Estimation of selenium intake in Switzerland in relation to selected food groups

The selenium concentration in foods was analysed in order to identify principal sources of this trace element in Switzerland. Selenium intake estimations based on three different approaches were carried out. From the relationship between intake and serum/plasma concentration, the selenium intake was estimated to 66 µg day^?1. The second approach based on measured food groups combined with consumption statistics; and the third approach consisted of duplicate meal samples. With the last two methods, over 75% of the serum/plasma based intake was confirmed. Swiss pasta made of North American durum wheat was the food with the highest contribution to the dietary intake, followed by meat. The strong decrease in imports of selenium-rich North American wheat of the last years was not reflected in the present intake estimations. It appears that this intake loss was compensated by a consumption increase of other foods. Compared with former intake estimations, selenium intake seems to be in Switzerland nearly constant for the last 25 years.     

食物中硒的研究进展

硒是一种人体必需的微量元素,其功效不仅与含量相关,而且与硒形态及其生物有效性相关。本文总结了硒的摄入量标准,论述了不同类型食物中硒总量和硒形态研究进展,以期为开发和利用富硒食物、合理指导硒营养摄入与补充提供参考。     

Harmonisation of food categorisation systems for dietary exposure assessments among European children

Within the European project called EXPOCHI (Individual Food Consumption Data and Exposure Assessment Studies for Children), 14 different European individual food consumption databases of children were used to conduct harmonised dietary exposure assessments for lead, chromium, selenium and food colours. For this, two food categorisation systems were developed to classify the food consumption data in such a way that these could be linked to occurrence data of the considered compounds. One system served for the exposure calculations of lead, chromium and selenium. The second system was developed for the exposure assessment of food colours. The food categories defined for the lead, chromium and selenium exposure calculations were used as a basis for the food colour categorisation, with adaptations to optimise the linkage with the food colour occurrence data. With this work, an initial impetus was given to make user-friendly food categorisation systems for contaminants and food colours applicable on a pan-European level. However, a set of difficulties were encountered in creating a common food categorisation system for 14 individual food consumption databases that differ in the type and number of foods coded and in level of detail provided about the consumed foods. The work done and the problems encountered in this project can be of interest for future projects in which food consumption data will be collected on a pan-European level and used for common exposure assessments.     

Harmonisation of food categorisation systems for dietary exposure assessments among European children

Within the European project called EXPOCHI (Individual Food Consumption Data and Exposure Assessment Studies for Children), 14 different European individual food consumption databases of children were used to conduct harmonised dietary exposure assessments for lead, chromium, selenium and food colours. For this, two food categorisation systems were developed to classify the food consumption data in such a way that these could be linked to occurrence data of the considered compounds. One system served for the exposure calculations of lead, chromium and selenium. The second system was developed for the exposure assessment of food colours. The food categories defined for the lead, chromium and selenium exposure calculations were used as a basis for the food colour categorisation, with adaptations to optimise the linkage with the food colour occurrence data. With this work, an initial impetus was given to make user-friendly food categorisation systems for contaminants and food colours applicable on a pan-European level. However, a set of difficulties were encountered in creating a common food categorisation system for 14 individual food consumption databases that differ in the type and number of foods coded and in level of detail provided about the consumed foods. The work done and the problems encountered in this project can be of interest for future projects in which food consumption data will be collected on a pan-European level and used for common exposure assessments.     

Food neophobia and willingness to try non-traditional foods for Koreans

Non-traditional ethnic foods are a new category of foods that have not been experienced by consumers. The objective of this study was to investigate the attitudes of consumers toward the familiarity and willingness to try non-traditional foods by food neophobia level, as well as to determine the relationship between non-traditional ethnic food experiences and food neophobia in Korea. Food neophobia was measured by the Food Neophobia Scale (FNS). The mean FNS score among Koreans was 33.5 (SD = 9.0). The high food neophobia group was less likely to have experiences with non-traditional foods in comparison to the low food neophobia group. Food neophobia significantly predicted the familiarity and willingness to try various non-traditional ethnic foods. Among the 12 non-traditional ethnic foods, the participants had the least familiarity and willingness to try African and Mongolian foods. In terms of the level of willingness, Vietnamese, Indian, Thai, Mexican, Turkish, Greek, Mongolian, African, Japanese and Italian foods showed significant differences among the food neophobia groups but Chinese and American foods did not. This study was a first and meaningful attempt to validate FNS in Asia for the delineation of consumer responses of various non-traditional food products.     

微量元素硒的研究现状及其食品强化

综述了微量元素硒的生物学功能、硒缺乏症、硒的毒性、食物中硒的含量与硒的摄入量及硒的营养强化与硒强化食品，并提出了未来硒研究的发展方向。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定食品中硒元素的条件优化

目的优化电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, ICP-MS)测定食品中硒元素含量的条件,并对河北省食品中硒元素含量情况进行调查分析。方法选取8种不同基质的国家标准物质作为检测样品对实验条件进行优化,同时选择80Se作为检测目标,采用碰撞模式并加入内标和5%异丙醇的优化条件下对样品中硒元素含量进行检测。通过对比结果,分析河北省膳食样品中硒元素含量,对居民通过膳食补充硒元素给予指导。结果通过采用碰撞模式及内标添加法可以有效降低基质干扰,同时加入异丙醇可极大提高硒元素的信号强度;其在5.00~100.00μg/L范围内呈现良好的线性关系(r2=0.999),检出限为0.002mg/kg;坚果及籽类、豆类及豆制品和肉及肉制品含硒较高,坚果及籽类样品中鲍鱼果含量最高为1.472mg/kg,豆类及豆制品中黄豆含量最高为0.123mg/kg,肉及肉制品中鸭肉含量最高为0.169 mg/kg。结论在检测的6类食品中,坚果及籽类、豆类及豆制品和肉及肉制品中硒含量相对较高,缺硒人群可适量增加食用。     

Selenium losses on cooking Greek foods

The effect of various cooking practices (frying, grilling, boiling and canning) on the selenium content of selected food items has been determined. All foods examined upon cooking lost selenium and, in general, the harsher the cooking conditions the more selenium was lost. Fish lost 36–46%, meats 13–41%, cereals 20–30%, vegetables 12–37%, pulses and cereal products 5–10% selenium. It is estimated that Greeks receive 110 and c . 95 μg Se/day based on raw, and cooked plus uncooked foods, respectively. Cooking does not make a large difference to the daily selenium intake of Greeks because of their large consumption of bread.     

Selenium intake by the population of Lithuania]

The level of selenium was assayed in the blood and food products to study the providing of the Lithuanian population with this trace element. It was shown that imported wheat containing high levels of selenium played a significant role in providing with this trace element of the population of Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia where home-produced foods are deficient in selenium. The mean level of selenium in the blood serum of the Lithuanian population comprised 90 micrograms/l (96 micrograms/l was most frequent). Selenium consumption was 100 micrograms/man.     

Edible mushrooms’ enrichment in food and feed: A mini review

Dietary fibres and high fibre-containing foods have been a huge attraction among researchers and nutraceutical industries due to their health-promoting benefits. From Greek and Roman times, edible mushrooms are considered the ‘elixir of life’ and are often stated as a new source of dietary fibre. Containing rich sources of essential amino acids and polysaccharides, mushrooms are viewed as an advantage over protein sources of both animal and plant origin. Additionally, the ability of mushrooms to grow under controlled conditions and attain high yield in a short span has made this added-value food of extreme interest. Nowadays, mushrooms and their by-products have been used to fortify various food products as well as for use in animal feed owing to their bioactive, therapeutic and nutritional value. Hence, this review intends to highlight the current knowledge on edible mushrooms and their waste for food and feed enrichment and nutritional purposes, along with their role in human and animal diet.     

硒在“土壤-作物-食品-人体”食物链中的流动

硒是人体内不可缺少的微量营养素,参与体内多种生理和代谢过程,目前全球约5～10亿人受到缺硒相关疾病威胁。在农业-食物系统中,硒主要通过土壤进入食物链,经作物富集,再通过膳食被人体摄入吸收。利用适宜农艺措施增强作物吸收转化土壤硒的能力,可使作物可食部位有效积累有机硒。但作物富硒并不意味着硒可以全部保留至食品中,食品加工环节的影响也极为关键,各种加工条件和参数会影响最终产品的硒含量和形态,从而影响其在人体内的生物利用度。本文综述硒元素在“土壤-作物-食品-人体”食物链中的流动过程,总结各环节影响食品中硒含量、形态和人体中硒生物利用度的关键因素,建议综合考虑各环节因素,以实现从农场到餐桌硒元素的高效转化。     

食品原料在我国功能性食品中的应用研究进展

功能性食品（又称保健食品）在法规上被认为是一种食品。因此,食品原料在功能性食品中应当被广泛应用。这里所说的食品原料包括普通食品、食品添加剂以及新食品原料。本文以国家食品药品监督管理总局数据查询网站为数据源,对2005-2013年审评通过的所有功能性食品原辅料进行了统计,对普通食品原料、食品添加剂和新食品原料在这些产品中的应用频率进行了计算。统计结果表明：在2005-2013年期间审评通过的所有功能性食品中,只有数量有限的普通食品原料被使用,食品添加剂多是在辅料中被使用,新食品原料在功能性食品原料中的应用比例较高。对此现象,本文参照了国内外相关研究工作的进展对其成因进行了初步分析,提出了改进建议,并对食品原料的应用前景作了适当预测。     

食品中硒的有机形态分析研究进展

硒是人体必不可少的微量元素, 不同形态的硒对人体的功能不同, 其中有机硒在抗氧化、抗癌、抗病毒、提高免疫力等方面对人体有重要作用。人体获取硒的途径主要通过膳食摄取, 如食用天然富硒食品、人工合成有机硒产品及有机硒强化剂等。市场上的富硒食品质量参差不齐, 为合理地评价食品中硒的摄入形态和水平, 对食品中硒的形态及含量的检测是近年来研究的一个重点。本文对食品中有机硒检测分离、形态分析以及含量测定等进行了综述, 并对以液相萃取法和酶解法为主的分离方法, 以气相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma spectrometry, GC-ICP-MS)、高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma spectrometry, HPLC-ICP-MS)、高效液相色谱-串联三重四级杆质谱法(high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, HPLC-MS/MS)以及电泳-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma spectrometry, CE-ICP-MS)为主的检测方法等研究进展进行了总结, 以期对食品中有机硒的检测提供相应的理论依据, 促进食品中有机硒检测标准的发展。     

Aluminium in food and daily dietary intake estimate in Greece

Aluminium content of foods, as well as dietary aluminium intake of the Greek adult population, was determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy after microwave sample digestion and food consumption data. Al content ranged from 0.02 to 741.2?mg?kg^?1, with spices, high-spice foods, cereal products, vegetables and pulses found to be high in Al. Differences in aluminium content were found between different food classes from Greece and those from some other countries. Aluminium intake of Greeks is 3.7?mg/day based on DAFNE Food Availability Databank, which uses data from the Household Budget Surveys. On the other hand, according to the per capita food consumption data collected by both national and international organisations, Al intake is 6.4?mg?day^?1. Greek adult population has an Al intake lower than the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake of 7?mg?kg^?1 body weight established by EFSA. Cereals and vegetables are the main Al contributors, providing 72.4% of daily intake.     

FOOD PREFERENCES OF COLLEGE STUDENTS AND NUTRITIONAL IMPLICATIONS

SUMMARY— The food preferences of approximately 50,000 college students representing 1% of the college enrollment in the United Stares during the 1966-1967 school year were analyzed. The responses were collected on a regional basis, subdivided as to sex and were reported as national and regional totals. Two hundred and seven food items were surveyed. Foods were ranked in terms of percent Liked, Disliked and Do Not Know. Median and percentile groupings for each food class, as well as for all foods, were calculated. The relationships between food preferences and nutritional values of foods were examined. The percent of the recommended dietary allowance provided by one serving of a given food item was calculated for vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium and iron. The results indicated that if food preferences were the sole determinant of food intake, then the dietary intake would be low in vitamin A. In fact, the best sources of vitamin A were among the most disliked foods in the entire survey. The relationship between food preferences and possible vitamin C and calcium deficiencies was not clear-cut Except for liver, one of the best sources of dietary iron, there was little evidence that food preferences discriminated against foods containing significant amounts of iron.     

富硒食品中硒元素检测方法的研究进展

硒具有清除体内自由基、抗衰老、增强人体免疫力、拮抗重金属毒性及抗癌等生物功能。从来源分,富硒食品可以分为地源富硒食品(又称天然富硒食品)和外源富硒食品(也称人工富硒食品)。目前市场上常见的富硒食品有富硒大米、富硒茶、富硒酵母和富硒杂粮,主要以农产品为主,存在产品同质化倾向严重、生产技术装备落后、产品品质不高等问题。富硒食品的检测方法有原子荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法以及原子荧光光度法。本文就硒元素的概况、市场上常见的富硒食品以及富硒食品中硒元素的检测方法进行了介绍,并对富硒食品现有的检测方法进行了概括并分析以及对未来的检测方法进行了展望。     

Selenium content in selected Slovenian foodstuffs and estimated daily intakes of selenium

Food is the primary source of selenium for man and, since selenium is an essential trace element, the nutritional selenium status is of importance. Data on this topic are currently lacking in Slovenia. In the present study, selenium contents of some selected foods purchased on the Slovenian market were determined and estimation of the daily dietary intake by analysing 20 diet samples collected in four Slovenian Army barracks was made. In determination of the selenium content in selected food, the highest values were found, as expected, in protein-rich food such as fish, meat and eggs (33–686 ng g⁻¹), but lower values in milk and dairy products (12–30 ng g⁻¹) and vegetables and fruits (0.3–77 ng g⁻¹). Analysis of 20 military total daily diet samples, gave an average selenium daily intake of 87 μg.     

硒强化剂的急性和蓄积毒性试验研究

为安全生产补硒保健食品和保障食品安全提供科学参考依据.用保健食品常见的硒强化剂亚硒酸钠对小鼠进行不同剂量灌胃,通过急性和蓄积性毒性试验, 系统研究硒对小鼠生长性能,组织病理变化,血常规、血液生化指标等的影响,建立小鼠硒中毒的动物模型.急性毒性试验表明:小鼠经口LD50为3.86 mg/kg;蓄积性毒性试验表明亚硒酸钠对小鼠有弱蓄积性.     

Dietary selenium intake in Belgium for different population groups at risk for deficiency

An estimation of the dietary selenium intake in different population groups in Belgium has been carried out. 24 h duplicate meals and food consumption statistics combined with concentration levels in different foods, as determined by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry, are used. Dietary intake of selenium is low to very low, especially for vegetarians (12.7 +/- 9.1 micrograms) and patients on long-term total parenteral nutrition (1.2 +/- 0.8 microgram). The different intakes are discussed and compared with intakes published for other countries, while the importance of bioavailability of the selenium in food in the risk of deficiency is stressed.     

Consumers' beliefs, attitudes and intentions towards genetically modified foods, based on the 'perceived safety vs. benefits' perspective

It has been repeatedly claimed that the application of genetic engineering in the field of agricultural and food production is both beneficial and advantageous. However, biotechnology is developing in an environment where public concerns about food safety and environmental protection are steadily increasing. The present study aims at gaining an insight into Greek consumers’ beliefs, attitudes and intentions towards genetically modified (GM) food products. The objectives of this study are summarized as follows (i) to provide evidence that consumer beliefs are built around the ‘safety‐benefits’ axis, and (ii) to segment the Greek market in terms of consumer beliefs about GM food products and identify a number of clusters with clear‐cut behavioural profiles. Although the overall attitude of Greek consumers towards GM food is negative, the research very interestingly concludes that there exists a market segment of substantial size, whose beliefs about GM food appears to be positive. This finding suggests that there is not a ‘consensus’ regarding the rejection of GM foods in the Greek market as one might have expected thus ‘encouraging’ the implementation of adequate marketing strategies to target this segment of ‘early adopters’ in the first place.