A comparative study of cytokine gene transcripts in normal and malignant breast tissue and primary cell cultures derived from the same tissue samples

Using a differential centrifugation method followed by culture in selective medium, we have successfully isolated and maintained individual epithelial and stromal cells from normal (n = 10) and malignant (n = 6) human breast tissue and characterised their phenotype by immunocytochemistry. Further, we have studied expression of the cytokine genes IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-β in each cell fraction by RT-PCR and have compared these results with cytokine gene expression in tissue extracts from which primary cultures were derived. In breast tumours, there was near complete absence of IL-1β in both whole tissue and cell fractions, and in normals it was present in only 3/10 tissue preparations, with increased expression in stromal (6/10) and epithelial (5/10) cell samples. IL-6 was constitutively expressed in all tumour-derived breast tissue samples but down-regulated in tumour cell cultures, with the opposite result in normal breast. Near identical levels of IL-8 expression were found throughout each preparation, irrespective of tissue origin. TNF-β was expressed in all normal tissue samples, in 9/10 epithelial preparations but in only 6/10 stromal preparations. In tumours, TNF-β was associated predominantly with whole tissue or stromal samples, with reduced expression in epithelial preparations. Our data confirm that primary cultures of normal and malignant human breast tissue can be successfully separated into epithelial and mesenchymal cell populations and their phenotype can be maintained in culture for up to 30 days. However, this cellular separation does alter the cytokine profiles; therefore, experimental findings with isolated cells should be treated with a caveat. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Cytokine analysis as a tool to understand tumour-host interaction in ovarian cancer

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is an immunogenic tumour and exploits many suppressive ways to escape immune eradication. EOC is known to spread primarily by tumour cell implantations in peritoneal cavity. Therefore, ascites may be an ideal fluid compartment to unravel the immune status of the peritoneal cavity.We analysed the expression of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IFN-γ, TNF-α, TNF-β, TGF-β and CCL22 in ovarian cancer ascites, representing immune activating and suppressing cytokines.We observed high expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8 and immune suppressive cytokines IL-10, CCL22 and TGF-β in most samples whereas Th1 (IL-12p70, IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5) cytokines were only detectable in 13% of the samples. TGF-β was only detected in latent form, questioning its immune suppressive role. CCL22 was in similar levels present in early stage compared to advanced stage tumours. At advanced stage, we observed a negative correlation with CCL22 levels and Th1/2 cytokine expression. We found a positive correlation between IL-6 concentration in ascites and residual disease after debulking. Additionally, IL-6 levels were remarkably higher at recurrence compared to primary advanced disease, which opens an opportunity for inhibition of IL-6 expression in the prevention of recurrence. Despite the heterogeneity of EOC and the complexity of cytokine functions, our results show that cytokine analysis in ascites may aid in understanding tumour-host interaction in EOC.     

Down-regulation of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and IL-1β by glucosamine in HaCaT cells, but not in the presence of TNF-α

There is considerable evidence that glucosamine exerts an inhibitory effect on inflammatory cytokine expression in cells. Glucosamine has been recommended as a promising anti-inflammatory modulator, which has been applied in clinical trials for attenuation of the inflammatory process. However, it is unknown whether glucosamine reduces the expression of TNF-α-induced inflammatory cytokines in HaCaT cells. The anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin in HaCaT cells have been extensively investigated in several studies. Thus, in this study we investigated the expression of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and IL-1β in glucosamine-treated HaCaT cells, and the effects of glucosamine were compared to those of curcumin-treated HaCaT cells. Our data showed that the expression of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and IL-1β was decreased by glucosamine treatment in the HaCaT cells. In contrast, the expression of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and IL-1β was not attenuated by glucosamine treatment in the TNF-α-treated HaCaT cells. Notably, curcumin induced an increased expression of IL-8 and IL-1β in the HaCaT cells, but not that of IL-6 and TNF-α. On the other hand, curcumin attenuated the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in the TNF-α-treated HaCaT cells. Our data indicated that glucosamine induced the down-regulation of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and IL-1β expression in the HaCaT cells. However, the stimulation of TNF-α abolished the inhibitory effects of glucosamine on the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the HaCaT cells. Thus, even though glucosamine induces the down-regulation of inflammatory cytokines in HaCaT cells, the anti-inflammatory role of glucosamine in TNF-α-mediated inflammatory skin diseases should be investigated.     

Magnesium Sulfate Induced Toxicity in Vitro in AGS Gastric Adenocarcinoma Cells and in Vivo in Mouse Gastric Mucosa

Magnesium sulfate is widely used as a food additive and as an orally administered medication. The aim ofthis study was to evaluate the possible cytotoxicity of magnesium sulfate on AGS human gastric adenocarcinomacells and gastric mucosa in mice. A trypan blue exclusion assay was used to determine the reduction in viabilityof AGS cells exposed to magnesium sulfate, and then effects on cell proliferation were quantified. The role ofmagnesium sulfate-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine production in AGS cells was also investigated. mRNAexpression for IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α was determined by RT-PCR, and secretion of these cytokines wasmeasured by ELISA. Immunohistochemical evaluation of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expression was conducted inmouse gastric mucosa. Addition of 3 to 50 mM magnesium sulfate to AGS cells inhibited both cell proliferationand cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Magnesium sulfate had little effect on production of IL-1β or IL-6but significantly inhibited production of IL-8. The animal model demonstrated that magnesium sulfate inducedproduction of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. These preliminary data suggest that magnesium sulfate had a direct effecton the stomach and initiates cytotoxicity in moderate concentrations and time periods by inhibiting viabilitya nd proliferation of AGS cells and by regulating expression and/or release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.     

Normal breast epithelial cells produce interleukins 6 and 8 together with tumor-necrosis factor: Defective il6 expression in mammary carcinoma

Virtually pure primary cultures of normal mammary epithelial cells (MEC) obtained from healthy women were shown to release interleukin 6 and 8 (IL6, IL8) and to produce a non-secreted form of tumor-necrosis factor (TNF). No interferon (IFN), whether α, β or γ, or ILI-α or -β could be detected. Analysis of cellular RNA confirmed these findings and showed that MEC also express IL6 receptor and TNF-α-related mRNAs. Epithelial cells were selectively stained by antibodies to IL6, IL8 and TNF-α both in primary cultures and in the normal mammary gland. Samples of human milk contained sizable amounts of IL6, IL8 and IFN-γ; yet the liquid phase was consistently negative for other cytokines (i.e., TNF-α, IFN-α/-β, ILI-α/-β). Expression of IL6 (but not of IL8 and TNF-α) was abolished in ductal infiltrating carcinomas and greatly reduced in cultures of oncogene-transfected mammary cells, suggesting that alterations of IL6 expression are associated with pathogenesis in breast cancer.     

Prospective study evaluating the plasma concentrations of twenty-six cytokines and response to morphine treatment in cancer patients

Cytokine signaling is involved in pain and opioid-receptor signaling. In this prospective study, we studied the plasma cytokine levels in order to identify candidate biomarkers for predicting resistance to morphine treatment in a cohort of opioid-treatment-na?ve cancer patients. We analyzed pain rating and the plasma concentrations of 26 cytokines at baseline and after morphine treatment using a multiplex immunoassay system for the following cytokines: eotaxin, colony stimulating factor, granulocyte (G-CSF), colony stimulating factor granulocyte-macrophage (GM-CSF), interferon α2 (IFN-α2), IFN-γ, interleukin 1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 (p40), IL-12 (p70), IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, IP-10, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α), MIP-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and TNF-β. No correlation was observed between the clinical characteristics and the numerical rating scale for pain at baseline or among patients who developed resistance to morphine treatment. Interestingly, the plasma concentration of MIP-1α significantly decreased during morphine treatment (day 8 vs. baseline, p=0.03). Regarding the baseline plasma cytokine concentrations, none of the cytokine levels were correlated with the numerical rating scale for pain at baseline; however, the baseline plasma concentrations of eotaxin, IL-8, IL-12 (p40), IL-12 (p70), MIP-1α and MIP-1β were significantly lower in patients who required a high dose of morphine or who developed resistance to morphine treatment. In conclusion, this is the first report revealing that the plasma concentrations of several cytokines were significantly modulated during treatment and were correlated with treatment outcome of morphine. Our results suggest that plasma cytokine levels may be promising biomarkers for morphine treatment and that they warrant further study.     

Production of interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 in hepatoblastoma

Thrombocytosis and fever are frequent symptoms in children with hepatoblastoma. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been shown to mediate thrombocytosis and an acute-phase reaction including fever. We therefore investigated samples from I4 untreated patients with hepatoblastoma for this cytokine and in addition for interleukin-I α (IL-Iα), interleukin-Iβ (IL-Iβ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), all of which are known to induce IL-6 production. High serum levels of IL-6 were only found in 3/I4 patients; the other cytokines were not detectable. In contrast, I2/I4 tumors produced substantial amounts of IL-6 in primary cell culture, while IL-Iβ was found in 3/I4 supernatants; IL-Iα and TNF-α were always negative. Immunoenzymatic staining of fresh tumors revealed that IL-6 is not produced by the tumor cells, but rather by surrounding fibroblasts and endothelial cells. In tumor cells only IL-Iβ, but neither IL-Iα, TNF-α nor IL-6, could be detected. In co-culture experiments with fibroblasts and endothelial cells, addition of hepatoblastoma cells enhanced IL-6 production. Including an IL-I receptor antagonist abolished this effect incompletely. Our results suggest that tumor cells in hepatoblastoma induce IL-6 production in surrounding fibroblasts and endothelial cells by virtue of their endogenous secretion of IL-Iβ and supposedly some other, as yet unidentified, mediator.     

Chemokines induce migrational responses in human breast carcinoma cell lines

Chemokines have been shown to chemoattract and activate different leukocyte populations. Here we report the in vitro effect of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β, regulated on activation, normal T-cells, expressed and secreted (RANTES), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interferon inducible protein-10 (IP-10), neutrophil-activating peptide-2 (NAP-2), growth-related protein (GRO)-α and GRO-γ, on the migration of 3 human breast carcinoma cell lines, MCF-7, T47D and ZR-75-1, using a microchemotaxis chamber to assess migration across fibronectin-coated polycarbonate membranes. MCF-7 cells responded chemotactically to all chemokines tested in a pattern which was dose and time dependent, although responses to the different chemokines were variable. ZR-75-1 responded to MIP-1β and GRO-α, giving maximum migration indices of 3.7 and 5.3, respectively, and exhibited a migratory response to MIP-Iα, IL-8 and MCP-1 although to a lower degree. T47D was unresponsive to the chemokines tested, but both MCF-7 and T47D cells bound radiolabelled ligands with binding constants (Kd) ranging from 0.6 to 2.2 nM and 0.6 to 2.1 nM, respectively. The specificity of the chemotactic response of MCF-7 to MIP-1α and MIP-1β was confirmed using chemokine-specific neutralising antibodies and heat denaturation, and was demonstrated to involve G protein and cyclic AMP signalling pathways. MIP-1β and MIP-1α were shown to induce changes in the organisation of the actin cytoskeleton and the level of F-actin in MCF-7 cells, as determined using flow cytometric analysis and confocal microscopy. Our results show that breast carcinoma cells can respond to chemokines, and suggests a potential role for these molecules in the process of tumour cell migration, invasion and metastasis. Int. J. Cancer 71:257–266, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

骨髓瘤化疗合并感染患者血清炎性因子变化的临床意义

目的 探讨骨髓瘤化疗合并感染患者血清炎性因子水平变化.方法 选取规范化疗的骨髓瘤患者100例,其中合并感染19例作为感染组,未感染的81例作为非感染组.于同期再选取健康体检者32例做对比研究,即对照组.检测和记录感染组、非感染组、健康体检组研究对象血常规(WBC计数)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)和血清炎性因子水平(IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α).比较3组研究对象IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α水平以及单一检测阳性率、联合检测阳性率,制作ROC曲线.结果 WBC计数水平,感染与非感染、健康体检组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).hs-CRP,感染、非感染组高于健康体检组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);感染组与非感染组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α水平,感染组高于非感染、健康体检组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).感染组IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α单一检测及联合检测和IL-6、TNF-α联合检测阳性率高于非感染者,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).ROC曲线下最大面积时水平作为临界值,IL-1β为5.76 ng/L,IL-6为4.85 ng/L,IL-8为55.78 ng/L,TNF-α为13.35 ng/L.结论 血清炎性因子水平变化可作为骨髓瘤化疗合并感染早期诊断指标,且有助于病情评价,尤其IL-6、TNF-α检测价值优于IL-1β、IL-8,二者联合检测优势更为突出.     

Decreased expression of ICAM-1 and its induction by tumor necrosis factor on breast-cancer cells in vitro

In order to study adhesion-molecule expression and its consequences for cellular recognition, the presence of adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1, VLA-4, LFA-1, alpha, LFA-1 beta, LFA-3, β1-integrin and β3-integrin was studied on specimens from breast tissue by immunohistochemistry and on cells from breast cell lines propagated in vitro. Breast-cancer tissue and the breast-cancer cell lines MCF-7, SK-BR-3 and ZR-75-1 showed expression of ICAM-1 and VLA-4 significantly lower than that of benign breast cells or normal breast epithelium. Of various cytokines tested, including recombinant human (rh) interleukin-6 (IL-6), rh tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 2 (IL-2), granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating-factor (GM-CSF), interferon-alpha (IFN-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), only TNF was able to re-induce expression of ICAM-1 on cells from MCF-7, SK-BR-3 and ZR-75-1. Further, the ability of either unstimulated or lymphokine-stimulated killer (LAK) cells to recognize and lyse native or TNF-stimulated breast-cancer cells was studied. Whereas neither unstimulated lymphocytes or LAK cells were able to lyse untreated breast-cancer cells deficient for ICAM-1 expression, pre-treatment of tumor cells with TNF led to increased tumor-cell lysis. Anti-ICAM-1 antibodies, and pre-treatment of tumor cells with anti-TNF-receptor antibodies, abrogated these findings, corroborating their specificity. We thus conclude that the defective expression of ICAM-1 in our model might constitute a mechanism by which breast-cancer cells escape immunologic recognition and lysis by appropriate effector cells. Int. J. Cancer 71: 1086-1090, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.     

肺癌患者血清中21种细胞因子的表达水平及其临床意义

目的:检测肺癌患者血清中21种细胞因子[干扰素诱导的T细胞趋化因子(IFN-inducible T cellαchemoattractant,ITAC)、GM-CSF、Fractalkine、IFN-γ、IL-10、巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-3α(macrophage inflammatory protein-3α,MIP-3α)]、IL-12(p70)、IL-13、IL-17A、IL-1β、IL-2、IL-4、IL-21 、IL-23、IL-5、IL-6、IL-7、IL-8、MIP-1α、MIP-1β和TNF-α的表达情况并分析其意义.方法:收集2015年3月至6月的山西省肿瘤医院40例肺癌患者;采用液相芯片技术检测30名健康人和40例初诊肺癌患者治疗前血清中21种细胞因子的表达水平,分析其与肺癌临床特征之间的关系及表达存在明显差异细胞因子间的相关性.结果:肺癌患者血清中11种细胞因子[(GM-CSF、Fractalkine、IFN-γ、MIP-3α、IL-12 (p70)、IL-1β、IL-2、IL-6、IL-7、IL-8、TNF-α]的表达水平明显升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),肺癌患者非转移组与转移组血清中21种细胞因子的表达水平比较无明显差异(P＞0.05),肺腺癌(adenocarcinoma,AC)组血清IFN-γ与MIP-1β水平明显高于鳞癌(squamous cell carcinoma,SCC)组(均P＜0.05),肺SCC组血清ITAC表达水平明显高于小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)组(P＜0.05).高表达的11种细胞因子在两组间表达的相关性不同.结论:肺癌患者血清中IL-6、IL-8等11种细胞因子表达升高,可能参与了肺癌发生发展,这些高表达的细胞因子或许可用于肺癌的辅助诊断,并为肺癌治疗提供新的靶标.     

Lack of interleukin-2 (IL-2) expression and selective expression of IL-10 mRNA in human renal cell carcinoma

Freshly isolated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) are often functionally deficient. Since one of the key functional parameters of an immune response is the local production of cytokines, we studied the expression of cytokine genes in freshly isolated renal cancer tissue. Using a PCR-assisted mRNA amplification assay, the constitutive expression of mRNA for 10 different cytokines was assessed in renal cancer tissue. We compared the cytokine mRNA expression in freshly isolated samples of renal carcinomas, renal cancer cell lines established from the tumor samples, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and non-tumor kidney tissue isolated from the same patients. IL-10 mRNA expression was detected only in tumor samples, while renal cancer lines, PBMC and non-tumorous kidney tissues were devoid of this cytokine. One-third of the tumor samples but none of the normal kidney samples also expressed G-CSF mRNA. IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ mRNA were expressed non-selectively in tumors, PBMC and normal renal tissue. Expression of IL-2, IL-3 and IL-4 mRNA was not detected in any of the tissues analyzed. Established renal cancer lines exhibited expression of IL-lα, IL-6, TNF-α and GM-CSF. Culture of tumor-derived T cells with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (MAb) resulted in expression of IL-2, IL-3 and IL-4 mRNA. In contrast, none of these cytokines was detected in culture with recombinant human IL-2 alone. Since IL-10 is known to suppress antigen presentation, these findings have important implications for the possible in vivo role of IL-10 as a suppressor of local anti-tumor response.     

Expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6) correlates with oestrogen receptor in human breast carcinoma.

Multifunctional cytokines play important and only partially defined roles in mammary tumour development and progression. Normal human mammary epithelial cells constitutively produce interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8 and a non-secreted form of tumour necrosis factor. Transformation of mammary epithelial cells by different oncogenes is frequently associated with alterations of cytokine/growth factor production and responsiveness. In the present study we analysed the expression of IL-6 in 149 cases of invasive breast carcinoma and the data have been correlated with clinico-pathological variables including tumour size, histological grade, nodal status, and oestrogen and progesterone receptors, Ki67 and p53, protein expression. Though the majority of breast carcinomas expressed at least low levels of immunoreactive IL-6, we found that expression of this cytokine was inversely associated with histological tumour grade (P = 0.0017), but not with tumour size and nodal status. Ki67 positivity was inversely correlated with IL-6 expression (P = 0.027). Among biological parameters analysed, a direct association was found between the percentage of IL-6-positive cells and that of oestrogen (P = 0.00005) and progesterone (P = 0.025) receptor-positive cells. No correlation was observed between IL-6 and p53 protein expression. These data indicate that down-regulation of IL-6 is associated with highly malignant mammary carcinomas. It will be of interest to evaluate whether alterations of cytokines that are constitutively produced by mammary cells are also associated with high-grade tumours.     

Study of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and transforming growth factor-β as prognostic factors in breast carcinoma

Cytokines and growth factors are powerful modulators of the immune response. Their aberrant expression either by the tumor cells or by the tumor infiltrating lymphocytes confers a selective advantage to the tumor to grow and suppress the cytotoxic activity of the infiltrating lymphocytes. Therefore, analysis of these soluble factors in the tumor microenvironment can provide an insight into the understanding of the tumor behavior and may be used as a prognostic factor. In the present study the nature of the tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and cytokine profile was examined in 36 and 19 mammary carcinoma tissues, respectively, by immunohistochemistry and PCR. Phenotypic differences in the number of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8⁺) and lymphokine activated killer cells (CD16) was observed among TILs when patients with either early disease stage (39% and 46.6%, respectively) or those alive with no residual disease (31% and 52%, respectively) were compared with late stage (9.7% and 22.8%, respectively) or those dead of disease (14.6% and 15.6%, respectively). Furthermore, analysis of the 19 tumor samples for cytokine mRNA expression by RT-PCR revealed the presence of TNF-α, IL-10, TGF-β1, and IL-2. However, semi-quantitative PCR analysis demonstrated TGF- β1 expression to be significantly higher in patients with a favorable outcome (1.0246 attomoles/μmoles) as compared to patients with a poor prognosis (0.1157 attomoles/μmoles). Our results demonstrate the potential biological significance of certain host factors, particularly TILs and TGF β1 expression, on the outcome of breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer 74:492–501, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Interleukin-1β regulates the migratory potential of MDAMB231 breast cancer cells through the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α

The casual relationship between inflammation and tumour progression has been widely accepted and the etiology of breast cancer has been associated with inflammatory processes. Interleukin (IL)-1β, besides its central role in inflammation, has also been recognised as a powerful player in tumour progression, angiogenesis and invasiveness. Recently, there has been considerable interest in understanding the non-hypoxic upregulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α by IL-1 in neoplastic cells since aberrant expression of HIF-1α correlates with tumour progression. Here, using the highly invasive human breast cancer cell line MDAMB231, we studied the effect of IL-1β on tumour cell migration along with HIF-1α accumulation. We observed that non-hypoxic induction of HIF-1α by IL-1β in MDAMB231 was associated with increased cell migration, paralleled by upregulation of p38 MAPK phosphorylation and CXCL8/CXCR1 expression. Inhibition of HIF-1α by siRNA resulted in a significant reduction of CXCR1 expression and IL-1β-induced cell migration in MDAMB231 cells, thus confirming a role of HIF-1α in the non-hypoxic-IL-1β-dependent induction of migratory potentials. Our observation that IL-1 induces HIF-1α accumulation in MDAMB231 cells was confirmed in tumour cells growing in vivo using an experimental approach, mimicking the endogenous release of IL-1 in mice bearing MDAMB231 xenografts. Our in vivo data, along with the fact that inhibition of HIF-1α resulted in the decrease of IL-1β-promoted cell migration, further support the link between inflammation and cancer. The overall results may have important implications in those therapeutic approaches aimed to inhibit IL-1-mediated activities in tumour cells, specifically in breast cancer.     

纳米二氧化钛对IEC-6细胞炎症因子表达及JAK2/STAT3蛋白磷酸化的影响

目的：探讨纳米二氧化钛（nano-TiO₂）对肠道上皮IEC-6细胞中炎症因子表达及Janus激酶2/信号传导及转录激活因子3（JAK2/STAT3）蛋白磷酸化的影响。方法：取对数生长期的IEC-6细胞,分别加入浓度为0.0（对照组）、5.0、10.0、15.0、20.0 μg/mL的nano-TiO₂培养24 h,采用噻唑蓝（MTT）比色法检测各组细胞存活率;酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）检测各组上清液中白介素-1β（IL-1β）、白介素-6（IL-6）和肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平;Western blot法测定各组细胞内JAK2和_STAT3蛋白表达及其磷酸化（p-JAK2和p-STAT3）水平;Image J软件分析蛋白条带灰度值。结果：nano-TiO₂处理组IEC-6细胞增殖活性与对照组相比差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。与对照组相比,在各个nano-TiO₂处理浓度下,IEC-6细胞IL-6和TNF-α分泌水平均显著升高（P < 0.05）;10.0、15.0、20.0 μg/mL nano-TiO₂浓度处理后,细胞分泌IL-1β显著增加（P < 0.05）。Western blot法检测结果显示,nano-TiO₂处理组IEC-6细胞p-JAK2和p-STAT3蛋白表达升高,且其蛋白磷酸化水平和炎症因子表达水平呈正相关关系（r_JAK2,IL-1β=0.561,P < 0.05;r_JAK2,IL-6=0.711,P < 0.01;r_JAK2,TNF-α=0.675,P < 0.01;r_STAT3,IL-1β=0.782,P < 0.01;r_STAT3,IL-6=0.532,P < 0.05;r_STAT3,TNF-α=0.668,P < 0.01）。与对照组相比,15.0、20.0 μg/mL nano-TiO₂处理组IEC-6细胞中p-JAK2/JAK2和p-STAT3/STAT3灰度值比值明显升高（P < 0.05）。结论：nano-TiO₂可诱导IEC-6细胞分泌炎症因子和促进JAK2/STAT3蛋白磷酸化。     

Tumor-associated lympho-monocytes from neoplastic effusions are immunologically defective in comparison with patient autologous PBMCs but are capable of releasing high amounts of various cytokines

We studied several in vitro activities of tumor-associated lympho-monocytes (TALMs) and the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, interferon (IFN)γ and soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) in neoplastic effusions and in the serum of advanced stage cancer patients. Comparisons were made with autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Autologous PBMCs were compared with PBMCs from normal subjects used as controls. TALMs were collected from 13 peritoneal and 18 pleural neoplastic effusions, secondary to primary tumors of different sites. After PHA stimulation, concentrations of IL-1α, IL-1β and TNFα in culture media of TALMs both from peritoneal and pleural effusions were lower than those of autologous PBMCs and, similarly, concentrations of IL-4 and IL-10 in culture media of TALMs from peritoneal effusions were lower than those of autologous PBMCs, whereas concentrations of IL-4 and IL-10 in culture media of TALMs from pleural effusions were in the same range as those of autologous PBMCs. On the contrary, IL-2, IL-6 and IFNγ amounts (only from pleural effusions) were significantly higher. IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6 and TNFα production from patient PBMCs was lower than that of control PBMCs, whereas production of IL-4, IL-10 and IFNγ was higher than that of control PBMCs. Both in peritoneal and in pleural effusions concentrations of IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-4 were not different from those measured in autologous serum, whereas those of IL-6, IL-10, TNFα, IFNγ and sIL-2R were significantly higher. The amounts of IL-2 in pleural effusions were not different from those of autologous serum, but in peritoneal effusions they were higher than those of autologous serum. The amounts of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, TNFα and sIL-2R were higher in patient than in control sera, whereas those of IL-4, IL-10 and IFNγ were in the same range in patient and in control sera. Cell cycle analysis of cultured TALMs and PBMCs (from 3 patients) showed a significant accumulation of TALMs in the non-cycling G₀/G₁ cell population compared with autologous PBMCs.Int. J. Cancer 71:724-731, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.     

肿瘤相关炎性因子对曲妥珠单抗治疗HER2阳性转移性乳腺癌预后及疗效的影响

目的 研究肿瘤相关炎性因子(tumor associated inflammatory factor,TAIF)对曲妥珠单抗治疗人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)阳性转移性乳腺癌(PMBC)预后及疗效的关系.方法 选取接受曲妥珠单抗方案治疗的HER2 PMBC患者89例纳入为试验组,选取同期接受健康体检的健康女性89例纳入为对照组,试验组所有患者均给予卡培他滨、吉西他滨联合曲妥珠单抗治疗,观察化疗前两组及试验组化疗前后的TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8水平,试验组的临床疗效,并对影响曲妥珠单抗治疗HER2 PMBC患者预后的因素进行多因素回归分析.结果治疗后,试验组的RR为40.45％,DCR为69.66％,1年内复发、转移率为79.78％.化疗前,试验组的TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8水平均明显高于对照组(P﹤0.01).试验组化疗前的TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8水平均明显高于化疗后(P﹤0.01).化疗前后,试验组1年内复发、转移患者的TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8水平均高于未复发、转移患者(P﹤0.05).年龄、身高、体重不是影响曲妥珠单抗治疗HER2 PMBC患者预后的危险因素(P﹥0.05);TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8是影响曲妥珠单抗治疗HER2 PMBC患者预后的危险因素(P﹤0.05).结论 TAIF可促进HER2 PMBC的进展、复发及转移,影响曲妥珠单抗治疗HER2 PMBC患者的疗效及预后.