中心静脉导管与锁骨下静脉穿刺置管术的比较

目的:比较锁骨下静脉置管术和PI CC置管术在肿瘤治疗应用中的优缺点,从而根据临床需求选择较合适的静脉置管方法。方法:对327例肿瘤化疗病人分别采用锁骨下静脉置管术和PI CC置管术,将两种置管方法分为A、B两组,A组患者行锁骨下静脉置管术,共159例;B组行肘静脉置管术,共168例。比较两组穿刺时间、一次置管成功率、并发症及留管时间。结果:A组穿刺时间较B组短(P<0.05),一次置管成功率较B组高(P<0.05),B组并发症发生率较A组高(P<0.05),但留管时间较A组长(P<0.05)。结论:PI CC置管与锁骨下静脉置管各有优劣,需根据临床不同情况选择合适的穿刺方法。     

PICC置管致静脉血栓原因分析

回顾性分析3例经外周静脉行PICC置管后发生锁骨下静脉血栓患者的临床资料,认为PICC置管由于导管尖端不能达到上腔静脉而留置锁骨下静脉区域是导致静脉血栓形成的主要原因,提出采取固定有经验的人行PICC置管操作及彩超监测措施在一定程度上可预防PICC置管致静脉血栓形成。     

锁骨下静脉穿刺置管术在神经外科的应用

目的：探讨锁骨下静脉穿刺置管术在神经外科的应用。方法：回顾分析我科近几年来采用锁骨下静脉穿刺置管术的神经外科患，结果：43例患中，42例穿刺成功，留置时间15－40天，1例穿刺失败。结论：锁骨下静脉穿刺置管及中心静脉测压使神经外科患补液量有了客观的依据，同时也解决了颅内压和有效循环血容量之间的矛盾。     

锁骨下静脉置管术在脑卒中患者中的应用体会

目的 探讨深静脉穿刺置管术在脑卒中患者中的应用体会。方法 脑卒中患者60例接受深静脉穿刺置管术的临床资料,观察应用效果。结果 锁骨下静脉置管术54例,成功46例,失败8例,无一例出现局部血肿、气栓、血气胸、误穿等较严重并发症。失败8例改由股静脉穿刺置管,置管成功6例,另2例采取静脉切开置管。置管时间平均23 d。发生穿刺口渗液2例,加压包扎后好转;堵管4例,予以拔除;导管细菌培养阳性者4例,抗感染后恢复。结论 锁骨下静脉置管术在脑卒中患者中使用效果良好,加强导管护理可减少置管后并发症发生。     

两种入路的锁骨下静脉穿刺置管术比较

目的:探讨不同入路的锁骨下静脉穿刺置管术的临床应用效果。方法:将89例行锁骨下静脉穿刺置管术的患者随机分为锁骨上入路组(41例)和锁骨下入路组(48例),观察两组一次置管成功率及并发症的发生情况。结果:两组一次置管成功率及并发症的发生率比较,差异有显著性意义(P<0.01,P<0.05)。结论:锁骨上入路应作为锁骨下静脉穿刺置管术的首选路径。     

右锁骨下静脉置管护理及体会

目的探讨锁骨下深静脉置管的护理方法。方法对87例重症患者行锁骨下静脉置管术。结果通过加强对锁骨下深静脉置管患者的护理,从而减少常见并发症的发生。结论加强锁骨下深静脉置管患者的护理,有利于减少并发症及提高导管的留置时间。     

四种深部静脉穿刺中心静脉置管的临床比较

经皮深部静脉穿刺中心静脉置管术是目前广泛应用的重要医疗技术,但各种经皮深部静脉穿刺中心静脉置管的方法在临床应用中各有其优劣,现就经颈内静脉、锁骨下静脉、股静脉、高频超声引导经锁骨下静脉穿刺中心静脉置管在穿刺成功率、操作时间及主要并发症的发生率等进行比较.     

两次锁骨下静脉置管难易及成功率情况分析

目的观察52例患者不同时段两次锁骨下静脉置管难易程度及成功率情况并进行分析。方法选择重复住院需行化疗的肿瘤患者,为完成化疗均在不同时段行两次锁骨下静脉置管术,首次置管者入A组,第二次置管者入B组,两组均为52人次。结果 A组有38例患者一次性穿刺置管成功,14例患者非一次性穿刺置管成功;B组有28例患者一次性穿刺置管成功,24例患者非一次性穿刺置管成功。所有患者最终成功置管于右锁骨下静脉。A组与B组一次性穿刺成功率比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,表明A组一次性穿刺置管成功率高于B组。结论第二次锁骨下静脉置管者置管难度增大,但不影响置管成功率。     

颈内、锁骨下静脉穿刺置管术的比较

目的探讨颈内静脉、锁骨下静脉穿刺中心静脉置管术的临床应用效果.方法将89例行中心静脉置管术的患者随机分为锁穿组(41例)和颈穿组(48例),颈穿组行颈内静脉穿刺置管,锁穿组行锁骨下静脉穿刺置管.观察两组一次置管成功率及并发症的发生情况.结果两组一次置管成功率及并发症发生率比较,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).结论颈内静脉穿刺应作为中心静脉置管的首选路径.     

超声引导经锁骨下静脉穿刺中心静脉置管术的应用

目的探讨超声实时监视下经锁骨下静脉穿刺中心静脉置管术的应用价值.方法将 278例行锁骨下静脉穿刺中心静脉置管术患者随机分为对照组(148例)和观察组(130例).观察组于超声引导下置管,对照组采用传统盲穿法置管.比较两组置管一次成功率及并发症发生率.结果观察组一次成功率(100.0%)显著高于对照组为(90.5%),(P<0.01);观察组并发症发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.05).结论超声引导下行锁骨下静脉穿刺中心静脉置管术可同步动态观察局部解剖结构及操作过程,其效果显著优于传统盲插法.     

Thrombosis of intrathoracic veins. A complication of venous catheterization for temporary hemodialysis]

Venous thrombosis of large vessels is a common complication, generally asymptomatic, that may occur during central venous catheterization for temporal hemodialysis. We report 2 cases of intrathoracic venous thrombosis which were suspected because of the difficulties occurring during catheterization of a new venous approach during dialysis. Both cases were diagnosed by angiography.     

Brachial artery injury after cardiac catheterization

During a 3-year period, 12,158 cardiac catheterizations were performed via the brachial artery. During this same period, 106 patients were operated on for complications of brachial artery injury and/or thrombosis, an incidence of 0.9%. The indication for the cardiac catheterization was coronary artery disease in almost 92% of the patients. Early (less than 4 days) brachial artery repair was done in 90% of the patients. The operative findings were thrombosis (91%), intimal injury (54%), stenosis (13%), laceration and/or perforation (11%), and atherosclerotic plaque (6%). Because of vessel injury, localized resection was done in two thirds of the patients. Vascular continuity was obtained with axial reanastomosis in 45 patients and interposition vein graft in 26 patients. Primary lateral repair was performed in 23 patients (22%). Ninety-five percent (101 patients) had initial excellent results. Of the five patients who required reoperation, flow was restored in four patients. Thus, 99% of patients had restoration of a patent brachial artery. Contributing factors for brachial artery complications are "redo" catheterization, prolonged catheterization time, catheter change, brachial artery atherosclerosis, improper arteriotomy closure, experience of cardiologist, female patient, and failure to use heparin. Because of the unpredictability of ischemic symptoms occurring after brachial artery thrombosis, the need for bypass graft surgery when delayed, and the good results with early surgical intervention, early exploration of brachial artery complications after cardiac catheterization and appropriate repair are recommended.     

低分子量肝素预防股静脉置管后血栓形成的临床疗效

目的：观察低分子量肝素预防股静脉置管术后深静脉血栓形成的效果。方法122例下肢深静脉置管患者随机分为治疗组（63例）和对照组（59例）。治疗组每日皮下注射低分子量肝素5000IU,对照组采取下肢主被动活动等常规预防方法。观察2组深静脉血栓的发生率及治疗组治疗前后凝血功能及血小板有无变化。结果治疗组有7例出现深静脉血栓,对照组有15例出现,2组间差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。治疗组治疗前后APTT、PT、INR、PLT均无显著差异。结论股静脉置管术后使用低分子量肝素可以有效预防下肢深静脉血栓形成。     

Venographic surveillance of tunneled venous access devices in adult oncology patients

Background: Tunneled venous access devices (VADs) are often essential in the care of patients with advanced malignancies, but they carry an uncertain risk of thrombosis. Methods: To determine the incidence of venoocclusion related to silicone VADs in a population of adult oncology patients, we prospectively studied 50 individuals with upper extremity venograms ∼6 weeks after their VADs had been implanted. Twenty-one of these patients were reevaluated with venograms ∼12 weeks after catheterization. In addition, venograms were performed on a separate group of 24 patients who needed catheterization of axillary-subclavian veins that had been catheterized in the past. Results: The 6-week venograms in the prospective study showed partial venous obstruction in 15 patients (30%), whereas three (6%) had developed symptomatic total venoocclusion by this time. The 12-week venograms showed two additional complete occlusions. Venograms of 30 previously catheterized veins showed complete venoocclusion in nine (30%), although only two had a history of thrombosis. Conclusions: Our observations indicate that VADs frequently cause partial venoocclusion within the first 6 weeks of catheterization and that permanent venous damage from VADs is common, even without a history of VAD-related thrombosis.     

导管相关性静脉血栓处理原则

导管相关性静脉血栓（CRT）的处理包括血栓的预防和治疗，两者缺一不可。预防策略又包括置管前危险因素的分析和准备如选择合理的导管规格和置管部位能减少CRT的发生；置管术中减少血栓发生的危险因素如无菌操作，导管头端放置于上腔静脉心房入口处；置管后血栓发生的预防措施如功能锻炼，不建议常规预防抗凝治疗。一旦发生了血栓，排除抗凝禁忌证后尽快开始抗凝治疗，抗凝时间至导管拔除后3个月；不建议放置上腔静脉滤器，不建议导管溶栓。尽可能保留有功能的导管，直到导管失功或者不再需要导管。至于拔管时机，建议在抗凝治疗2周后，分次拔出，以减少血栓脱落肺栓塞的风险。     

Pulmonary artery catheterization by the percutaneous approach to the axillary vein

The choice of venous access can be difficult in patients under intensive care. The axillary vein appeared interesting to evaluate. This prospective study involved 63 punctures carried out in 59 patients during a 16 month period (14 females and 45 males; mean age: 54 +/- 4 yr). 34 patients were tracheostomized and under controlled respiration; some had coagulation abnormalities (8 cases). The other 29 patients were undergoing a preoperative haemodynamic study. Puncture of the axillary vein was carried out with the needle inserted at an angle of 30 degrees to the skin surface and directed parallel to the artery medial to its course. The Seldinger technique was used (catheter and guide wire). Overall success rate was 87.5%. In 73%, less than three attempts were required. After the catheter was set in place in the axillary vein, the mean time required to reach the pulmonary artery was 7 +/- 15 min (range: 20 s-45 min). Less than 1 min was needed in 60%. Extrasystoles were observed in 3.6%. The incidence of arterial puncture was 11% without any late complications. In every case, pulmonary artery and capillary wedge pressure curves were obtained, as well as cardiac output measurements. Mean duration of catheterization was 2 +/- 1.1 days in the preoperative haemodynamic group and 4 +/- 1.7 days in the other. No infectious complication was related to the catheterization. One thrombosis of the axillary and subclavian veins was noted (1.8%). The axillary vein appeared therefore to be useful for pulmonary artery catheterization. It is an alternative choice in patients under controlled ventilation and with coagulation problems.     

Incidence of thrombosis during central venous catheterization of newborns: a prospective study.

Forty-two newborns were studied prospectively to determine the incidence of thrombosis due to central venous catheterization. Following Broviac catheter placement, the catheter tip, distal superior vena cava, and right atrium were evaluated by weekly two-dimensional echocardiograms. The presence of thrombosis was examined in relation to birth weight, gestational age, age and weight at the time of catheter placement, antithrombin III levels, and platelet counts. Six newborns (14%) were noted to have a thrombus by echocardiographic examination after the catheter had been in place for a median duration of 7 weeks. The infants with thrombus formation had significantly lower birth weights (887 +/- 231 v 1,409 +/- 766 g; P = .003) and gestational ages (27 +/- 2.4 v 30.3 +/- 4.3 weeks; P = .018) than those without thrombus. Their weights (757 +/- 203 v 1,832 +/- 1,098 g; P = .000) and ages (2.75 +/- 0.76 v 7.24 +/- 7.8 weeks; P = .002) at the time of catheter placement were also lower; the antithrombin III levels were lower at the time of catheter placement (0.32 +/- 0.08 v 0.06 +/- 0.31 U/mL; P = .001), but were normal for gestational and postnatal age. The presence of thrombosis was not related to the sex of the baby, the platelet count, or the duration of catheterization.     

Thrombosis after aortic balloon occlusion during cesarean delivery for abnormally invasive placenta

BackgroundAbnormally invasive placenta is a major cause of postpartum hemorrhage and cesarean hysterectomy. An increasing number of obstetricians worldwide employ prophylactic aortic balloon occlusion to manage bleeding during cesarean delivery in these patients. However, the safety of this procedure in pregnant women has not been confirmed.MethodsThe clinical records of patients who were suspected of having abnormally invasive placenta and who received prophylactic aortic balloon catheterization before cesarean delivery were retrospectively studied for thrombotic complications.ResultsThere were 121 patients with suspected abnormally invasive placenta who received prophylactic aortic balloon catheterization before surgery and 115 had the balloon inflated during surgery. Twelve of these 121 patients (10%) developed thrombotic complications. Except for one case of venous thrombosis, all other patients exhibited arterial thrombosis in the limbs on the catheterization side and 11 cases (92%) of thrombosis were discovered within 24 hours of delivery. Eventually, eight patients received arterial thromboembolectomy, and four patients received conservative anticoagulation treatment.ConclusionAortic balloon occlusion for the management of bleeding in women with an abnormally invasive placenta may not uncommonly result in thrombosis. Therefore, the risks and benefits of the procedure must be carefully weighed before it is utilized in these patients.     

Urokinase treatment of neonatal aortoiliac thrombosis caused by umbilical artery catheterization: a case report

Umbilical artery catheterization is known to be associated with aortoiliac thrombosis in approximately 1% of newborns in whom catheters are placed. We describe a case of catheter-associated aortoiliac thrombosis in a newborn who was successfully treated by urokinase infusion. The infant was monitored by imaging studies followed by ultrasonography. The use of real-time ultrasonography enabled us to image this infant's aortoiliac thrombosis in an accurate, noninvasive manner and monitor the effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy. The fibrinolytic state was achieved with a combination of intravenous and intraarterial infusions of urokinase. Frequent measurement of prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, and thrombin time was used to guide fibrinolytic therapy. We reviewed the literature for similar cases of aortoiliac thrombosis in newborns; some were managed by medical means, others by operation. The success rate of the two approaches appeared to be approximately equal. Therefore we recommend the less invasive approach first--urokinase therapy--to be followed by surgical intervention if thrombolysis is unsuccessful.     

门诊患者PICC安全性的分析和比较

目的 探讨PICC置管在门诊患者中使用和维护的安全性。方法 收集2015年11月至2020年7月广州第一人民医院肿瘤科住院及出院患者实施PICC置管的随访资料,分析和比较门诊和住院两个阶段PICC管的使用并发症发生情况。结果 共537例患者纳入研究范围并进行612次PICC置管,总留置时间为18292天,其中住院期间带管时间为7954天（43.5%）,门诊带管时间为10338天（56.5%）。共记录了98例次PICC相关并发症,门诊共45例次（7.2%）,入院患者则有54例次（7.3%）,大多为接受化疗或化疗联合治疗,占总并发症的74.5%。总并发症发生率为5.02/1000导管天,其中门诊组的并发症发生率为4.69/1000导管天,住院组为5.21/1000导管天,两者间差异没有统计学意义（OR=0.881;95%CI： 0.773 ~ 1.892, P=0.639）。最常见的并发症是插管部位的局部炎症（6.2%）、静脉血栓形成（2.8%）、血液感染（2.1%）和PICC管闭塞（1.5%）。结论 门诊患者中使用和维护PICC管是安全的,不会导致其并发症风险加大。