Textural-structural,mineralogical, isotopic,and age characteristics of Jurassic terrigenous rocks of the northwestern Caucasus (the Belaya River section)

Results of the comprehensive study of structural, lithological, mineralogical, and isotopic characteristics of Lower Jurassic rocks exposed in the Belaya River valley (Adygeya) in meganticlinorium of the Greater Caucasus are presented. Deformation microstructures were studied. Lithological and textural-structural changes in sequences related to intense secondary transformations should affect the state of isotopic systems of rocks. To reveal basic trends in the evolution of isotopic systems, investigation using the K-Ar method was carried out. Clay fraction (less than 1 μm) separated from rocks and bulk samples were analyzed. Cleavage development, approximate value of rock contraction, and isotopic characteristics are compared with the available data on alteration of clay mineral assemblages. Relationship between the degree of rock deformation at the microlevel and calculated K-Ar ages has been established. K-Ar systems of clayey rocks indicate the age of cleavage formation and correspond to the Bajocian-Bathonian contraction period.     

Evaluation of groundwater quality and contamination around fluorite mineralization,Kaman region,Central Anatolia,Turkey

Groundwater can be exposed to pollution and therefore the quality will be affected in areas of fluorite mineralization. Distribution of fluorite mineralization in the area, its formation type and hydrogeological characteristics of these rocks are a factor of the pollution parameters in groundwater. Syenite, nephelinesyenite and micro gabbro type alkaline rocks are exposed in the Kaman region. Hydrothermal fluorite mineralization is formed in fractures and fissures of the syenite and nepheline-syenites in the study area. The fluoride values of these rocks vary between 480–11990 ppm. These high fluoride concentrations in the rocks result in fluoride contamination in groundwater.     

The Granulite-Facies Rocks of the Northern Segment of the Ribeira Belt, Eastern Minas Gerais, SE Brazil

Granulite rocks are exposed in eastern Minas Gerais, Brazil. Its early neoproterozoic evolution is characterised by a history of an active continental margin, including the accretion of suspect terranes. The Manhuaçu Terrane is one of those which is represented by a granitic continental plutonic arc and terrigeneous metasediments reflecting a continental margin. A metasedimentary gneiss belt at this margin with shallow to deep marine clastic lithologies as well as metavolcanic and metaplutonic mafic rocks was interpreted as an extensive tectonic segment with suspect development in a back-arc setting. Fragments of a volcanic arc are identified and interpreted as an evidence for a probable island-arc domain. The granulites occur as massive rocks as well as high-grade gneisses and show lithological, structural and metamorphic attributes consistent with their host belt type. In the western portion granulites derived from sedimentary protoliths, have been deposited, deformed and metamorphosed together with the mafic intrusions and as well as with their crystallization. Regional uplift exposed these rocks probably immediately after the metamorphism. In these belts the metamorphic grade is not uniform, especially where uplifting has exposed oblique cross sections over the granulitic rocks. Geothermobarometric calculations indicate that the granulites has been generated under T conditions between 800 and 990 ± 50 C and from medium (4.8 kb) to relatively high (10.0 kb) pressures.     

甘肃天祝地区乌鞘岭一带双峰式火山岩 的发现及其构造环境

北祁连乌鞘岭一带出露一套以玄武质岩石为主的双峰式火山岩组合,火山岩岩石类型以变质玄武岩为主,夹少量的流纹岩。玄武质岩石为蚀变玄武岩,属拉斑玄武岩系列,低SiO2、K2O,高Ti,富Na、Th、U等,轻稀土元素亏损—略富集型,无明显Eu异常,微量元素具Nb、Ta负异常。流纹质岩石属钙碱性系列,高SiO2,低K2O,为钠质系列,大离子亲石元素富集,具明显的Nb、P、Ti、Sr负异常和Th、U正异常,轻稀土元素富集,(La/Yb)N为2.98~11.46,Eu负异常明显,δEu介于0.07~0.60之间。结合区域资料分析,乌鞘岭双峰式火山岩可能形成于弧后盆地环境。     

Depositional environment and provenance of Middle Siwalik sediments in Tista valley,Darjiling District,Eastern Himalaya,India

The frontal part of the active, wedge-shaped Indo-Eurasian collision boundary is defined by the Himalayan fold-and-thrust belt whose foreland basin accumulated sediments that eventually became part of the thrust belt and is presently exposed as the sedimentary rocks of the Siwalik Group. The rocks of the Siwalik Group have been extensively studied in the western and Nepal Himalaya and have been divided into the Lower, Middle and Upper Subgroups. In the Darjiling–Sikkim Himalaya, the Upper Siwalik sequence is not exposed and the Middle Siwalik Subgroup exposed in the Tista river valley of Darjiling Himalaya preserves a ~325 m thick sequence of sandstone, conglomerate and shale. The Middle Siwalik section has been repeated by a number of north dipping thrusts. The sedimentary facies and facies associations within the lithostratigraphic column of the Middle Siwalik rocks show temporal repetition of sedimentary facies associations suggesting oscillation between proximal-, mid- and distal fan setups within a palaeo-alluvial fan depositional environment similar to the depositional setup of the Siwalik sediments in other parts of the Himalaya. These oscillations are probably due to a combination of foreland-ward movement of Himalayan thrusts, climatic variations and mountain-ward shift of fan-apex due to erosion. The Middle Siwalik sediments were derived from Higher- and Lesser Himalayan rocks. Mineral characteristics and modal analysis suggest that sedimentation occurred in humid climatic conditions similar to the moist humid climate of the present day Eastern Himalaya.     

Structure and petrology of mylonite and related rocks from the Lesser Himalaya,Garhwal, India

In the Lesser Himalayan region of Garhwal, an elongate, NW-SE trending zone of mylonitic rocks is developed along the Singuni Thrust within the metasedimentary formation of the Deoban-Tejam Belt. Detailed petrography of various mylonitic rocks indicates that a quartz and felspar porphyry was emplaced along the Singuni Thrust. This was initially metamorphosed in the almandine-amphibolite facies before profound ruptural or cataclastic and crystalloblastic deformation evolved mylonitic rocks in the green schist facies. Southwesterly dipping foliation and an equally prominent mica lineation plunging in the same direction are developed in these mylonitic rocks. The quartzite is also intensely cataclastically deformed in the green schist facies and is highly schistose with a prominent mica lineation normal to the trace of Singuni Thrust, Uttarkashi Thrust and Main Central Thrust in the ‘a’ direction of tectonic transport. In quartzite and mylonitic rocks, a probable contemporaneous development of the metamorphic and structural elements has been postulated along the Singuni Thrust during large scale tectonic movements. Normally exposed Gamri Quartzite is more metamorphosed near its base along the Singuni Thrust and Uttarkashi Thrust while the intensity of deformation increases near the top of normally exposed quartzite along the Main Central Thrust and, thus, signifying the role of thrusting in cataclastically deforming the rocks and contributing to the phenomenon of widespread reversal of metamorphism in the Lesser Himalaya.     

西藏阿里西部地区超镁铁岩的岩石化学及其上地幔化学模式的探讨

本文探讨了该区超镁铁岩化学成分的分带性;本区方辉橄榄岩与其它地区的化学成分的对比;以及与其密切共生的岩浆岩化学成分的互补关系;及本区上地幔可能的化学分带模式。得出结论:(1)从地质和岩石化学证据表明本区的方辉橄榄岩是地幔物质呈固态侵位的。(2)方辉橄榄岩与共生的岩浆岩有成因联系。(3)本区可能存在上地幔双层化学模式。     

Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks and Early Cenozoic extrusions of Cape Mary, Schmidt Peninsula, north Sakhalin: Geochemical study

The Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks of the Mariisky sequence and Early Cenozoic extrusive-vent rocks of Cape Mary are exposed at the northwestern extremity of Schmidt Peninsula, north Sakhalin. In chemical composition, all the rocks are subdivided into four groups. Three groups include the volcanic rocks of the Mariisky sequence, which consists, from bottom to top, of calc-alkaline rocks, transitional calc-alkaline-tholeiite rocks, and incompatible element-depleted tholeiites. These rocks show subduction geochemical signatures and are considered as a fragment of the Moneron-Samarga island arc system. Trace-element modeling indicates their derivation through successive melting of garnet-bearing mantle and garnet-free shallower mantle sources containing amphibole; pyroxene; and, possibly, spinel. The mixed subduction and within-plate characteristics of the extrusive vent rocks of Cape Mary attest to their formation in a transform continental margin setting.     

Geological and paleontological investigation of Rote Island, Indonesia

Geological and paleontological studies of Rote Island have proven that the distribution of the Meso-zoic rocks (especially Triassic, Jurassic, and Creta-ceous) is broader than was thought by previous work-ers. The Paleozoic rocks are not exposed, but some fossils collected from the surface suggest that such rocks are present deep down in the subsurface of this island. The fossils were brought to the surface along with the other materials by mud volcanoes which are common on the island.     

扬子陆块北缘东河铂钯矿化超基性岩脉成岩时代与岩石成因:锆石年代学、地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素约束

东河铂钯矿化超基性岩脉位于扬子陆块北缘房县东河地区,铂钯矿体产于超基性岩辉石岩脉中.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年表明该超基性岩脉结晶侵位年龄为433.2±2.9 Ma,属于早志留世.地球化学特征上,岩石具有较低含量的SiO_2(39.73%～47.46%,均值为41.41%)、中等偏低的Mg#(46.98～67.37)和高铝(11.25%～15.46%)的特征,整体上属于高铝质超基性岩类.微量和稀土元素方面,岩石具有较高的稀土总量、轻稀土富集和无明显的Eu正异常特征(ΣREE=59.59×10^-6～375.02×10^-6,(LaN/YbN)=3.94～19.13,δEu=0.93～1.13),所有岩石富集Rb、Ba、Sr、Nb、Ti等元素,亏损K、Hf、P等元素,且具有显著不同于地壳的不相容元素组成.Sr、Nd、Hf同位素研究表明,东河超基性岩具有低的(87 Sr/86 Sr)i(0.703 26～0.704 15),正的εNd(t)(4.37～5.27)和正的εHf(t)(7.29～10.26).综合研究表明:东河超基性岩来自亏损的岩石圈地幔源区,可能有富集岩石圈地幔组分的加入,原始岩浆在上升侵位过程中地壳物质的混染不明显.微量元素构造环境判别显示其形成于板内构造环境,通过分析表明东河地区在早志留世应处于被动大陆边缘,拉张伸展的状态,研究区出露的两期超基性岩床(脉)为岩石圈处于拉张状态下大陆裂谷早期阶段的产物.     

Nature of the archean midcrust in the core of the Vredefort dome, Central Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa

Extreme uplift associated with the formation of the 2.02 Ga Vredefort dome has exposed a substantial cross section through the crystalline early Archean basement complex rocks of the Kaapvaal craton. The rocks comprise polydeformed high-grade tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) gneisses, migmatites and late-tectonic intrusive granitoids that straddle the upper amphibolite-to granulite-facies transition. Field, petrographic and geochemical data indicate that compositional heterogeneity occurs on a local scale and reflects the migmatitic character of the rocks rather than crustal-scale layering as has been previously proposed. No evidence has been found to support exposure of either a melt-depleted, refractory, lower crust or an upper crustal batholithic granite layer; however, the immense volume of granitic leucosome in the rocks suggests that the exposed section represents an intermediate level between these two zones. Granitic leucosomes in the upper amphibolite-facies migmatites appear to be intrusive into the predominantly trondhjemitic host rocks, rather than of in situ derivation. Leucosome compositions in the granulite-facies migmatites are more variable, ranging from granitic and charnockitic to enderbitic, probably reflecting at least some local derivation. Leucosomes and small granitoid bodies show local-scale geochemical variation that can be explained in terms of variable amounts of melt segregation and migration, and fractionation of minerals such as K-feldspar within the melts.     

Mesoarchean sanukitoid rocks of the Rio Maria Granite-Greenstone Terrane,Amazonian craton,Brazil

The Archean sanukitoid Rio Maria Granodiorite yielded zircon ages of ～2.87 Ga and is exposed in large domains of the Rio Maria Granite-Greenstone Terrane, southeastern Amazonian craton. It is intrusive in the greenstone belts of the Andorinhas Supergroup, in the Arco Verde Tonalite and Caracol Tonalitic Complex (older TTGs). Archean potassic leucogranites, younger TTGs and the Paleoproterozoic granites of Jamon Suite are intrusive in the Rio Maria Granodiorite.The more abundant rocks of the Rio Maria Granodiorite have granodioritic composition and display medium to coarse even-grained textures. These rocks show generally a gray color with greenish shades due to strongly saussuritized plagioclase, and weak WNW-ESE striking foliation. The significant geochemical contrasts between the occurrences of Rio Maria Granodiorite in different areas suggest that this unit corresponds in fact to a granodioritic suite of rocks derived from similar but distinct magmas. Mingling processes involving the Rio Maria Granodiorite and similar mafic to intermediate magmas are able to explain the constant occurrence of mafic enclaves in the granodiorite.The associated intermediate rocks occur mainly near Bannach, where mostly quartz diorite and quartz monzodiorite are exposed. The dominant rocks are mesocratic, dark-green rocks, with fine to coarse even-grained texture. The Rio Maria Granodiorite and associated intermediate rocks show similar textural and mineralogical aspects. They follow the calc-alkaline series trend in some diagrams. However, they have high-Mg#, Cr, and Ni conjugate with high contents of large ion lithophile elements (LILEs), typical of sanukitoids series. The patterns of rare earth elements of different rocks are similar, with pronounced enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and strong to moderate fractionation of heavy rare earth elements (HREEs).Field aspects and petrographic and geochemical characteristics denote that the granodiorites and intermediate rocks have sanukitoid affinity. However, geochemical data suggest that the intermediate rocks and the granodiorites are not related by a fractional crystallization process. It is concluded that the intermediate rocks derived from similar sources to the granodiorites, but probably result from a higher degree of melting, being both cogenetic, but not comagmatic rocks.Mineralogical aspects associated with experimental evidence suggest that the Rio Maria Granodiorite magma was relatively water-enriched (>4 wt.%), explaining the presence of hornblende at the liquidus and the absence of clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene in the studied rocks. The occurrence of well-preserved magmatic epidote crystals, admitting that the Rio Maria Granodiorite was emplaced at shallow crustal levels, points to a rapid ascent of the Rio Maria Granodiorite magma.     

藏北羌塘中部晚古生代增生杂岩的发现及其地质意义

西藏中部羌塘变质岩带发育复理石碎屑建造和片理化玄武岩建造,都经历了强烈的构造置换作用;还发育早—晚古生代大理岩岩片、无根勾状褶皱和大理岩与蓝片岩组成的同斜褶皱,不同时代的榴辉岩呈岩块出露。这些地质体呈岩片产出,经历了多期构造叠加和置换,原岩总体为碎屑岩、泥质岩、硅质岩、碳酸盐岩及枕状玄武岩、辉长岩建造。宏观上发育明显的区域性置换面理,为典型的造山带增生杂岩。     

辽西白塔地区侏罗纪火山岩岩石学、同位素年代学与地球化学特征

出露于辽西白塔地区的侏罗纪中酸性火山岩及火山碎屑岩组合,主要是由粗安岩、流纹质岩屑晶屑熔结凝灰岩、粗面英安岩和流纹岩组成。通过系统的LA-ICPMS锆石的U-Pb同位素年代学研究,研究区火山岩形成年代为165~149 Ma。岩石地球化学特征显示,酸性火山岩属于钙碱性火山岩系,中性火山岩分别属于碱性火山岩系和中-高钾钙碱性火山岩系,中性岩具有埃达克质岩的地球化学特征,SiO_2≥56.20%、Al_2O_3≥15.09%、MgO≤2.89%、Sr≥561×10~(-6)、Y≤13.15×10~(-6)、Yb≤1.47×10~(-6)和无明显Eu异常。研究区火山岩普遍具有富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、K、Ba、Sr、Pb)和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素(Ti、Nb、Ta、P)的特征。其原始岩浆来源于基性下地壳物质的部分熔融,形成于古太平洋板块俯冲影响下板内挤压造山的构造环境。     

北京市凤鸵梁-四海地区东岭台组火山岩岩石化学特征

根据 TAS图解 ,北京市北部凤鸵梁 -四海地区东岭台组火山岩属于流纹岩 -粗面岩 -粗安岩组合。该套火山岩既不属于钾玄岩系列 ,也不是典型的高钾钙碱性系列或碱性橄榄玄武岩系列 ,在总体上应属于钾质碱性系列和富钾质拉斑系列相混合的过渡岩石组合。该套火山岩轻稀土元素明显富集。粗安岩类岩石没有负铕异常或负铕异常不明显 ,而流纹岩和粗面岩存在明显的负铕异常。凤鸵梁 -四海地区东岭台组酸性火山岩形成于造山晚期或后造山期初始阶段。     

Integrated potential-field and seismic constraints on the structure of the Archean metasedimentary English River belt,Western Superior craton,Canada

The English River Subprovince is a prominent belt of metasedimentary rocks in the Archean Western Superior Province. The structure of its western half was investigated by using techniques of enhancement and automatic interpretation of magnetic data, and integration of magnetic-derived information with seismic and gravity data. The results indicate that a suite of exposed felsic plutons that intruded the belt at ca. 2698 Ma extends under most of the metasedimentary rocks that are exposed at the surface. The thickness of the metasedimentary rocks is interpreted to be less than 1 km in areas where it is underlain by the members of this intrusive suite. In other areas, the metasedimentary rocks attain thicknesses of 3–4 km and appear to be underlain by rocks similar to the gneissic rocks that are exposed in the adjacent metaplutonic Winnipeg River Subprovince. The integration of enhanced magnetic data with gravity data indicates that the large gravity anomaly that extends along the English River belt correlates well spatially and morphologically with the extensive suite of felsic intrusions that underlies the belt, suggesting that the crustal component of the gravity anomaly is related to this suite of intrusions. We interpret the source of the gravity anomaly as a dense unit comprising anhydrous mineral assemblages that formed within these felsic intrusions in response to low-pressure, high-temperature metamorphism that affected the belt at ca. 2691 Ma. On the basis of geochronological, geological and geophysical constraints, we propose that this metamorphic episode is linked to the continuation of magmatism at depth after the emplacement of the ca. 2698 Ma felsic plutons, being ultimately related to the advection of mantle heat into the crust during a period of regional extension.     

Geochemistry of Archean Metavolcanic Rocks from Kadiri Schist Belt, Andhra Pradesh, India

The basic volcanic group exposed in the Kadiri schist belt includes high Mg-basalt, basalt, basaltic andestite and dacite. The basalts are tholeiitic in composition and high Mg-basalts, basaltic andesites and dacites show calc-alkaline affinity. Major and trace element characteristics suggest that the volcanic suite has been derived from an initial tholeiitic magma which has given rise to an early basaltic type and a later calc-alkaline type of rocks. An island arc and active continental margin tectonic setting was inferred for these rocks.     

New data on the stratigraphy,structure and petrology of the Precambrian/Cambrian inlier at Martley,Worcestershire

A disused Victorian gravel pit [SO 7450 5956] 1 km west of Martley, Worcestershire formerly exposed an inlier of Neoproterozoic meta-igneous rocks and early Palaeozoic quartz arenite. The pit is back-filled, but trenching at the site between 2010 and 2014 re-exposed the rocks of the inlier and the surrounding Silurian and Carboniferous cover rocks. The site lies on the East Malvern Fault (EMF) and the work has proved the relationships between the meta-igneous rocks, quartz arenite and cover rocks, and revealed a complex of thrust faults in the footwall of the EMF. The thrusts are interpreted as footwall shortcuts and provide evidence of the Variscan inversion and compressive events resolved along this fault line (the Malvern Lineament) which has a prolonged and complex history of activation and reactivation. The structures at Martley provide a model in microcosm for other Variscan compressional structures along the Malvern Lineament.     

北京四海地区髫髻山组—后城组火山岩岩石化学特征

根据TAS图解，北京北部四海地区髫髻山组—后城组火山岩属于粗安岩 (粗面岩 流纹岩)组合。该套火山岩既不属于钾玄岩系列，也不是典型的碱性橄榄玄武岩系列，在总体上为高钾钙碱性系列、富钾质拉斑系列和过渡型高钾钙碱性系列三种岩石组合的混合。该套火山岩轻稀土元素明显富集。粗安岩类岩石没有负销异常或负铕异常不明显，而流纹岩和粗面岩类岩石存在负铕异常。四海地区髫髻山组—后城组火山岩形成于燕山运动早期或中期阶段的造山变形事件趋于结束时的构造环境中。     

北京西山沿河城东岭台组火山岩成因及其地质意义

北京西山沿河城东岭台组火山岩由底部(第1岩性段)玄武粗安岩、下部(第2岩性段)酸性火山碎屑岩和上部(第3、4岩性段)粗面岩、流纹岩组成。根据地球化学特征,东岭台组下部第1岩性段玄武粗安岩属于碱性系列,具有Coombs成分变异趋势,上部的中、酸性岩属于高钾钙碱性;东岭台组火山岩整体具有从碱质富集的基性岩向硅饱和的中酸性岩变化的跨越式成分变异趋势。东岭台组中—基性岩是富集Ba、Sr、LREE和K的幔源原始玄武质岩浆在中等压力条件下分离结晶的产物,岩石在成岩过程中受到了下地壳物质的混染。东岭台组上部第3、4岩性段的粗面岩或英安岩依据地球化学特征分为3大类——富铝钾质粗面岩、富铝钠质粗面岩或英安岩与贫铝粗面岩或英安岩。富铝钾质粗面岩是玄武质岩浆与中地壳岩石发生熔融反应的产物;富铝钠质粗面岩或英安岩是内侵的基性岩含水熔融的产物;贫铝粗面岩或英安岩有可能由中—基性岩分异而来,成岩过程中受到围岩混染。东岭台组下部第2岩性段的酸性火山岩形成于下地壳低钾岩石在高氧逸度条件下的低程度部分熔融。东岭台组上部第3、4岩性段的酸性火山岩中的低硅端元是基性岩浆与中地壳岩石发生熔融反应的产物;高硅端元由低硅酸性火山岩分离结晶演化而来。燕山早白垩世早、中期大规模高钾钙碱性岩浆活动很可能是幔源岩浆与陆壳发生熔融反应的产物。东岭台组火山岩是早白垩世中期地壳被内侵玄武质岩浆加热,进而导致地温梯度增高的直观表征;地壳深部温度升高和部分熔融直接促使地壳发生侧向韧性流动,致使早白垩世时期的燕山地区由山地演变为高原。