％,氮溶解指数(NSI)95．5％,乳化能力(EC)为1．7,乳化稳定性(ES)为84．6％。     

高筋小麦储藏品质变化的研究

研究选用郑麦366和西农979两种高筋小麦为研究对象,对小麦进行微波灭活,调节其生活力分别为0%、40%和90%,将其在35℃条件下恒温储藏,通过研究其在储藏过程中的发芽率、电导率、过氧化氢酶、湿面筋和糊化特性的变化,探讨小麦品质变化与其生活力之间的关系。为研究高筋小麦的储藏特性打下了一定的基础。结果表明:储藏过程中生活力越高的小麦其发芽率、湿面筋含量和过氧化氢酶活动度降低幅度越大;生活力越小的小麦电导率升高幅度越小;生活力为40%的小麦的峰值粘度、最终粘度和回生值变化的最多,衰减值变化最少。     

Role of gluten and its components in influencing durum wheat dough properties and spaghetti cooking quality

Protein is an important component of grain which affects the technological properties of durum wheat. It is known that the amount and composition of protein can influence dough rheology and pasta quality but the influence of the major classes of protein is not well documented. The influence of the various gluten components on dough and pasta properties was investigated. The protein composition of durum semolina was altered by either adding gluten fractions to a base semolina or preparing reconstituted flours with varying protein composition. The effects on semolina dough rheology and spaghetti texture were measured. Published methods to isolate relatively pure quantities (gram amounts) of glutenin, gliadin, high molecular and low molecular weight glutenin subunits were evaluated and modified procedures were adopted. Reconstituted flours with additional glutenin increased dough strength while additional gliadin and LMW‐GS decreased strength. These changes did not impact on spaghetti texture. Results from using the addition of protein fractions to a base semolina showed that gluten and glutenin addition increased the dough strength of a weak base semolina while gliadin addition weakened the base dough further. Addition of HMW‐GS greatly increased dough strength of the base while addition of LMW‐GS greatly reduced dough strength. Again, these affects were not translated into firmer pasta. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

利用RIL群体分析HMW-GS对面条品质性状的量化效应

利用重组自交系群体——RIL-8群体的80个系及其亲本为材料，分析了不同高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基对面条品质性状影响的量化效应以及不同亚基组合的面条品质差异。结果表明RIL-8群体Glu—A1、Glu—B1、Glu—D1位点编码的亚基分别为1、N，7 9、7 8和5 10、2 12，主要存在6种亚基组合类型。同一位点不同亚基和不同的亚基组合对面条的适口性、韧性、粘性和总分有显著的影响。对于不同亚基，5 10、1亚基是适合制作优质面条的亚基，尤以5 10亚基为好；N、7 8、7 9和2 12亚基不是制作优质面条的适宜亚基。对于不同亚基组合，(1，7 9，5 10)、(N，7 8，5 10)和(1，7 8，5 10)是制作优质面条的适宜亚基组合，而(1，7 8，2 12)、(N，7 8，2 12)和(1，7 9，2 12)不适合制作优质面条。     

普通小麦谷蛋白大聚合体的含量与烘焙品质相关关系

谷蛋白大聚合体（ＧＭＰ）是谷蛋白聚合体的重要组成部分，其含量反映了谷蛋白聚合体的业度分布状况。本研究用一种比较简单的方法测定了我国小麦品种ＧＭＰ含量，并用相关和回归的方法研究了ＧＭＰ含量与其它烘焙品质的性状的关系，结果表明：ＧＭＰ含量与粗蛋白含量，沉降值，面团形成时间，稳定时间及面包体积等的相关性都极显著，与粗蛋白含量相比，ＧＭＰ含量对面团稳定时间和面包体积的影响更大一些，可以用来预测面粉烘焙品质     

1BL/1RS易位小麦面筋蛋白的分离重组及其面条品质研究（网络首发、推荐阅读）

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）、酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（A-PAGE）技术鉴定分析两种优质面条小麦粉的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（HMW-GS）的组成及醇溶蛋白1BL/1RS易位情况,再通过分离重组法,将小麦中醇溶蛋白与麦谷蛋白分离提取,然后按比例重新配粉,制作面条,对重组面条进行蒸煮品质及质构特性分析,找出醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白与面条品质之间的影响规律。结果表明,当蛋白含量一定时,重组面条的吸水率与（谷∶醇）呈显著负相关（P<0.05）;干物质损失率与（谷∶醇）无显著相关性;重组面条硬度、坚实度、拉伸力等均与（谷∶醇）呈显著正相关（P<0.05）;粘度与（谷∶醇）呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。同时发现,在两种优质面条小麦粉高分子量麦谷蛋白和麦醇溶蛋白性质相同的情况下,只有低分子量麦谷蛋白组成与沉淀值有较明显的差异,但重组后的面条性质基本接近,因此发现高分子量麦谷蛋白对面条质量影响较大。