模拟氮沉降对甜槠林分凋落物及主要养分归还量的影响

选取亚热带典型的常绿阔叶甜槠林为研究对象,从2011年4月至2013年6月进行模拟氮(N)沉降试验,以探讨甜槠林凋落物养分归还量对N沉降的响应。氮沉降水平分别为:对照(CK,0 kg N hm-2a-1),低氮(LN,50 kg N hm-2a-1),高氮(HN,100 kg N hm-2a-1),高氮+磷(HN+P,100 kg N hm-2a-1+50 kg P hm-2a-1),每个处理重复3次。在模拟氮沉降2 a后,于2012年7月开始收集各样地的凋落物样品,分析凋落物及其养分归还量。结果表明:不同处理凋落物量没有显著差异,表明氮沉降增加没有显著提高林分凋落物产量;不同处理落叶、落枝中N、P、K、Ca、Mg含量均无显著差异,表明氮沉降亦没有显著增加凋落物各养分含量;模拟氮沉降处理均增加了各养分元素年归还量,但不同元素对N沉降的响应不同。N、K和Mg年归还量与CK存在显著差异,而P和Ca年归还量与CK处理无显著差异。     

红壤侵蚀区不同生态修复措施对凋落物量及其养分归还的影响

通过野外定位监测和取样分析,探讨在红壤侵蚀区采取4种生态修复模式(马尾松林、修沟种草马尾松林、修竹节沟马尾松林和封禁马尾松林)27年后,其林分凋落物量及其养分归还动态。结果表明,4种修复措施林分的年凋落物总量分别为3 267.30,3 530.58,3 937.67,4 997.88kg/hm2,说明封禁处理对于提高林分凋落物量效果显著。各修复措施凋落物量呈现明显的季节动态,全年凋落物呈现单峰型,峰值均出现在8月份。4种修复措施(马尾松林、修沟种草、修竹节沟和封禁)凋落物的5种元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg)归还总量分别33.83,38.90,48.39,64.40kg/hm2,大小顺序为:封禁>修竹节沟>修沟种草>强干扰马尾林,其中N元素的年通量变化为23.33～47.60kg/hm2,P为0.50～0.96kg/hm2,K为5.40～8.62kg/hm2,Ca为4.02～6.33kg/hm2,Mg为0.58～0.89kg/hm2。     

福建侵蚀坡地果园龙眼凋落物的年变化及库流量

 为了了解侵蚀坡地生态果园的物质和能量流动,研究了福建侵蚀坡地果园龙眼凋落物年变化规律和凋落物的养分含量和年库流量。结果表明:龙眼果树年凋落量为48.513kg/株,叶、枝、花和果分别占32.41%、13.15%、1.97%和52.47%;龙眼果树月凋落量季节变化规律是单峰型的,8月凋落量为29.115kg,与其他月份之间有显著差异,占全年的60.01%。凋落叶N、P、K含量季节变化大于Ca和Mg,Ca、Mg季节间变化不明显。通过龙眼凋落物归还的年库流量为697.91kg/hm2。凋落物中5种养分中,年库流量大小顺序为Ca>K>Mg>P>N((446.02>115.73>74.31>37.47>24.39,kg/hm2),各元素的含量所占比例,凋落叶78.59%,枝14.88%,果3.54%,花2.99%。果树叶片凋落前因N、P、K迁移而导致落叶中N、P、K浓度比成熟叶的低,但三者存在着元素间的差异,Ca不迁移,Mg有月份间差异;果树叶片凋落前,N、P、K的年回流量分别为7.420、6.374、53.152kg/hm2,9月份回流量最多,分别为3.632、3.762和21.920kg/hm2。     

北京密云2种人工林氮磷钾的生物循环特征

 为了探究北京密云2种典型人工林生态系统主要养分元素的生物循环特征,2006—2007年以北京密云水库库西试验区的油松人工林和麻栎-侧柏人工混交林为研究对象,采用标准样方定位观测的方法,对其主要元素N、P、K的降水输入、凋落物归还、积累量以及生物循环特征进行了观测和研究。结果表明:1)大气降水向油松林和混交林生态系统每年分别输入养分量为31.56和13.27kg/(hm2.a);2)油松林和混交林凋落物中N、P、K的归还总量分别为18.00和14.06kg/(hm2.a);3)油松林中乔木层N、P、K积累总量为612.37kg/hm2,各器官中N、P、K积累量大小排序是叶>枝>干>根,混交林中乔木层N、P、K积累量分别为153.87、18.28和100.13kg/hm2;4)油松林养分利用系数排序为N>K>P,混交林养分利用系数为K>N>P,油松林对N、P、K的吸收系数均高于混交林,而混交林N、P、K的循环系数均高于油松林。研究结论阐明,油松林和混交林通过降水归还的养分量占总归还量分别为63.7%和53.0%,通过凋落物归还的养分量占总归还量分别为36.3%和47%,2种人工林生态系统的降雨淋溶均为年养分归还量的主要部分;油松林和混交林生态系统从土壤中吸收N、P、K的总量分别为126.58和54.96kg/(hm2.a),其中有77.02和24.42 kg/(hm2.a)存留于林分中,有49.56和30.54 kg/(hm2.a)通过淋溶和凋落物归还土壤。     

北京密云油松人工林凋落物营养元素归还特征研究

2006-2007年对北京密云水库库西33年生的油松人工林凋落物的数量及其营养元素归还特征进行了研究。结果表明,油松人工林凋落物年凋落量为2193.75kg/hm2;N、P、K通过凋落物归还土壤的年归还量分别为13.86,0.75,3.39kg/hm2;油松凋落物各组分中N、P、K归还总量大小顺序为:叶枝皮、果、花;N、P、K年归还量大小顺序为:NKP。凋落物现存量为13.7t/hm2,凋落层年平均分解率为0.16t/hm2,凋落物层N、P、K总贮量为162.44kg/hm2。     

不同梯度氮沉降对亚热带甜槠林凋落物及养分的影响

[目的]分析不同梯度氮沉降作用下亚热带常绿阔叶甜槠(Castanopsis eyrei)林凋落物量及养分变化规律,从而为亚热带地区氮沉降研究提供数据参考与理论依据。[方法]对安徽省仙寓山地区设置不同梯度施氮对照试验,长期实地监测甜槠林凋落物量及其养分的响应状况。[结果]凋落物量大小顺序为:高氮加磷(HN+P)低氮(LN)高氮(HN)对照CK,不同处理间的差异未达到显著水平;但是落叶量LN与CK之间差异显著(p=0.023)。各处理凋落物量的月变化模式均呈双峰型,分别在4和11月达到峰值;凋落物中各组分所占比例从大到小均为:叶果枝碎屑花皮;施肥处理不同程度上改变了落果量的比重:HN+P(27%)HN(25%)CK=LN(23%)。甜槠林C,N,P,K,Ca,Mg这6种大量元素的养分年归还量共计:HN+P 4.62t/(hm2·a)CK 4.44t/(hm2·a)HN 4.17t/(hm2·a)LN 3.96t/(hm2·a);不同处理各养分(K除外)归还量均表现为上述关系,且HN+P与CK之间的N,P的养分归还量差异显著(p=0.047;0.023)。对于各组分而言,落叶的养分归还量占年养分归还量的52%~58%。[结论]模拟不同梯度的氮沉降处理在一定程度上改变了甜槠林凋落物总量的大小及其组成比例,且影响到其他养分的吸收及归还量。     

田林老山中山杉木人工林生产力及营养元素循环的研究

广西田林县老山林场中山区气候冷凉潮湿,土壤肥力较高,能满足杉木速生要求。17年生杉木人工林乔木层的生物量达138.46t/ha,平均净生产量为8.15t/ha·a,与杉木中心产区相当。乔木层对N,P,K,Ca,Mg5种营养元素的吸收量为224.04kg/ha·a,其中42.3％存留在林木层,42.5％通过凋落物,15.2％通过降雨淋洗归还土壤。通过凋落物归还是N,P,Ca,Mg归还的主要途径,K的归还主要通过降雨淋洗;K,Ca,Mg的循环系数较大,分别达到0.58,0.68和0.60;N,P相对较小,分别为0.48和0.33。林木正处于生长旺盛阶段,杉木对5种营养元素的吸收量、存留量和归还量以及循环系数都有较高水平,生物量积累也较大。     

连续年龄序列桉树人工林凋落物分解的研究

通过野外定位监测和取样分析,研究了连续年龄序列(3 a,4 a,5 a,6 a)桉树人工林的叶凋落物分解及养分释放动态。结果表明,经过390 d分解后,不同龄级桉树人工林凋落物的残留率分别为31.11%,28.37%,36.70%和46.99%,年平均分解系数分别为0.962 0,0.956 8,0.793 0和0.628 6,周转期分别为3.03,3.07,3.54,4.66 a,说明随着林木龄级的增加凋落物的分解速度逐渐下降。在凋落物分解过程中,N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn和Fe元素,均体现出比较明显的淋溶-富集-释放模式。各年龄段桉树林凋落物N元素的周转期分别为1.65,1.95,2.39,2.96 a,P为1.82,1.48,2.35,3.05 a,K为0.95,1.31,3.27,2.80a,Ca为3.39,2.74,3.49,3.29 a,Mg为1.27,2.03,3.66,2.33 a,Mn为1.98,1.01,2.67,3.38 a,Zn为2.74,1.83,2.92,4.03 a,Fe为2.96,1.07,2.84,3.19 a。从各元素的周转时间可以看出,N、P、K元素的周转速度较快,说明这些元素易淋溶,能更快地归还林地以供应林木生长的需要。     

太行山地区侧柏人工林主要养分元素分配及循环特征

为了解侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)人工林养分循环特征,以太行山丘陵区侧柏人工林为研究对象,采用样地标准木收获法,对其生物量和养分循环进行了研究.结果表明:(1)侧柏人工林(26 a)生物量约45.55t/hm2,林分净生产力为2.07 t/hm2;生物量分配排序为;树干树根树皮树枝树叶.(2)林分营养元素积累量为455.23 kg/hm2,积累量的排序为:CaNP.(3)灌草植被层营养元素积累量顺序为:CaNP,灌草层3种元素总贮量仅占乔木层的5.5%.(4)凋落物营养元素年归还量为337.12 kg/hm2,3种营养元素归还量排序为:CaNP,Ca的年归还量最高,为271.66 kg/hm2,分别是N和P的4.42倍和69.12倍.(5)年吸收量、年存留量、养分年归还量和富集系数排序均为CaNP;吸收系数排序为CaNP;利用系数、循环系数排序是NCaP,侧柏对N的利用系数最大;Ca的富集能力最强.分别是N,P的1.9和2.8倍.侧柏的N周转时间最短(1.22 a),P周转时间最长(3.63 a),Ca周转时间居中(1.43 a).     

杉木林乔木层凋落物及其在分解过程中化学成分的变化

广西龙胜县里骆林区24～28年生杉木的凋落物产量为3.749t/ha·a,其中落叶、落枝和落花果分别占55.9％,23.1％和21.0％。通过凋落物归还土壤的10种营养元素的总量,以kg/ha·a表示,为65.500,其中N 21.726,P 1.206,K 6.838,Ca 24.805,Mg 6.224,S 2.030,Mn 2.545,Zn 0.075,Cu 0.021,B 0.030。用指数衰减模型估算的凋落物分解速率为:叶子0.4988g/g·a,枝0.4154g/g·a,花果0.4166g/g·a。在分解过程中,各元素含量与分解初期相比,K的含量下降了,失重量的比率大于凋落物的;N,P,Ca,Mg,Mn,Cu的含量上升了,失重量的比率小于凋落物的;S,Zn和B的含量变化不大,失重量比率与凋落物的相当。     

中国华北地区近40年物候春季变化

根据华北地区7个观测站物候资料,分析了华北地区1963-1996年及北京1963-2005年物候春季的变化特征及其与气温的关系。结果表明:华北地区的物候春季有明显提早来临的趋势,而造成这一变化的主要因素是本地区近40 a来冬春季气温的明显上升。其中1963-1996年间华北地区1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了2.3℃与1.7℃,物候春季起止日期分别提前了9d和4d,因而使得春季长度也延长了5d;北京1963-2003年间1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了3.5℃与2.6℃,物候春季的起止日期分别提前了11d和10d,但春季长度没有明显变化。     

Trace metals in precipitation in Sweden

Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in atmospheric precipitation have been routinely monitored in Sweden since the autumn of 1983. Concentrations are highest in southern Sweden and decrease northward. It is postulated that the long range transport of anthropogenic pollutants from the rest of Europe is the major source of Cd, Pb, and Zn in precipitation. Evidence for this hypothesis is that enrichment factors indicate anthropogenic origin, and Swedish atmospheric emissions of Zn and Cd are 2 to 3 times smaller than deposition fluxes. Also, Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations are correlated in both space and time and are also well correlated with exSO₄ ⁺, a substance known to be of anthropogenic origin transported long distances.     

Patterns in trace elements in lichens

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Epiphytic lichens were sampled in a Dutch national monitoring survey, which was carried out twice within 5 yr. The samples were analyzed by neutron activation...     

Sediment denitrification in waterways in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed in eastern China

Purpose

Rice-paddy-dominated watersheds in eastern China are intensively cultivated, and lands with two crops receive as much as 550–600 kg?ha^–1?year^–1 of nitrogen (N), mainly through the addition of N-based fertilizers. However, stream N concentrations have been found to be relatively low. Waterways in the watersheds are assumed to be effective “sinks” for N, minimizing its downstream movement. We directly measured net sediment denitrification rates in three types of waterways (ponds, streams/rivers, and a reservoir) and determined the key factors that control net sediment denitrification. Such information is essential for evaluating the impact of the agricultural N cycle on the quality of surface water.

Materials and methods

The pond–stream–reservoir continuum was sampled every 2 months at nine sites in an agricultural watershed between November 2010 and December 2011. Net sediment N₂ fluxes/net sediment denitrification rates were determined by membrane inlet mass spectrometry and the N₂/Ar technique. A suite of parameters known to influence denitrification were also measured.

Results and discussion

Net denitrification rates ranged between 28.2?±?18.2 and 674.3?±?314.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the streams, 23.7?±?23.9 and 121.2?±?38.7 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the ponds, and 41.8?±?17.7 and 239.3?±?49.8 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the reservoir. The mean net denitrification rate of the stream sites (173.2?±?248.4 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1) was significantly higher (p?<?0.001) than that of the pond sites (48.3?±?44.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1), and the three types of waterways all had significantly higher (p?<?0.01) mean net denitrification rates in summer than in other seasons. Linear regression and linear mixed effect model analysis showed that nitrate (NO₃ ^?–N) concentration in surface water was the primary controlling factor for net sediment denitrification, followed by water temperature. Using monitoring data on NO₃ ^?–N concentrations and temperature of the surface water of waterways and an established linear mixed effect model, total N removed through net sediment denitrification in the pond–stream–reservoir continuum was estimated at 46.8?±?24.0 t?year^–1 from July 2007 to June 2009, which was comparable with earlier estimates based on the mass balance method (34.3?±?12.7 t?year^–1), and accounted for 83.4 % of the total aquatic N. However, the total aquatic N was only 4.4 % of the total N input to the watershed, and thus most of the surplus N in the watershed was likely to be either denitrified or stored in soil.

Conclusions

High doses of N in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed did not lead to high stream N concentrations due to limited input of N into waterways and the high efficiency of waterways in removing N through denitrification.     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

Trends in soil science in Switzerland

Phytoremediation is an emerging technology based on the use of green plants to remove, contain, inactivate or destroy harmful environmental pollutants. Recent developments in Europe and the USA show that the approach is somewhat different on both sides of the Atlantic. In Europe, phytoremediation has more basically been research driven and, based on the outcomes, applications have been envisaged. By contrast, the approach in the USA is more application and experience driven. In spite of a growing track record of commercial success, more demonstration projects are needed to prove that phytoremediation is effective in order to rigorously measure its underlying economics, and to expand its applications. More fundamental research is also required to better understand the complex interactions between pollutants, soil, plant roots and micro-organisms at the rhizosphere level, to increase the bioavailability of pollutants, to fully exploit the metabolic diversity of plants and, thus, to successfully implement this new green technology.     

沈阳市城市表土中微生物区系变化的初步研究

在沈阳市远郊-近郊-市区等不同城市化水平区内选取林地、草地和路边土几种不同利用方式下的表层土壤,对土壤中的微生物状况进行了初步分析。结果表明,随着城市化水平的提高,土壤中微生物的数量表现为明显的减少趋势。其中变化较大的是细菌,而真菌和放线菌的变化不明显。     

Changes in proteolytic bacteria in paddy soils in response to organic management

Proteolytic bacterial communities, which mineralize organic nitrogen, play a key role in agricultural systems. In this study, alkaline metalloprotease (apr) gene fragments from proteolytic bacteria were investigated in bulk and rhizosphere paddy soil from four fields under organic management (for 2, 3, 5, and 9 years), and from one field under conventional management (for 2 years). We analyzed the abundance and structure of the proteolytic bacterial communities using real-time quantitative PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Our results showed that the abundance of proteolytic bacteria ranged from 1.57?×?10⁸ to 8.02?×?10⁸?copies/g of soil. In addition, the abundance of the proteolytic bacteria in the paddy soils under organic management was significantly higher than those in the paddy soil under conventional management. Moreover, the gene copy numbers in the rhizosphere soils were significantly higher than those in the bulk soils. The abundance of proteolytic bacteria tended to increase with the duration of organic management, with the highest abundance being found in the soil that had been under organic management for 5 years. However, the proteolytic bacteria communities in the paddy soils were not significantly affected by management practices. Phylogeny analysis showed that all gel bands obtained represented genes from Pseudomonas. Additionally, correlation analysis and canonical correspondence analysis showed that C/N, C, and N were important factors that influenced the abundance and community structure of the proteolytic bacteria. These results suggest that proteolytic bacteria are indicators in organic management systems, depolymerize organic N and hence maintain soil sustainability.

Abbreviations: CM: conventional management; OM: organic management; DGGE: denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; qPCR: real-time quantitative PCR detecting system; COFCC: China organic food certification center; CCA: canonical correspondence analysis