医院内真菌感染的分布及药物敏感性分析

目的了解医院内真菌感染分布及药物敏感情况,为预防真菌感染、合理使用抗真菌药物提供依据。方法常规培养分离出真菌,然后接种在科玛嘉显示培养基进行显色,并用法国生物梅里埃公司生产的API20CAUX酵母菌鉴定到种,利用ATB FUNGUS3真菌药敏板条进行MIC法药敏试验。结果湖南省肿瘤医院2008年6月-2011年6月期间,真菌感染来源的主要病区依次是胸部内科(35.2%)、重症监护病房(29.0%)、老干内科(17.4%);真菌感染的标本主要来自痰(69.6%),其次,尿液占9.2%,大便和分泌物各占7.4%、6.8%;在500株真菌中,白色假丝酵母菌占54.6%,其次是热带假丝酵母菌25.8%、近平滑假丝酵母菌9.2%、克柔假丝酵母菌8.2%;500株真菌中,23.08%白色念珠菌(63/273),30.0%非白念(68/227)对5-氟胞嘧啶不敏感;30.8%非白念(70/227)对氟康唑不敏感,其中87.8%克柔念珠(36/41)对氟康唑耐药;17.2%非白念(39/227)对伊曲康唑不敏感;8.4%非白念(19/227)对伏立康唑不敏感;8.8%非白念(20/227)对两性霉素B不敏感。所有白色念珠菌对氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、两性霉素B均敏感。结论临床感染的真菌仍以白色念珠菌为主,非白色念珠菌的感染有上升趋势,药敏结果显示非白念对5-氟胞嘧啶、氟康唑、伊曲康唑产生了较强的耐药性;因此,常规开展真菌药敏试验,进行耐药性监测,可以为预防真菌感染、合理使用抗真菌药物提供依据。     

医院内深部真菌感染的临床分布和药敏结果

目的对350株临床深部真菌感染的标本进行分离鉴定和药敏试验,了解患者真菌性医院感染现状,为临床感染性疾病提供病原学诊断和合理使用抗真菌药物的依据。方法按常规方法培养,采用念珠菌显色培养基进行鉴定,对于少见的念珠菌采用PCR技术鉴定;对真菌用棉蓝染色直接镜检和培养相结合的方法进行鉴定。采用纸片扩散法进行药敏试验。结果350株真菌标本中,念珠菌属329株,占94.00%;真菌(丝状菌)21株,占6.00%;分离菌株对药物的敏感性分别为氟康唑92.40%、两性霉素B 97.57%、伊曲康唑93.01%、5-氟胞嘧啶88.10%。结论院内真菌感染以念珠菌属最为多见,特别是白色念珠菌和热带念珠菌;药敏结果显示氟康唑、两性霉素B、伊曲康唑、氟胞嘧啶均有较高的抗菌活性,但氟康唑对克柔念珠菌和光滑念珠菌有较高的耐药性;对送检标本及时进行真菌培养和药敏实验,合理使用抗真菌药物,减少多重耐药和深部真菌感染的发生。     

189株无菌部位白色念珠菌的药敏变迁分析

目的 回顾分析本院近5年分离自无菌部位的白色念珠菌的临床分布情况及其对5种常用抗真菌药物的敏感性变化。方法 收集本院2014年-2018年分离自尿液、分泌物、穿刺液等无菌部位的白色念珠菌,采用科玛嘉显色培养基和VITEK 2 Compact全自动细菌鉴定系统鉴定筛选出白色念珠菌,用ATB药敏板条进行药敏试验。结果 189株白色念珠菌株主要来自泌尿外科、ICU及神经内科,标本类型主要为尿液及分泌物。药敏检测最小抑菌浓度(MIC)发现,白色念珠菌对两性霉素B的5年敏感率均为100. 00%,3种唑类药物2015年-2017年其敏感率较高( 83. 00%),2017年均出现下降趋势(73. 00%～80. 00%)。另外,由于5-氟胞嘧啶无具体的药敏判定标准,在此次白色念珠菌药敏结果中,MIC值≤4 mg/L者187株,占98. 94%。结论 白色念珠菌对两性霉素B联合5-氟胞嘧啶敏感性最高,氟康唑及伏立康唑药物敏感性高于伊曲康唑。     

1312株酵母菌的鉴定及其药敏分析

目的 分析临床标本中酵母菌的菌种分布及其对5种常用抗真菌药物的敏感性,帮助临床合理使用抗真菌药物. 方法 采用显色培养基和VITEK 32的YST鉴定卡对2009-2010年海口市人民医院临床送检的标本进行分离鉴定,并用ATB FUNGUS 3进行体外药物敏感性检测及耐药分析. 结果 1312株酵母菌中,其中白色念珠菌最多为825株(62.9％),其次为热带念珠菌206株(15.7％)和光滑念珠菌198株(15.1％).体外药敏检测结果显示氟康唑、伏立康唑对白色念珠菌、近平滑念珠菌、热带念珠菌的敏感率达90％以上;伊曲康唑对白色念珠菌和近平滑念珠菌敏感率大于80％;两性霉素B对各念珠菌的敏感率都大于95％. 结论 1312株酵母菌中白色念珠菌的比例最高,其次为热带念珠菌和光滑念珠菌.体外药敏检测结果显示氟康唑、伏立康唑和两性霉素B的敏感率较好.     

重症监护室内真菌感染43例临床分析

目的 了解重症监护室(ICU)内真菌感染的分布和药敏试验结果,为深度真菌感染患者的治疗提供参考.方法 收集2007年6月至2009年6月入住ICU患者的痰液、尿液、粪、引流液,并进行真菌培养及药敏试验.结果 43例患者中共分离出真菌52株,其中白色念珠菌所占比率最高,占65.4%(34/52),白色丝孢酵母菌次之,占19.2%(10/52),热带念珠菌占7.7%(4/52),光滑念珠菌和假丝酵母菌最少,各占3.8%(2/52).分离的部位以呼吸道为主,其次为泌尿道.所有真菌对氟康唑、两性霉素B敏感率依次为90.4%(47/52)、92.3%(48/52),对酮康唑、伊曲康唑、制霉菌素、氟胞嘧啶的敏感率依次为57.7%(30/52)、67.3%(35/52)、38.5%(20/52)、65.4%(34/52).结论 ICU内真菌感染部位以呼吸道为主,以白色念珠菌居多,对氟康唑、两性霉素B敏感度好.     

2OO4-2OO8年院内真菌感染动态变化及耐药性分析

目的 探讨医院院内深部真菌感染5年的动态变化趋势及其耐药情况.方法 对2004-2008年的住院患者深部真菌感染进行调查,药敏试验采用法国生物梅里埃公司ATB Fungus3药敏卡.结果 5年院内深部真菌感染标本的检出率呈下降趋势(P＜0.05),院内深部真菌感染的主要部位是呼吸道,599株假丝酵母菌属对氟康唑、两性霉素B、伊曲康唑、5-氟胞嘧啶的敏感率分别为69.62%、97.96%、65.94%、96.16%.结论 采取积极的措施,做好预防工作,可以减少院内深部真菌感染的概率,氟康唑和伊曲康唑耐药性在逐年增加.     

110例假丝酵母菌属感染与药敏结果分析

目的 研究假丝酵母菌属的临床分布及其对抗真菌药物的敏感性.方法 假丝酵母菌属分离培养采用科玛嘉显色培养基,药敏试验采用K-B法,观察111株假丝酵母菌属对益康唑(ECO)、制霉菌素(NYS)、伊曲康唑(ITR)、酮康唑(KET)、氟康唑(FLU)、5-氟胞嘧啶(FCT)、两性霉素B(AMB)的敏感性.结果 111株假丝酵母菌属中,以白色假丝酵母菌最常见,占70.27%,其次为热带假丝酵母菌占21.62%,其他假丝酵母菌占8.1%;假丝酵母菌属感染的原发疾病依次为肿瘤、呼吸系统、循环系统、消化系统、血液系统、内分泌、泌尿系统疾病;假丝酵母菌属对抗真菌药物的敏感性依次为制霉菌素、两性霉素B、伊曲康唑、5-氟胞嘧啶、酮康唑、氟康唑、益康唑.结论 真菌感染与原发病及老龄化等因素密切相关;合理使用抗菌药物、提高机体免疫力是预防住院患者真菌感染的主要措施.     

重症监护病房获得性念珠菌感染的临床分布及耐药分析

目的对重症监护病房(ICU)院内念珠菌感染送检标本分离出的念珠菌,进行细菌分布及药敏结果分析,为临床用药提供依据.方法对我院ICU 2002年1月～2004年12月,181株念珠菌医院感染病例进行回顾性分析.结果ICU院内念珠菌感染老年患者居多;感染部位以泌尿道为主;基础疾病则为脑血管疾病的感染率最高;并与侵入性操作、抗菌药物和免疫抑制剂的使用、患者的机体免疫力有关;分离出的181株念珠菌中以热带念珠菌为多见,其次是白色念珠菌;药敏结果敏感率由高到低分别为:两性霉素B 96.1%、制霉菌素96.1%、5-氟胞嘧啶90.6%、酮康唑81.2%、咪康唑76.2%、益康唑75.1%、伊曲康唑75.0%、氟康唑64.9%.结论高龄、严重 基础疾病、侵入性操作、大量广谱抗菌药物的使用是ICU念珠菌感染的易感因素;ICU念珠菌感染以热带念珠菌最为多见,药物敏感性以两性霉素B、制霉菌素、5-氟胞嘧啶为高;对送检标本及时进行真菌培养和药敏试验,合理使用抗菌药物和抗真菌药,减少多重耐药和深部真菌感染的发生.     

真菌感染的分布与耐药性分析

目的了解医院内真菌感染临床分布及耐药分析,指导临床用药.方法标本接种于CHROMagar Candida显色培养基,根据生长菌落的颜色作出真菌鉴定,药敏试验采用ATB FUNGUS2酵母菌药物敏感性检测板条,抗真菌药物包括5-氟胞嘧啶(5FC)、两性霉素B(AMB)、氟康唑(FCA)和伊曲康唑(ITR),微量稀释法测定最小押菌浓度(MIC).结果2005年真菌阳性率8.66%;2006年真菌阳性率13.06%,两年的阳性菌株共248株,2005年FCA和ITR对白色念珠菌和热带念珠菌的耐药率比2006年高,可能是2005年肉眼判读结果时存在个体差异和内眼误差,真菌生长部分受抑制出现的拖尾现象.结论5FC和AMB的耐药率较低,是目前治疗真菌感染首选药物.临床上应减少滥用抗生素和抗真菌药物,减少耐药性,在一定程度上减少医院感染的发生率.     

假丝酵母菌性阴道炎的菌种鉴定及耐药性分析

目的 了解假丝酵母菌性阴道炎患者临床感染假丝酵母菌属的特点及其耐药现状,为临床抗真菌药物治疗提供参考依据.方法 按常规方法 以萨布罗培养基分离真菌,用法国生物梅里埃公司生产的API 20 C AUX假丝酵母菌鉴定板和ATB 3 Fungus假丝酵母菌药敏板进行假丝酵母菌属鉴定和药敏检测.结果 自593例假丝酵母菌性阴道炎患者的阴道分泌物中检出5种假丝酵母菌,以白色假丝酵母菌占首位,达到479株(80.8%),其次为热带假丝酵母菌51株(8.6%)、光滑假丝酵母菌38株(6.4%)、克柔假丝酵母菌16株(2.7%)、近平滑假丝酵母菌9株(1.5%),白色假丝酵母菌对临床常用的5种抗真菌药物5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B、氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑的敏感性均较好,>85.0%,非白色假丝酵母菌对5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B、伏立康唑的敏感性较好达>90.0%,而对氟康唑和伊曲康唑的敏感率较差均<75.0%.结论 假丝酵母菌性阴道炎感染以白色假丝酵母菌为主,白色假丝酵母菌与非白色假丝酵母菌对氟康唑和伊曲康唑的敏感性差异较大,应重视假丝酵母菌属的培养、鉴定和药敏试验,以指导临床合理选择抗真菌药物.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.