蝇蛆壳聚糖对高脂血症大鼠降脂作用

目的 研究不同脱乙酰度的蝇蛆壳聚糖对实验性高脂血症大鼠的降血脂作用.方法 采用酸碱化学法制备72.3%,80.5%,96.1%脱乙酰度的蝇蛆壳聚糖,并用红外扫描鉴定其结构.取成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为5组,分别为正常对照组、高脂模型组、蝇蛆壳聚糖72.3%,80.5%,96.1%脱乙酰度组,给高脂饲料造模的同时连续给予蝇蛆壳聚搪8周,测定大鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)含量,同时观察对大鼠体重影响.结果 各脱乙酰度组蝇蛆壳聚糖均能显著降低血清TC、TG、LDL-C含量(P＜0.01),显著升高HDL-C(P＜0.01),降低大鼠体重(P＜0.01).结论 蝇蛆壳聚糖具有明显降血脂作用,其作用与脱乙酰程度呈正相关.     

氟和砷联合染毒对大鼠在新环境中探究行为的影响及机制

目的 探讨氟、砷单独及其联合染毒对大鼠在新环境中的探究行为的影响及机制.方法 将96只健康初断乳SPF级SD大鼠随机分为对照(蒸馏水)组和NaF(120 mg/L)染毒组、亚砷酸钠(70 mg/L)染毒组及NaF(120 mg/L)+亚砷酸钠(70 mg/L)染毒组,每组24只,雌雄各半.采用饮水方式连续染毒3个月.采用旷场试验测试大鼠在新环境中的探究行为,检测大鼠血清和海马组织匀浆中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)水平和丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活力.结果 NaF+亚砷酸钠染毒组大鼠旷场试验总得分低于对照组、NaF和亚砷酸钠染毒组(P＜0.01).NaF、亚砷酸钠和NaF+亚砷酸钠染毒组中央格停留时间均长于对照组(P＜0.01).与对照组比较,NaF、亚砷酸钠和NaF+亚砷酸钠染毒组大鼠血清T-AOC水平及亚砷酸钠染毒组和NaF+亚砷酸钠染毒组血清SOD、GSH-Px活力降低,MDA含量升高(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).与NaF染毒组比较,亚砷酸钠和NaF+亚砷酸钠染毒组大鼠血清中T-AOC水平和GSH-Px活力降低(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).与对照组比较,NaF、亚砷酸钠和NaF+亚砷酸钠染毒组大鼠海马组织匀浆中T-AOC水平均降低(P＜0.01).与亚砷酸钠染毒组比较,对照组、NaF染毒组和NaF+亚砷酸钠染毒组大鼠海马组织匀浆中GSH-Px的活力均较高(P＜0.01).与NaF+亚砷酸钠染毒组比较,NaF、亚砷酸钠染毒组和对照组大鼠海马组织匀浆中MDA含量均较低(P＜0.01).与对照组比较,NaF和NaF+亚砷酸钠染毒组大鼠血清NO含量以及NaF、亚砷酸钠和NaF+亚砷酸钠染毒组大鼠血清中NOS活力及海马组织中NO含量、NOS活力均下降(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 氟、砷及其联合作用可损害大鼠在新环境中的探究行为,其机制可能与海马组织氧化损伤及NO含量和NOS活力降低有关.     

富硒竹节人参提取物降血脂及抗氧化作用

目的 观察富硒竹节人参提取物对实验性高脂血症大鼠血脂及抗氧化作用的影响.方法 采用高脂饲料喂养大鼠建立高脂血症模型,富硒竹节人参提取物按2,4g/(kg·bw)给大鼠灌胃,1次/d,连续4周.4周后取血测定血脂及抗氧化酶含量.结果 富硒竹节人参提取物高、低剂量组可降低大鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)和甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的含量,升高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C),高剂量组作用尤其明显;可使血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力上升,丙二醛((MDA)含量降低,与高脂模型组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 富硒竹节人参提取物能降低高脂饲料喂养大鼠的血脂水平,提高抗氧化能力,抑制脂质过氧化.     

共轭亚油酸对糖尿病大鼠的治疗和控制作用

目的:研究共轭亚油酸(CLA)对糖尿病大鼠的治疗和控制作用.方法:雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、糖尿病组和CLA治疗组.腹腔内注射150 mg/kg四氧嘧啶,建立大鼠糖尿病模型.用CLA 1.6g/(kg·d)灌胃治疗5周,实验结束后大鼠颈动脉插管取血,检测血糖、血清胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、血清中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、血脂和动脉粥样硬化指数(AI).取胰腺组织,计算胰腺B细胞面积密度和体积密度.结果:CLA显著降低了糖尿病大鼠的血糖和HbA1c及血清MDA含量(P＜0.01),显著降低了糖尿病大鼠血清中总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平,明显增加了血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平和SOD活性;增加了胰腺B细胞面积密度和体积密度(P＜0.05),使血清胰岛素含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性(SOD)明显升高(P＜0.05).结论:CLA能有效控制糖尿病大鼠的血糖,改善血脂状况,控制糖尿病并发症的发生和发展.     

藏灵菇源酸奶复合菌发酵剂对大鼠降胆固醇的研究

目的探讨藏灵菇源酸奶复合菌发酵剂对实验性高胆固醇血症大鼠降胆固醇作用。方法从藏灵菇中筛选高效降胆固醇及产胆盐水解酶的三种乳酸菌株制备全脂和脱脂酸奶复合菌发酵剂。采用高脂大鼠模型,根据血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)及体重水平,将40只Wistar大鼠随机分成4组:对照组、高脂模型组、实验Ⅰ组(脱脂酸奶复合菌发酵剂组)和实验Ⅱ组(全脂酸奶复合菌发酵剂组)。对照组喂基础饲料,高脂模型组和实验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组饲喂高脂饲料,实验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组灌胃受试物,对照组和模型组给予蒸馏水,连续8w。在试验第2、4、6、8w分别采血,分离血清,检测TC、TG、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平。结果实验Ⅰ组和实验Ⅱ组与高脂模型组相比,血清TC、TG、LDL-C含量降低非常显著(P<0.01)和显著(P<0.05)降低功效,而血清HDL-C含量有一定程度升高作用。降胆固醇效果实验Ⅰ组优于实验Ⅱ组。结论藏灵菇源酸奶复合菌发酵剂对实验性高胆固醇血症大鼠血清有显著的降胆固醇作用。     

牛磺酸对铅脂质过氧化损伤的拮抗作用

目的探讨牛磺酸(Tau)对铅致细胞脂质过氧化损伤的拮抗作用.方法 40只Wistar大鼠分为5组,即:空白对照组,染铅组,Tau的100、400、800组:为染铅4周后分别以100、400、800 mg@kg-1@d-1 Tau灌胃4周.第8周末处死动物,测定血铅、血清丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和肝、肾组织MDA、SOD、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)等指标水平.结果①Tau 100、Tau 400组大鼠血铅水平明显降低,与染铅组相比,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).②Tau 100、Tau 400组大鼠血清MDA含量降低,SOD活力升高,与染铅组相比,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).③各染铅组大鼠肝、肾组织MDA和GSH含量显著升高,SOD、GSH-Px活力明显降低,而Tau可拮抗铅的上述作用.其中,与染铅组相比,Tau 400、Tau 800组大鼠肝、肾MDA和GSH含量显著降低,SOD和GSH-Px活力明显恢复(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).结论 Tau可拮抗铅致大鼠血、肝、肾脂质过氧化损伤,对染铅大鼠有保护作用.     

优化复合纤维配伍沙棘果渣对高胆固醇血症大鼠脂代谢的影响

[目的]研究优化复合纤维配伍沙棘果渣对高胆固醇血症大鼠脂代谢的长期影响,探讨沙棘果渣的降脂作用. [方法]断乳SD大鼠32只,雌雄各半,经高脂饲料诱导成高脂血症模型后,按体重和血浆总胆固醇均衡的原则分为4组,A、B组分别为高脂饲料对照组和正常饲料对照组,C组为5%的优化复合纤维组,D组为4%沙棘果渣+5%的优化复台纤维组.实验期3个月末,观察各组大鼠血清、肝脏脂质和粪胆汁酸代谢的变化. [结果]优化复合纤维细可显著降低大鼠的体重(P＜0.05),优化复台纤维组和添加沙辣果渣组均可显著降低大鼠的血浆总胆固醇和肝脏胆固酯水平(P＜0.05),但添加沙棘果渣组的降脂效果更优(P＜0.05);添加沙棘果渣组大鼠粪胆汁酸的含量显著低于优化复合纤维组(P＜0.05). [结论]沙棘果渣配伍优化复合纤维对高脂血症大鼠具有长期稳定的降脂效果,且降脂效果优于优化复合纤维.     

碘缺乏与碘过量对大鼠甲状腺抗氧化能力的影响

目的 观察Wistar大鼠补充不同剂量碘化钾(KI)对甲状腺抗氧化能力的影响.方法 将Wistar大鼠随机分为6组:低碘组(LI),适碘组(NI),5倍高碘组(5HI),10倍高碘组(10HI),50倍高碘组(50HI),100倍高碘组(100HI).每组20只.按每日进食量和饮水量计算的每日总碘摄入量分别为＜1、6.15、30.75、61.5、307.5、615μg/d.喂养6和12个月后,检测甲状腺组织匀浆中的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)活力、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力以及丙二醛(MDA)含量.结果 LI组的GPx活力、SOD活力和MDA含量于摄碘6个月时,均较NI组显著增高,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).5HI、10HI和50HI组的GPx活力和SOD活力在摄碘6个月和12个月时与NI组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);100HI组的GPx活力和SOD活力在6个月时较NI组增高(P＜0.05),但在12个月时较NI组降低,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).在摄碘6个月时,100HI组的MDA含量较NI组有增高趋势(P＞0.05);但在12个月时50HI和100HI组的MDA含量均较NI组降低,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);其他高碘组MDA含量均与NI组差异无统计学意义.结论 低碘导致大鼠甲状腺抗氧化系统失代偿,发生过氧化损伤;长期高碘(100HI)会使甲状腺抗氧化酶活力降低,但未出现明显过氧化损伤;大鼠甲状腺的抗氧化系统对高碘有很强的耐受能力.     

锰缺乏对饲高胆固醇膳食大鼠脂质代谢的影响

目的了解锰缺乏对饲高胆固醇膳食大鼠脂质代谢的影响.方法用雄性刚断乳的Wistar大鼠研究,采用2×2析因设计.结果(1)膳食锰缺乏时,大鼠血清及肝脏甘油三酯含量明显升高(P＜0.01),大鼠出现明显的高甘油三酯血症;(2)膳食锰缺乏与高胆固醇对血脂具有交互作用,高膳食胆固醇加大了锰缺乏对大鼠血脂的影响(交互作用P＜0.01).结论锰缺乏可以造成大鼠脂质代谢的紊乱,锰缺乏可能与动脉粥样硬化的形成有关.     

热休克反应对大鼠中暑休克的影响及意义

目的探讨热休克反应(HSR)对大鼠中暑休克的影响及其意义.方法 SD雄性大鼠随机分为3组:热休克组(HS group),热休克对照组(HSC group),正常对照组(NC group).HS组给予热休克预处理,而HSC组则否.两组常温恢复20 h后予以高温热暴露处理,其间监测记录血压、心电;热暴露至73 min时终止实验,检测血清丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)含量;运用Chart软件,获取平均动脉压(MAP)、收缩压(Ps)、舒张压(Pd)、心率(HR)等数据.NC组不予任何处理,以获得上述数据的正常值.结果 (1)热暴露73 min时,HS与HSC组动物的MAP、Ps、Pd值明显低于NC组(P＜0.01),HR值高于NC组(P＜0.01);HS与HSC组相比表现出更高的MAP、Ps、Pd(P＜0.01)、HR值(P＜0.05).(2)热暴露73 min时,HSC组血清MDA、NO含量显著高于NC组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),而此时HS组血清MDA含量明显低于HSC组(P＜0.05),并与NC组差异无显著性,其血清NO含量亦较HSC组明显为低(P＜0.01).结论 HSR能减轻大鼠中暑休克的发生,其机理可能与抑制MDA、NO的过量生成有关.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.