炭黑/硅橡胶导电复合薄膜传感特性研究

利用溶剂法工艺成功制作了炭黑/硅橡胶导电复合薄膜(厚度约0.1mm),对其进行了拉伸、压缩及温度敏感性试验。测试结果表明,试样具有优良的拉-敏传感特性,随着拉伸变形的增大(应变达到25%)试样电阻不断增大,且电阻-应变之间具有较好的线性关系。压缩过程中,随着压力的增大(压力达到30MPa)试样电阻增大,两者同样具有较好的线性关系。温敏试验表明,试样电阻随温度的下降而降低,且趋势相似。研究结果表明,薄膜结构的炭黑/硅橡胶导电复合材料具有优良的传感特性。     

新型力敏导电复合材料的电阻温度特性研究

通过讨论基于柔性触觉传感器设计要求的力敏复合导电硅橡胶的导电机理,研究了力敏复合导电硅橡胶的电阻温度特性。并在实验的基础上对改善力敏导电胶的温度稳定性的方法进行分析,结果表明:在满足触觉传感器设计要求的力敏导电胶炭黑含量范围内,提高胶体复合材料的炭黑含量和在力敏导电胶中掺入纳米材料都能有效地改善力敏导电胶的电阻温度特性。     

炭黑/硅橡胶复合材料力敏元件热、力敏感试验研究

在岩土力学与工程领域,大变形测试方法与技术亟待开发。前期研究发现,利用炭黑/硅橡胶导电复合材料研发的力敏元件具有较好的大变形敏感特性。根据研究需要,通过试验方法研究了这种大变形力敏元件的热、力敏感耦合特性。对制作的力敏元件进行了两种加载试验,一是固定拉伸应变下温度循环试验;二是变应变下温度循环试验。试验结果表明,恒定应变下,试样电阻随温度循环而循环,且呈现出电阻松弛现象;应变与温度同时变化时,电阻的变化主要受应变影响,温度影响相对较弱。     

基于SEBS/纳米炭黑复合膜的电阻式应变传感材料制备及其性能研究

以热塑性弹性体苯乙烯/乙烯/丁烯-苯乙烯(SEBS)和炭黑纳米颗粒为原料,采用熔融共混-模压成型法制备了SEBS/纳米炭黑复合电阻式应变传感膜.实验中,研究了该薄膜的力学性能及其电阻应变的传感性能.力学测试表明,该复合应变传感膜具有优异的弹性力学特性,断裂伸长率达410.8%,断裂强度达2.5 MPa,经1000次循环拉伸后,其形变率仅为3.0%.应变传感测试显示,随着复合膜拉伸倍率增大其电阻变化呈线性提高,并且动态拉伸电阻变化速率高于静态条件下的电阻变化速率.该复合应变传感膜应用于人体胳膊弯曲试验显示,可较为精准的记录胳膊弯曲量和弯曲次数,进而得知人体的运动活动量,在健身和康复等领域有重要的潜在应用价值.     

炭黑/硅橡胶导电敏感复合材料可重复性试验研究

利用溶剂法工艺制备了炭黑/硅橡胶导电复合材料,对其进行了拉伸及压缩敏感试验,研究其可重复性。拉伸试验结果表明,各配方试样电阻-拉伸应变曲线均具有较好的可重复性(最大应变达到24%左右);C4与C6试样的可重复性略差于C8~C18试样,这主要是由于炭黑含量小于6%时,复合材料内部导电网络不太稳定造成的。压缩试验结果表明,复合材料的压阻敏感性也具有一定的可重复性(最大压力达到15 MPa左右)。总体看来,炭黑/硅橡胶复合材料的拉伸及压缩敏感性在较大拉伸应变及压应力范围内都具有较好的可重复性及线性度,满足开发传感器的基本性能要求。     

大变形力敏传感元件温度响应试验研究

利用炭黑/硅橡胶导电复合材料制作了大变形力敏传感元件,对其温度荷载下的电阻响应进行了试验研究,并根据其导电机理对温敏特性进行了深入分析。试验发现制作的大变形力敏传感元件具有正温度系数特性,电阻随温度的升高而增大;温度稳定时,具有电阻弛豫现象。硅橡胶基体随温度变化体积发生变化是造成复合材料温度敏感性的主要原因;同时,温度变化也会影响电子跃迁能力,进而影响到复合材料温度响应。橡胶基体的粘弹性以及试样具有一定厚度的尺寸效应是导致其温度响应滞后性的主要原因。     

高温压力传感器的力敏电阻条的制备

本文探讨了一种金属薄膜高温压力传感器的力敏电阻条的制作方法,采用氮化铝作铜村底和金属力敏电阻条之间的电绝缘层,利用铜金属在高温条件下也能够表现出压阻特性,制作力敏电阻条。通过直流磁控溅射制作力敏电阻条,并引线,封装,进行测试,最后反应出随压力的变化电阻的变化关系。     

炭黑/硅橡胶导电复合材料力敏元件温度响应试验研究

利用炭黑/硅橡胶导电复合材料制作了大变形力敏传感元件,对其温度荷载下的电阻响应进行了试验研究,并根据其导电机理对温敏特性进行了深入分析.试验发现制作的大变形力敏传感元件具有正温度系数特性,电阻随温度的升高而增大;温度稳定时,具有电阻弛豫现象.硅橡胶基体随温度变化体积发生变化是造成复合材料温度敏感性的主要原因;同时,温度变化也会影响电子跃迁能力,进而影响到复合材料温度响应.橡胶基体的粘弹性以及试样具有一定厚度的尺寸效应是导致其温度响应滞后性的主要原因.     

土工筋带变形测试传感器研发与试验研究

工程上,土工加筋带变形测试一直是个难题,主要是因为其应变较大且加筋带外层是相对较软的聚合物结构.利用纳米导电炭黑颗粒充填聚合物获得敏感材料,再通过印刷技术将其印刷在塑料薄片上,制作成传感元件.通过拉伸试验测试了四种不同底板传感元件的传感性能,试验结果表明,四种元件均具有拉伸敏感性,电阻值随拉伸应变的增大而增大,且满足模量匹配与较大应变要求.对比分析发现,PVC底板传感元件的综合性能最佳,适合作为土工筋带变形测试元件使用.另外,这种方法制作的传感元件可批量化生产,无需逐个标定,极大地提高了它的实用性.     

冲击作用下碳纤维混凝土的力敏性试验研究

碳纤维混凝土(CFC)具有良好的力敏特性,能制成传感器用于混凝土结构的状态监测.利用钢球自由落体撞击圆柱形试样,进行了老化前后和不同撞击高度的试验,并分析了各因素对试样力敏性的影响.试验结果表明:试样的电阻变化对冲击作用响应快;老化前的试样在承载较小时,试样处于弹性区,电阻随压力增大而减小,承载较大时,试样进入弹塑性区,电阻随压力增大而增大;老化后的试样,承载即进入弹塑性区.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).