食品金属包装材料中化学物的迁移研究进展

基于目前关于食品用金属包装材料中有毒有害物质迁移研究还基本空白的现状,本文介绍了金属包装材料中的潜在迁移情况,并着重介绍了重金属、双酚类物质和三聚氰胺等潜在迁移物及其研究现状,探讨了金属包装材料中化学物迁移研究的一般过程,为后期金属罐内有害物质的迁移研究和食品包装行业的危害分析和关键控制点(HACCP,Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point)管理提供依据。      

食品级塑料包装袋中DBP和DnOP向高温油炸食品中迁移的研究

目的 研究高温油炸油条经聚乙烯食品包装袋包装后, 包装材料中DBP和DnOP两种物质向油条迁移行为。方法 样品经甲醇-饱和正己烷提取, 0.45 μm微孔滤膜过滤后, 用HP-5MS弹性石英毛细管柱进行分离, GC-MS进行检测。结果 油条与包装袋初始接触温度越高, DBP和DnOP的迁移量越大, 当油条初始温度为200 ℃时用PE袋进行包装, 放置60 min后, 油条中DBP和DnOP的迁移量分别为0.70、0.16 mg/kg; 包装后的油条随储藏时间的延长, DBP和DnOP迁移量逐渐增大, 25 ℃条件下贮藏48 h, 油条中DBP和DnOP迁移量分别为0.79、0.24 mg/kg, 4 ℃条件下储藏贮藏48 h的样品中DBP和DnOP迁移量分别为0.63、0.15 mg/kg。4 ℃条件下储藏的样品中DBP和DnOP迁移量均低于25 ℃下储藏样品。结论 DBP和DnOP在油条中最大的迁移量发生在与包装材料接触的表面, 逐渐向油条内部发生渗透迁移。DBP和DnOP的迁移对消费者健康造成潜在危害。     

食品包装材料中邻苯二甲酸酯的迁移规律研究

目的研究不同食品包装材料中邻苯二甲酸酯(phthalate esters,PAEs)的迁移规律。方法采用气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)对不同温度、不同时间条件下PAEs从食品包装材料中向水、4%乙酸、50%乙醇与异辛烷食品模拟物中的迁移规律进行研究。结果 PAEs的迁移受食品模拟溶液、温度、时间、包装材料的影响。不同食品模拟物中迁移率为:异辛烷50%乙醇4%乙酸≈水;在同一种食品模拟物中,随着迁移时间延长和温度增加PAEs迁移量增大,温度越高迁移速率越快;食品包装材料的材质不同,PAEs含量不同,PAEs含量越高的包装材料迁移到食品中的量也越大。结论本研究可以为食品的加工生产、存储、运输过程的安全控制提供理论基础和方法依据。     

Silk fibroin-based films in food packaging applications: A review

Plastic pollution is a significant concern nowadays due to wastes generated from non-biodegradable and non-renewable synthetic materials. In particular, most plastic food packaging material ends up in landfills, creating mass wastes that clog the drainage system and pollute the ocean. Thus, studies on various biopolymers have been promoted to replace synthetic polymers in food packaging and consequently, the high number of research in biopolymers food packaging, especially in the characterization, properties and also the development of the biopolymer. For biopolymer-based food packaging, silk fibroin (SF) has been highlighted because of its biodegradability and low water vapor permeability properties. This review focuses on the different properties of SF films prepared through solution casting and electrospinning for food packaging. Discussions encompassed chemical properties, mechanical properties, permeability, and biodegradability. This review also discussed the studies that used SF as the biomaterial for food packaging.     

Critical review of controlled release packaging to improve food safety and quality

ABSTRACT

Controlled release packaging (CRP) is an innovative technology that uses the package to release active compounds in a controlled manner to improve safety and quality for a wide range of food products during storage. This paper provides a critical review of the uniqueness, design considerations, and research gaps of CRP, with a focus on the kinetics and mechanism of active compounds releasing from the package. Literature data and practical examples are presented to illustrate how CRP controls what active compounds to release, when and how to release, how much and how fast to release, in order to improve food safety and quality.     

食品包装视觉信息传达

为进一步形成科学的食品包装设计方法,为消费者提供更准确、快速的食品包装信息,文章通过整合国内外相关文献,综合分析了食品包装信息传达的三类关键线索：文字信息、食品意象和跨模态对应,指出文字信息在传达信息过程中更具优势,正面标语更具影响力,而其他详细信息会减少消费者认知偏差。文字更适合表达食品功能,而图片更适合表达感官诉求;其次,包装意象对消费者感知和反应的影响显著,视觉逼真度意味着更健康的选择;消费者对包装上食品的感知会影响其对包装内容物的评价,而跨模态对应研究是包装设计方法走向更科学、具体、精准的重要路径。     

微波萃取/GC-MS测定纸质食品包装材料中双酚A

以丙酮为萃取剂,建立了微波萃取/气相色谱-质谱法(GC-M S)测定纸质食品包装材料中双酚A含量的分析方法。考察了微波萃取温度与时间对萃取效果的影响,选择了最佳的微波萃取条件。结果表明:方法的检出限为0.05m g/kg,样品的加标回收率为84.2%~95.4%,相对标准偏差小于4.6%。该方法具有快速、方便、灵敏度高等优点,适合于纸质食品包装材料中双酚A含量的快速测定。     

天然包装材料在食品包装设计中的应用

针对塑料、纸质、金属等食品包装材料各自的弊端和问题,阐述了食品包装材料减量化、单一化、轻型化、无毒无害化发展趋势,指出天然包装材料在食品包装中的应用范围及性能,揭示了天然包装材料的审美价值,提出了天然包装材料的选用原则和应用原则。     

Estimates of dietary exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) from light metal packaging using food consumption and packaging usage data: a refined deterministic approach and a fully probabilistic (FACET) approach

The FACET tool is a probabilistic model to estimate exposure to chemicals in foodstuffs, originating from flavours, additives and food contact materials. This paper demonstrates the use of the FACET tool to estimate exposure to BPA (bisphenol A) from light metal packaging. For exposure to migrants from food packaging, FACET uses industry-supplied data on the occurrence of substances in the packaging, their concentrations and construction of the packaging, which were combined with data from a market research organisation and food consumption data supplied by national database managers. To illustrate the principles, UK packaging data were used together with consumption data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) dietary survey for 19–64 year olds for a refined deterministic verification. The UK data were chosen mainly because the consumption surveys are detailed, data for UK packaging at a detailed level were available and, arguably, the UK population is composed of high consumers of packaged foodstuffs. Exposures were run for each food category that could give rise to BPA from light metal packaging. Consumer loyalty to a particular type of packaging, commonly referred to as packaging loyalty, was set. The BPA extraction levels used for the 15 types of coating chemistries that could release BPA were in the range of 0.00005–0.012 mg dm^–2. The estimates of exposure to BPA using FACET for the total diet were 0.0098 (mean) and 0.0466 (97.5th percentile) mg/person/day, corresponding to 0.00013 (mean) and 0.00059 (97.5th percentile) mg kg^–1 body weight day^–1 for consumers of foods packed in light metal packaging. This is well below the current EFSA (and other recognised bodies) TDI of 0.05 mg kg^–1 body weight day^–1. These probabilistic estimates were compared with estimates using a refined deterministic approach drawing on the same input data. The results from FACET for the mean, 95th and 97.5th percentile exposures to BPA lay between the lowest and the highest estimates from the refined deterministic calculations. Since this should be the case, for a fully probabilistic compared with a deterministic approach, it is concluded that the FACET tool has been verified in this example. A recent EFSA draft opinion on exposure to BPA from different sources showed that canned foods were a major contributor and compared results from various models, including those from FACET. The results from FACET were overall conservative.     

Electrohydrodynamic processing of natural polymers for active food packaging: A comprehensive review

The active packaging materials fabricated using natural polymers is increasing in recent years. Electrohydrodynamic processing has drawn attention in active food packaging due to its potential in fabricating materials with advanced structural and functional properties. These materials have the significant capability in enhancing food's quality, safety, and shelf-life. Through electrospinning and electrospray, fibers and particles are encapsulated with bioactive compounds for active packaging applications. Understanding the principle behind electrohydrodynamics provides fundamentals in modulating the material's physicochemical properties based on the operating parameters. This review provides a deep understanding of electrospray and electrospinning, along with their advantages and recent innovations, from food packaging perspectives. The natural polymers suitable for developing active packaging films and coatings through electrohydrodynamics are intensely focused. The critical properties of the packaging system are discussed with characterization techniques. Furthermore, the limitations and prospects for natural polymers and electrohydrodynamic processing in active packaging are summarized.     

塑料食品包装材料中双酚A的迁移量检测

目的检测液体食品模拟物中源于塑料包装材料的双酚A(bisphenol A,BPA)的迁移量。方法建立高效液相色谱检测双酚A的方法学,通过液体食品模拟物探讨了时间、温度、酸度、乙醇浓度、微波加热时间、油脂6种因素对BPA迁移率的影响。结果 BPA在0.0464~1.044μg/m L内线性关系良好(r2=0.9993),精密度、稳定性、重复性的RSD分别为0.81%、1.42%、2.59%,加样回收率范围为95.0%~96.9%,RSD为0.80%。通过对液体食品模拟物中BPA含量的检测,发现随着储存时间延长、温度升高、酸度和乙醇浓度增加、微波加热时间延长、油脂增加,BPA从塑料食品包装材料转移到饮用品中的迁移率增加。结论正确使用塑料食品包装,对于减少BPA在体内蓄积至关重要。     

Use of encapsulated natural compounds as antimicrobial additives in food packaging: A brief review

BackgroundSynthetic chemical preservatives in food can be harmful to human health. These problems have increasingly attracted concern and interest from researchers, which has led to the study and application of non-toxic essential oils with preservative ability in food products and food packaging. A great challenge in this sense is their facile degradation during processing of the food and manufacturing processes during food packing.Scope and approachEncapsulation is an interesting technique to improve the physical-chemical and microbiological stability of these essential oils, as well as to achieve controlled release. This review provides a detailed overview of encapsulation in the food industry, focusing on the application of procedures to encapsulate antimicrobial essential oils.Key findings and conclusionsThis review focuses on recent studies related to nanotechnology and the nano and microencapsulation of essential oils. This study provides valuable insight that may be useful for identifying trends in the commercialization of nanotechnological products or for identifying new research areas. The results published to date confirm that the encapsulation promotes the protection of active compounds, enabling industrial applications of active packaging.     

Occurrence of phthalates in different food matrices: A systematic review of the main sources of contamination and potential risks

This systematic review aimed to investigate the occurrence of phthalates (phthalic acid esters [PAEs]) in different food matrices, as well as report the main sources of PAEs in food, the potential risks to the population, and the factors that influence its migration from food contact materials (FCMs) to food. Nineteen PAEs were identified, including di-(2-ehtylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl-phthalate (DBP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) in fruits and vegetables, milk and dairy products, cereals, meat, fish, fat and oils, snacks, condiments and sauces, miscellaneous, and baby food. Fifty-seven values of PAEs were above the legal limits of countries. DEHP is the PAE with the highest incidence, with maximum concentrations above the specific migration limit (SML) for milk and dairy products, oils and fats, fish, cereals, condiments and sauces, meat, and fruits and vegetables. The risk of exceeding the tolerable daily intake (TDI) was high for DEHP and DBP in fish, fat and oils, cereals, and milk and dairy products for children and adults. Fat and oils are the most critical food for DEHP, DBP, BBP, and DINP. Comparing the estimated daily intake (EDI) with the TDI, there was a risk for “milk and dairy products” in adults and for “cereal and cereal products” in children concerning DEHP. “Cereal and cereal products” presented a risk in children and adults concerning DBP. The “fat and oils” category presented a risk in children and adults about DBP and DINP. Temperature, contact time between food and the FCM, fat percent, and acidity positively correlate with the PAE's migration. The contamination occurs in many steps of the production chain.     

Trends in the use of natural antioxidants in active food packaging: a review

The demand for natural antioxidant active packaging is increasing due to its unquestionable advantages compared with the addition of antioxidants directly to the food. Therefore, the search for antioxidants perceived as natural, namely those that naturally occur in herbs and spices, is a field attracting great interest. In line with this, in the last few years, natural antioxidants such as α-tocopherol, caffeic acid, catechin, quercetin, carvacrol and plant extracts (e.g. rosemary extract) have been incorporated into food packaging. On the other hand, consumers and the food industry are also interested in active biodegradable/compostable packaging and edible films to reduce environmental impact, minimise food loss and minimise contaminants from industrial production and reutilisation by-products. The present review focuses on the natural antioxidants already applied in active food packaging, and it reviews the methods used to determine the oxidation protection effect of antioxidant active films and the methods used to quantify natural antioxidants in food matrices or food simulants. Lastly consumers’ demands and industry trends are also addressed.     

纸质包装材料中邻苯二甲酸酯类物质向Tenax和奶粉的迁移

采用气相质谱联用对100、70与50℃条件下10种邻苯二甲酸酯类物质从微波纸和牛皮纸向脂肪类模拟物Tenax和奶粉中的迁移行为进行了研究。以温度、分子结构、纸张特性等为主要考虑因素,探究了邻苯二甲酸酯类物质的迁移行为。结果表明,邻苯二甲酸酯类物质的迁移行为受温度、时间、纸张特性、分子量等因素影响,一般随着温度的升高、纸张克重及厚度减小、分子量的降低,最大迁移率越高,但迁移率也受到分子结构及迁移底物的影响。      

Modified atmosphere packaging technology: A review

Modified atmosphere packaging is becoming increasingly common. It has been claimed that the technique enables significant shelf-life extension but in so doing presents an increased public health risk. This paper reviews the literature relating to the scientific basis of these claims. It demonstrates that shelf-life, sensory quality and safety of packaged products may be optimised only by harmonising a complex relationship between product and process.     

A review on colorimetric indicators for monitoring product freshness in intelligent food packaging: Indicator dyes,preparation methods,and applications

Intelligent food packaging system exhibits enhanced communication function by providing dynamic product information to various stakeholders (e.g., consumers, retailers, distributors) in the supply chain. One example of intelligent packaging involves the use of colorimetric indicators, which when subjected to external stimuli (e.g., moisture, gas/vapor, electromagnetic radiation, temperature), display discernable color changes that can be correlated with real-time changes in product quality. This type of interactive packaging system allows continuous monitoring of product freshness during transportation, distribution, storage, and marketing phases. This review summarizes the colorimetric indicator technologies for intelligent packaging systems, emphasizing on the types of indicator dyes, preparation methods, applications in different food products, and future considerations. Both food and nonfood indicator materials integrated into various carriers (e.g., paper-based substrates, polymer films, electrospun fibers, and nanoparticles) with material properties optimized for specific applications are discussed, targeting perishable products, such as fresh meat and fishery products. Colorimetric indicators can supplement the traditional “Best Before” date label by providing real-time product quality information to the consumers and retailers, thereby not only ensuring product safety, but also promising in reducing food waste. Successful scale-up of these intelligent packaging technologies to the industrial level must consider issues related to regulatory approval, consumer acceptance, cost-effectiveness, and product compatibility.     

Prospection of the use of encapsulation in food packaging

Food safety and extended shelf life linked to convenience were the major reasons for the development of the packaging field. However, advances in material science and the widespread encapsulation technologies are allowing the establishment of new concepts for packages, such as intelligent and active packages. Particulate systems have been developed in recent years for the most diverse area with several purposes that can be employed to improve packaging performance mainly focusing on the modification of barrier properties. This review analyzes the recent developments using encapsulation in food packaging and the main concepts about mass transfer evolved in the functionality of these packages, as well as discusses the research challenges faced by the food packaging sector.     

Sustainable edible packaging systems based on active compounds from food processing byproducts: A review

The global food processing industries represent a challenge and a risk to the environment due to the poor handling of residues, which are often discarded as waste without being used in further sidestreams. Although some part of this biomass is utilized, large quantities are, however, still under- or unutilized despite these byproducts being a rich resource of valuable compounds. These biowastes contain biopolymers and other compounds such as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, pigments, micronutrients, and minerals with good nutritional values and active biological properties with applications in various fields including the development of sustainable food packaging. This review offers an update on the recent advancement of food byproducts recycling and upgrading toward the production of food packaging materials, which could be edible, (bio)degradable, and act as carriers of biobased active agents such as antimicrobials, antioxidants, flavoring additives, and health-promoting compounds. This should be a global initiative to promote the well-being of humans and achieve sustainability while respecting the ecological boundaries of our planet. Edible films and coatings formulations based on biopolymers and active compounds extracted from biowastes offer great opportunities to decrease the devastating overuse of plastic-based packaging. It has become evident that a transition from a fuel-based to a circular bio-based economy is potentially beneficial. Therefore, the exploitation of food discards within the context of a zero-waste biorefinery approach would improve waste management by minimizing its generation, reduce pollution, and provide value-added compounds. Most importantly, the development of edible packaging materials from food byproducts does not compete with food resources, and it also helps decrease our dependency on petroleum-based products. Practical Application Almost 99% of current plastics are petroleum-based, and their continuous use has been devastating to the planet as plastic-derived components have been detected in all trophic levels. Besides, the increasing amounts of food by-products are a socioeconomic and environmental challenge, and halving food loss and waste and turning it into valuable products has become necessary to achieve sustainability and economic circularity. The development of new packaging systems such as edible materials could be one of the solutions to limit the use of persistent plastics. Edible films and coatings by-products-based could also enhance food packaging performance due to their compounds' bioactivities.