大规模地形漫游中的实时LOD算法研究

大规模地形漫游在游戏、仿真、虚拟现实等领域有着广泛的应用。该文在总结现有地形简化算法的基础上,提出了一种基于动态调度的地形块内视点相关二叉树简化算法,有效地简化地形,实现大规模场景的实时漫游。     

3DGIS中复合地形纹理生成与应用

3DGIS仅用数字高程模型(DEM)表现地形远达不到三维可视化的要求.在传统3IDGIS中,通常采用数字正射影像(DOM)作为DEM的纹理表达地面景观,但其逼真性往往会受到影像分辨率的限制.该文借鉴Mipmap思想,提出一种新的纹理生成方法来解决上述问题,即通过对DOM和二维矢量数据赋予投影信息,将多幅影像及相关矢量数据作为生成3DGIS地形的纹理数据源,生成不同分辨率、不同详细程度的金字塔纹理,动态表现地面景观,并对生成的金字塔模型数据进行高效的索引、存储与管理.上述方法在实际应用中取得了满意的访问效率和视觉效果.     

地形复杂度的多因子综合评价方法

地形复杂度指标(Terrain Complexity Index,TCI)是评价地表起伏和褶皱程度的指标,广泛应用于DEM数字地形分析、数据综合和建模、地貌分类以及DEM精度研究等领域。然而目前地形复杂度指标多数采用单一地形指标或区域统计指标,缺乏局部的复合评价指标。为此,引入多因子分析方法和局部窗口分析方法,探讨一种基于格网DEM数据的复合地形复杂度指标(Compound Terrain Complexity Index,CTCI)的建模方法。首先利用多因子评价方法选取4种局部地形因子(局部高差、局部标准差、局部褶皱度、局部全曲率),之后利用局部窗口分析方法获取各指标的计算值,最后融合4种因子得到每个格网的CTCI。在实验分析中,选取了3个典型地貌样区和1个混合地貌样区,实验结果表明:CTCI能从整体上区分不同典型地貌区的地形复杂程度,同时CTCI在局部范围与混合地貌样区的等高线的密度和变化程度有较好的吻合,表明CTCI能从整体和局部反映地表的起伏和褶皱变化,是较好的地形复杂度评价指标。     

面向DEM地形复杂度分析的分形方法研究

在基于栅格DEM数据的基础上,应用分形几何学方法,采用元分维模型理论,提出一种描述DEM地形复杂度的分形分析方法,并得出分析指标———地形分维指数(TFI)。实验证明,该指标可以有效描述栅格DEM数据反映的地形变化特征,分析窗口由小到大的规律性变化反映出地貌从微观到宏观的变化情况,因此其既可以作为对栅格DEM所描述地形进行评价的坡面因子,又可以作为基于DEM的地貌类型区自动划分的参照依据。     

DEM点位地形信息量化模型研究

针对DEM点位,首先应用微分几何法对其所负载的语法信息量进行测度,其次根据地形特征点类型及地形结构特征确定其语义信息量,然后基于信息学理论构建了DEM点位地形信息综合量化模型。在此基础上,以黄土丘陵沟壑区作为实验样区,对DEM点位地形信息量提取方法及其在地形简化中的初步实例应用进行了探讨和验证。实验结果显示,所提出的DEM点位地形信息量化方案可行;基于DEM地形信息量指数的多尺度DEM构建方案,具有机理明确、易于实现的特点,并通过优先保留地形骨架特征点,可以有效减少地形失真,从而满足不同层次的多尺度数字地形建模和表达要求。对DEM点位地形信息进行有效量化,为认识DEM地形信息特征提供了一个新的切入点,同时为多尺度数字地形建模提供理论依据与方法支持。     

一种基于TIN的地形剖面线生成算法

在目前已有基于规则格网(Grid)生成地形剖面线的基础上,提出了一种适用于不规则三角网(TIN)的剖面线生成算法。该算法充分利用TIN中各三角形间存在的拓扑关系,实现了与剖面线相交三角形的快速搜索,大大提高了算法的执行效率。由于地形简化后的TIN仍保留三角形间的拓扑关系,该剖面线生成算法还适用于多分辨率的海量TIN数据。     

基于DEM的山区遥感图像地形校正方法

基于地表反射为各向异性的假定,可以将遥感图像的地形校正分为光照和反射率校正两部分。基于6S大气校正模型和数字高程模型(DEM)对山区遥感图像进行光照和反射率校正,通过消除遥感图像中大气和地形的影响,反演得到地表反射率。通过对江西兴国县TM图像的实验,实现了对山区遥感图像的地形校正。对模型中的大气参数进行了敏感性分析,发现大气参数的误差对地表反射率的反演精度影响较小。     

多分析尺度下综合判别的地形元素分类方法

地形元素（如山脊、沟谷等）是地表形态类型基本单元,通过地形元素的不同空间组合可形成更高级别的地貌类型。现有的地形元素提取方法大多依靠地形属性计算,难以克服地形元素的空间相关性表达与局部地形属性计算存在不对应的矛盾,Jasiewicz和Stepinski提出的Geomorphons方法——基于高程相对差异信息进行地形元素分类,可避免这一问题,但Geomorphons方法本质上是在单一分析尺度上选择地形特征点用于判别,易受局部地形起伏的影响而造成误分类。针对这一问题,设计出一种多分析尺度下综合判别的地形元素分类方法。应用结果表明：相比Geomorphons方法,利用该方法得到的地形元素的分类结果更为合理。     

大规模地形实时绘制算法

该文提出一种适合大规模地形实时绘制的简单高效的LOD简化算法。该算法使用一种紧凑有效的规则网格表示方法,优化网格节点的数目,减少可视化过程中的计算量,降低额外内存开销。探讨该算法相关的数据组织、视域裁剪、LOD层次选择、裂缝消除、三角形化等关键问题。实验结果表明,该算法实现简单,内存开销较少,CPU耗费小,对图形卡要求低,能够在普通机器上实现大规模地形的实时漫游。     

DEM栅格单元地形异质性的量度指标研究

DEM栅格单元地形异质性可以理解为栅格单元内部地形的复杂程度,在数字地形分析中,其存在可能得出与实际不符的分析结果.然而,目前还没有一种综合量度指标可以衡量DEM栅格单元地形异质性的大小.该文在总结相关研究成果的基础上,分析了DEM栅格单元地形异质性产生的主要原因,并采用高程标准差、地形起伏度、地表粗糙度和平均坡度4个指标度量DEM栅格单元地形异质性的不同方面,最后通过归一化综合处理,得到了DEM栅格单元地形异质性的综合量度指标--DEM栅格单元地形异质性指数(DGTHI),并进行了实验验证与分析.     

A tile-based method for geodesic buffer generation in a virtual globe

Geometric buffers are important for spatial analysis in many applications of geographic information systems (GISs), such as environmental measurement and management, human health, urban planning, etc. Geometric buffer generation algorithms are well studied in the Euclidean space where the buffer distance is measured by Euclidean metrics; however, very few algorithms are available for generating geometric buffers on the terrain surface in a virtual globe where the buffer distance is measured by geodesic metrics. This paper proposes a tile-based method for geodesic buffer generation according to the characteristics of a virtual globe. It extends the vector tile model (VTM) to organize terrain and vector data, and the XYH algorithm is improved to build geodesic distance fields for terrain meshes. Based on the data organization and the improved XYH algorithm, a geodesic buffer is generated via three main steps: selecting and assembling tiles, updating geodesic distance fields and tracing the boundaries of buffer zones. This method is implemented with multi-scale terrain and vector data, and the experimental results show that it is valid and exact and can be applied in practical applications.     

Geomorphology-oriented theoretical framework and construction method for value-added DEM

Digital elevation model(DEM)plays a fundamental role in the study of the earth system by expressing surface configuration,understanding surface process,and revealing surface mechanism.DEM is widely used in analysis and modeling in the field of geoscience.However,traditional DEM has the defect of single attribute,which is difficult to support the research in earth system science oriented to geoscience process and mechanism mining.Hence,realizing the value-added data model on the basis of traditional DEM is necessary to serve digital elevation modeling and terrain analysis under the background of a new geo-morphology research paradigm and earth observation technology.A theoretical framework for value-added DEM that mainly includes concept,connotation,content,and categories,is constructed in this study.The relationship between different types of value-added DEMs as well as the research significance and application category of this theoretical framework are also proposed.The following are different methods of value-added DEMs:(1)value-added methods of DEM space and time dimensions that emphasize the integration of the ground and underground as well as coupling of time and space,(2)attribute-based value-added methods composed of material(including underground,surface,and ground)and morpho-logical properties,and(3)value-added methods of features and physical elements that con-sider geographical objects and landform features formed by natural processes and artificial effects.The digital terrace,slope,and watershed models are used as examples to illustrate application scenarios of the three kinds of value-added methods.This study aims to improve expression methods of DEMs under the background of new surveying and mapping tech-nologies by adding value to the DEM at three levels of dimensions,attributes,and elements as well as support knowledge-driven digital geomorphological analysis in the era of big data.     

无人机航摄生成DEM的高程点快速提取算法

无人机航空摄影技术在近年来得到了迅速的发展,无人机具有起降方便,分辨率高,响应速度快的特点,在抢险救灾,地质灾害监测等方面发挥了重要作用。无人机航空摄影生成的地形图中的高程点提取是地形图制作的重要步骤,本文提出了一种自适应的地形图高程点提取算法,相对于传统的算法,具有精确度高,计算简单,实用性强等特点。该算法的基础是数学形态学中的图像膨胀算法。本文将此算法用于陕西省丹凤县和紫阳县的无人机航摄生成的地形图中,提取了符合要求的高程点。结果表明,提取的高程点完全满足了地形图的要求,说明了该算法的准确性和实用性。     

The reduction of aliasing in gravity anomalies and geoid heights using digital terrain data

Observations of gravity can be aliased by virtue of the logistics involved in collecting these data in the field. For instance, gravity measurements are often made in more accessible lowland areas where there are roads and tracks, thus omitting areas of higher relief in between. The gravimetric determination of the geoid requires mean terrain-corrected free-air anomalies; however, anomalies based only on the observations in lowland regions are not necessarily representative of the true mean value over the topography. A five-stage approach is taken that uses a digital elevation model, which provides a more accurate representation of the topography than the gravity observation elevations, to reduce the unrepresentative sampling in the gravity observations. When using this approach with the Australian digital elevation model, the terrain-corrected free-air anomalies generated from the Australian gravity data base change by between 77.075 and −84.335 mgal (−0.193 mgal mean and 2.687 mgal standard deviation). Subsequent gravimetric geoid computations are used to illustrate the effect of aliasing in the Australian gravity data upon the geoid. The difference between 'aliased' and 'non-aliased' gravimetric geoid solutions varies by between 0.732 and −1.816 m (−0.058 m mean and 0.122 m standard deviation). Based on these conceptual arguments and numerical results, it is recommended that supplementary digital elevation information be included during the estimation of mean gravity anomalies prior to the computation of a gravimetric geoid model.     

Quantifying channel development and sediment transfer following chute cutoff in a wandering gravel-bed river

Three-dimensional morphological adjustment in a chute cutoff (breach) alluvial channel is quantified using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) analysis for a ca. 0.7 km reach of the River Coquet, Northumberland, UK. Following cutoff in January 1999, channel and bar topography was surveyed using a Total Station on five occasions between February 1999 and December 2000. Analysis of planform change coupled with DEM differencing elucidates channel and barform development following cutoff, and enables quantification of sediment transfers associated with morphological adjustment within the reach. This exercise indicates an initial phase of bed scour, followed by a period characterised by extensive bank erosion and lateral channel migration where erosion (including bed scour) totalled some 15,000 m³ of sediment. The channel in the post-cutoff, disequilibrium state is highly sensitive to relatively low-magnitude floods, and provision of accommodation space by bank erosion encouraged extensive lateral bar development. Bar development was further facilitated by infilling of channels abandoned by repeated within-reach avulsion and large-scale aggradation of sediment lobes deposited by higher magnitude floods. Calculations indicate that at least 6600 m³ of sediment was deposited on emerging bars within the reach over the survey period, and >2300 m³ deposited within the channel. Sediment losses from the reach may have exceeded 6500 m³.     

Integrated edge detection and terrain analysis for agricultural terrace delineation from remote sensing images

ABSTRACT

Agricultural terraces are important for agricultural production and soil-and-water conservation. They comprise treads and risers that require manual construction and maintenance. If managed improperly, risers will collapse, causing soil loss, gully erosion, and cultivation threats. However, mapping terrace risers remains a challenge. This study presents a novel approach to automatically map terrace risers by combining remote sensing images and digital elevation models (DEMs). First, a terraced hillslope was extracted via a hill-shading method and edges in the image were detected using a Canny edge detector. Next, the DEM was used to generate the contour direction, and edges along this direction were searched and coded as candidate terrace risers via directional detection. Finally, the results of directional detection and the edge image obtained from the Canny detector were overlaid to backtrack complete terrace risers. The approach was validated using four study areas with different topographic characteristics in the Loess Plateau, China. The results verify that the approach achieves outstanding performance and robustness in mapping terrace risers. The precision, recall, and F-measure were 90.81%–97.57%, 88.53%–94.10%, and 90.13%–95.80%, respectively. This approach is flexible and applicable with freely available images and DEM sources.     

A fast candidate viewpoints filtering algorithm for multiple viewshed site planning

ABSTRACT

The aim of site planning based on multiple viewshed analysis is to select the minimum number of viewpoints that maximize visual coverage over a given terrain. However, increasingly high-resolution terrain data means that the number of terrain points will increase rapidly, which will lead to rapid increases in computational requirements for multiple viewshed site planning. In this article, we propose a fast Candidate Viewpoints Filtering (CVF) algorithm for multiple viewshed site planning to lay a foundation for viewpoint optimization selection. Firstly, terrain feature points are selected as candidate viewpoints. Then, these candidate viewpoints are clustered and those belonging to each cluster are sorted according to the index of viewshed contribution (IVC). Finally, the candidate viewpoints with relatively low viewshed contribution rate are removed gradually using the CVF algorithm, through which, the viewpoints with high viewshed contribution are preserved and the number of viewpoints to be preserved can be controlled by the number of clusters. To evaluate the effectiveness of our CVF algorithm, we compare it with the Region Partitioning for Filtering (RPF) and Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithms. Experimental results show that our CVF algorithm is a substantial improvement in both computational efficiency and total viewshed coverage rate.     

基于神经网络的地面坡度与其他地形定量因子关联性分析--以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区实验为例

不同的地形因子从不同侧面反映地面的起伏特征或空间变异,各因子之间所存在的相互关联、相互制约、相互影响的程度与特征,在很大程度上揭示了地形发育与空间变异的内在本质,因而是地形学研究的重要内容。他以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的16个样本地区为实验样区,以高分辨率、高精度的1：1万比例尺DEM为基准数据,应用BP神经网络模型,探讨地面坡度与其他地形因子之间的关联性特征。实验结果表明,利用神经网络分析方法可以有效评价地形因子对地面平均坡度的关联性。该研究方法为进行地貌多定量指标的的选择和多因子之间关联性的量化提供了一种新的方法。     

地形复杂度对坡度坡向的影响

采用三阶不带权差分算法,研究了地形复杂度与坡度坡向的关系,澄清了目前关于坡度坡向误差空间分布的矛盾观点,并分别在凹向椭球和高斯合成曲面数学模型曲面DEM上对其进行验证。通过研究得出：①坡度、坡向误差与坡度值正相关;②坡度坡向误差主要分布在平坦地区;③坡向误差较坡度误差对DEM高程数据误差敏感,较小的DEM误差引起较大的坡向误差。