广西居民膳食营养状况调查

目的了解广西居民膳食营养状况,为制订营养改善策略提供科学依据.方法用多阶整群随机抽样法抽取4个城区、4个农村县,4268户、17104人.用称重法获调味品量,3d、24h回顾法获个人食物量;测定身高、体重、血红蛋白和血浆维生素A.结果每标准人日摄入能量9226.2kJ,达推荐摄入标准（RNI）91.8%,城乡分别为10301.11,8877.5kJ,达RNI 102.7%和88.5%.蛋白质、脂肪分别为64.4,75g,提供能量分别为11.9%和31.3%.视黄醇、核黄素和硫胺素分别为527.3μg RE、0.8mg和1mg,分别达30.4%,59.1%和78.1%.钙、铁分别为311.4、19.4mg,分别达适宜摄入标准（AI）35.4%和118.4%.动物蛋白质占蛋白质总摄入量的37.4%,城乡分别占46.9%和33.4%.动物脂肪占脂肪总摄入量的74.7%,城乡分别占54.7%和81.9%.营养不良率为12.9%,肥胖率9.1%（含中心性肥胖）,超重率4.4%,贫血率为17.2%,其中孕妇为48.6%,乳母为24.1%;学龄前儿童发育迟缓率15.8%,婴儿低出生体重率4.8%.结论广西居民营养状况有了较大改善.能量、蛋白质基本满足,视黄醇、核黄素和钙偏低,食盐偏高,脂肪能量偏高.亟待制定广西膳食营养促进策略,防制不良和营养相关慢性病.     

A comparison of diet quality and cardiovascular and inflammatory responses between aerobically trained male adults following either a long-term vegan or omnivorous dietary pattern

Vegan dietary patterns are increasingly being adopted by endurance athletes, yet research examining the influence of this dietary pattern on exercise-related physiology is limited. This pilot study, therefore, aimed to explore nutrient status, diet quality and cardiovascular and inflammatory responses in aerobically trained adult males following vegan and omnivorous dietary patterns during aerobic exercise. An incremental ramp running test was used to assess peak oxygen consumption (VO_2peak) in males aged 18–55 years, engaging in >4 h training/week. Exercise testing was performed during walking and steady-state running conditions (60% and 90% of VO_2peak). Participants were grouped by dietary pattern type and were equivalent for age, training volume and VO_2peak. When compared to the omnivorous group (n = 8, age 35.6 years, VO_2peak 55.7 mL/kg/min), the vegan group (n = 12, age 33.4 years, VO_2peak 56.4 m/kg/min) consumed more energy from carbohydrates (p = 0.007), and less energy from protein (p = 0.001) while exhibiting a higher overall diet quality score (p = 0.008). No differences in inflammatory biomarkers were observed before or after running. Total red blood cell count, haemoglobin and haematocrit levels were lower in the vegan dietary group. In summary, aerobically trained males, following a long-term vegan diet, can tolerate a short bout of running broadly comparatively to their omnivore counterparts. More arduous endurance exercise conditions should be explored to further uncover potential outcomes of consuming a vegan dietary pattern and exercise-related physiology.     

济南市历下区学龄前儿童饮食行为习惯及营养品摄入调查分析

目的 了解历下区学龄前儿童的饮食行为习惯及营养品摄入基本情况及特征,为进一步开展行为干预,促进儿童健康提供科学依据。方法 采用随机整群抽样的方法,抽取了济南市历下区4所幼儿园,将所有600名儿童作为研究对象,使用自制的调查问卷,问卷内容包括学龄前儿童的一般资料、家长的一般资料、儿童饮食行为习惯问题和儿童营养品摄入情况问题。结果 存在饮食行为习惯问题的儿童检出率为98.8%,不良饮食行为习惯排在前4位的分别是:吃快餐(66.0%),边吃饭边看电视(57.1%),挑食或偏食行为(56.4%),每餐吃的很饱(32.1%)。 结论 历下区学龄前儿童确实存在饮食行为习惯问题,应加强健康教育和早期行为干预,促使其养成良好的饮食习惯,践行正确的饮食行为。     

中国人群膳食营养素及营养状况分析──1989年8省实例研究

为了解我国１０年经济体制改革后人群膳食结构的改变及身体的营养状况，于１９８９年对８省的１６市２４县居民的调查结果进行分析。结果表明，城市和县城居民热能摄入低于郊区和农村。来源于动物性食物的热能，城市和县城占１１％～１３％，郊区和农村只占５％～９％左右，各类地区来源于动物性食物的蛋白质和动物性脂肪随经济收入的上升而增加。调查人群成人（２０～４５岁）超重（ＢＭＩ≥２５．０）的检出率在７％～１２％之间，消瘦（ＢＭＩ＜１８．５）在７％～１０％之间。城市和县城居民超重检出率显著高于郊区和农村居民（Ｐ＜０．００１）。低收入组的超重检出率低于中高收入组（Ｐ＜０．００１）。体质指数（ＢＭＩ）随热能、蛋白质、脂肪等营养素摄入量的增加而升高。     

海岛大学生的日常饮食行为、营养状况及消化功能的调查分析

目的通过调查海岛大学生的日常饮食行为、营养状况及消化功能,了解海岛大学生身体健康的现状。方法随机抽取舟山海岛3所高校761名学生,采用自行设计的网络问卷进行调查。结果78.7%的学生能正常饮食,85.0%能规律排便,65.9%营养正常,但有63.0%的学生偏爱肉食,42.3%偏重口味,且88.4%的学生进餐时间较短,73.6%吃饭过饱,67.5%的学生有上腹痛、腹胀、反酸、嗳气、腹泻、呕吐等症状。结论大部分海岛大学生能正常饮食和排便,营养摄入充足,但有偏食、偏重口味的现象,且进食速度偏快,吃饭过饱,进餐时间较短,会出现胃肠不适的情况。     

Nutrient Intake and Status in Adults Consuming Plant-Based Diets Compared to Meat-Eaters: A Systematic Review

Health authorities increasingly recommend a more plant-based diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, pulses, whole grains and nuts, low in red meat and moderate in dairy, eggs, poultry and fish which will be beneficial for both health and the environment. A systematic review of observational and intervention studies published between 2000 and January 2020 was conducted to assess nutrient intake and status in adult populations consuming plant-based diets (mainly vegetarian and vegan) with that of meat-eaters. Mean intake of nutrients were calculated and benchmarked to dietary reference values. For micronutrient status, mean concentrations of biomarkers were calculated and compared across diet groups. A total of 141 studies were included, mostly from Europe, South/East Asia, and North America. Protein intake was lower in people following plant-based diets compared to meat-eaters, but well within recommended intake levels. While fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), folate, vitamin C, E and magnesium intake was higher, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake was lower in vegetarians and vegans as compared to meat-eaters. Intake and status of vitamin B12, vitamin D, iron, zinc, iodine, calcium and bone turnover markers were generally lower in plant-based dietary patterns compared to meat-eaters. Vegans had the lowest vitamin B12, calcium and iodine intake, and also lower iodine status and lower bone mineral density. Meat-eaters were at risk of inadequate intakes of fiber, PUFA, α-linolenic acid (ALA), folate, vitamin D, E, calcium and magnesium. There were nutrient inadequacies across all dietary patterns, including vegan, vegetarian and meat-based diets. As plant-based diets are generally better for health and the environment, public health strategies should facilitate the transition to a balanced diet with more diverse nutrient-dense plant foods through consumer education, food fortification and possibly supplementation.     

Impact of some isoenergetic snacks on satiety and next meal intake in healthy adults

Background: Choosing small portions especially of low energy foods is a standard recommendation for weight management. However, this can result in rapid return of hunger or an increase in the next meal size. Enhancing the satiating capacities of low energy foods may help to overcome these effects. The present study compared the satiating properties of small servings of four low energy foods [465 kJ (111 kcal)] including a drinking yogurt enhanced for satiety. Methods: Thirty volunteers attended the laboratory to consume isoenergetic preloads of: a fibre‐enriched drinking yogurt, a regular drinking yogurt, plain crackers, fresh banana; or an isovolumetric serving of water. Satiety was analysed using visual analogue scales, before and every 15 min after consumption for 60 min, when ad libitum food intake was measured. Results: The yogurts and the banana were more satiating than water and crackers (P < 0.001 for yogurts and banana versus crackers and water). Only the fibre‐enriched yogurt produced higher satiety scores than crackers at 60 min (P < 0.05). Mean ± SD consumption at next meal was: fibre‐enriched yogurt 2050 ± 787 kJ (490 ± 188 kcal); regular yogurt 2071 ± 575 kJ (495 ± 137 kcal); bananas 2178 ± 603 kJ (520 ± 144 kcal); crackers 2232 ± 590 kJ (533 ± 141 kcal); water 2519 ± 741 kJ (602 ± 177 kcal); (yogurts versus water: P = 0.001; bananas versus water: P = 0.013; crackers versus water: P = 0.064), demonstrating accurate energy compensation for the yogurts only. Conclusions: Although there were no significant differences between the different foods’ satiating capacity, a trend for the following ranking was found: fibre‐enriched yogurt > regular yogurt > banana > crackers > water. Overall, the fibre‐enriched drinking yogurt tended to be more satiating than the other foods.     

Unintended Consequences: Nutritional Impact and Potential Pitfalls of Switching from Animal- to Plant-Based Foods

Consumers are shifting towards plant-based diets, driven by both environmental and health reasons. This has led to the development of new plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) that are marketed as being sustainable and good for health. However, it remains unclear whether these novel PBMAs to replace animal foods carry the same established nutritional benefits as traditional plant-based diets based on pulses, legumes and vegetables. We modelled a reference omnivore diet using NHANES 2017–2018 data and compared it to diets that substituted animal products in the reference diet with either traditional or novel plant-based foods to create flexitarian, vegetarian and vegan diets matched for calories and macronutrients. With the exception of the traditional vegan diet, all diets with traditional plant-based substitutes met daily requirements for calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, iron and Vitamin B12 and were lower in saturated fat, sodium and sugar than the reference diet. Diets based on novel plant-based substitutes were below daily requirements for calcium, potassium, magnesium, zinc and Vitamin B12 and exceeded the reference diet for saturated fat, sodium and sugar. Much of the recent focus has been on protein quality and quantity, but our case study highlights the risk of unintentionally increasing undesirable nutrients while reducing the overall nutrient density of the diet when less healthy plant-based substitutes are selected. Opportunities exist for PBMA producers to enhance the nutrient profile and diversify the format of future plant-based foods that are marketed as healthy, sustainable alternatives to animal-based products.     

Associations between Avocado Consumption and Diet Quality,Dietary Intake,Measures of Obesity and Body Composition in Adolescents: The Teen Food and Development Study

Avocado is a nutrient-rich food that has been shown to benefit the health and diet quality of adults. In this paper, we examined if habitual intake of avocado among adolescents is associated with their diet quality, food and nutrient intake, and measures of obesity and body composition. Participants aged 12–18 years old (n = 534) from selected public and Adventist middle-high schools reported their dietary intake in a web-based food frequency questionnaire (FFQ); anthropometrics were measured during school visits. Diet quality (DQI-I) and avocado intake were calculated from the FFQ; BMI z-scores (BMIz), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and %body fat (%BF) were determined from the anthropometric data. Compared to non-consumers, avocado consumers had significantly higher covariate-adjusted mean scores on total DQI-I (68.3 vs. 64.6) and energy-adjusted mean scores on variety (18.8 vs. 18.0) and adequacy (36.4 vs. 33.4). Avocado consumption was significantly associated with DQI-I components adequacy (β [SE] = 0.11 [0.03]) and moderation (β [SE] = 0.06 [0.03]) but not with BMIz, WHtR, FM, FFM, and %BF. Mean intakes of fruits, vegetables, and plant protein foods, total and vegetable proteins, dietary fiber, retinol, vitamin C, calcium, magnesium, iron, and potassium were significantly higher for avocado consumers; saturated and trans fats intakes were significantly higher for non-consumers. In our adolescent population, avocado consumption was associated with higher diet quality and intake of plant-based foods and shortfall nutrients, but not with measures of obesity and body composition. Studies are needed to determine the optimal amount of avocado that would confer health benefits during adolescence.     

Validation of a questionnaire assessing food frequency and nutritional intake in Greek adolescents

The aim of the study was to develop and validate a specific semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire to assess nutritional intake of Greek adolescents. The sample of the study consisted of 250 pupils (15.3±0.7 years), who completed the Youth Adolescent Food Frequency Questionnaire enriched with 22 Greek foods and recipes to include ethnic and racial diversity. A 3-day weighed food recall was used as the criterion to test the validity of the questionnaire. The analysis of correlation revealed significant correlations between the two methods for almost all variables. The Pearson's coefficients ranged from 0.83 for energy intake to 0.34 for folate intake. Non-significant correlations were found for selenium and vitamin D intakes. The findings of the study provide evidence for the validity of the scale and its utility in assessing nutritional intake of Greek adolescents.     

Food intake and nutritional status in stable Crohn's Disease

Food intake was assessed in 25 normal weight and 15 underweight patients with stable Crohn's Disease. Normal weight was taken as 90% or more of ideal body weight (body mass index > 20) and this was based on a larger study of patients with various gastrointestinal disorders.
There was no significant difference in the energy intake of the two groups. A comparison of selected nutrients (protein, fat, fibre, zinc, vitamins D and E and essential fatty acids) showed that the intake of protein and zinc was higher in the underweight female group than in normal weight females, but no other significant differences were observed. The intake of micronutrients by both groups was generally low compared with published recommendations.
It is concluded that the nutritional intake of underweight patients with Crohn's Disease, in a stable condition, is similar to that of the normal weight group. It is likely that they have increased requirements as a result of increased expenditure or malabsorption. Body weight may be a poor guide to the adequacy of intake of micronutrients.     

Daily caloric intake of normal-weight adults: response to changes in dietary energy density of a luncheon meal

The extent and time course of caloric compensation for surreptitious dilutions and supplements to the energy value of the diet were examined in free-living normal-weight adults. Ten subjects were provided lunches containing approximately 66% more or less calories than their customary midday meal for 2-wk periods which were interposed between 1-wk baseline or recovery periods. Diet records were kept throughout the study. Total energy intakes did not differ among the three control periods (weeks 1, 4, and 7) or between any of these periods and when subjects were provided the low-calorie meal. Total energy intake was significantly higher relative to all other periods when subjects ingested the high-calorie meal. To the extent that compensation occurred, it was apparent immediately and did not appear to change over the 2-wk study periods. The results suggest that humans compensate more readily for decreases than for increases in caloric intake.     

Iodine nutritional status of adults during a period of salt iodization

BACKGROUND: To measure the iodine nutritional status of island adults in Zhoushan, China. METHODS: A comparison study was carried out in eight villages. These were selected from iodized salt and non-iodized salt districts of Zhoushan island by random sampling. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the urinary iodine concentration and dietary iodine intake between the two districts. RESULTS: The median of urinary iodine concentration in the non-iodized salt group was 90 micrograms/l, which was lower than 194 micrograms/l in the iodized salt group (u = 14.673; p < 0.000), whereas the median of daily dietary iodine intake in the two groups was 128 and 147 micrograms, respectively (u = 1.847; p = 0.065). There was no significant correlation between dietary iodine intake and urinary iodine concentration (p = 0.095). CONCLUSIONS: Salt iodization is necessary. Special characteristics of the island diet should also be considered.     

Nutrient intake and nutritional indexes in adults with metastatic cancer on a phase I clinical trial of dietary methionine restriction

Animal studies have shown that dietary methionine restriction selectively inhibits growth of a variety of human tumor xenografts but has relatively few deleterious effects on normal tissues. The objectives of the present study were to determine whether enteral methionine restriction is safe and tolerable in adults with metastatic cancer and whether it reduces plasma methionine levels. Eight patients with a variety of metastatic solid tumors were enrolled in a phase I clinical trial. A commercially available methionine-free medical food served as the primary dietary protein source for all patients. Patients were prescribed diets containing 0.6-0.8 g of protein, 25-35 kcal, and 2 mg of methionine per kilogram per day. Participants remained on the experimental diet for an average of 17.3 wk (range 8-39 wk). Plasma methionine levels fell from 21.6 +/- 7.3 to 9 +/- 4 microM within 2 wk, representing a 58% decline. Serum albumin and prealbumin levels remained stable or increased. Mean energy intake increased during participation compared with baseline, and protein intake was maintained at target levels. The only side effect was weight loss of approximately 0.5% of body mass index (0.5 kg) per week. We conclude that enteral dietary methionine restriction is safe and tolerable in adults with metastatic solid tumors and results in significant reduction in plasma methionine levels.     

Prospective study of food intake and nutritional status in HIV infection

Weight loss is a common feature of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. The aetiology of such weight loss is multifactorial; however the relative importance of factors involved is unknown. In order to test the hypothesis that a gross reduction of food intake is one of the factors responsible for weight loss seen in HIV disease, we prospectively measured food intake for 7 days in 11 male HIV antibody positive subjects and nine male control subjects. Anthropometric measurements were taken to assess nutritional status and fat absorption was assessed using 1–¹⁴C Triolein breath test. In the 3 months preceding the study mean weight loss was 3.9±1.2 kg. (s.e.m.) for the HIV antibody positive group. Protein and energy intakes were not significantly different between the two groups. HIV infected subjects had significantly lower mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC) and grip strength (GS). Fat malabsorption of a minor degree was detected in only three subjects. These data suggest that constitutionally well HIV infected subjects have reduced MAMC and GS in the face of apparently adequate protein and energy intakes.     

天津市非水源性高碘地区成人碘营养状况及总膳食碘折算方法

目的  了解天津市非水源性高碘地区成人居民碘营养状况及来源分布,并比较3 d膳食调查法和24 h尿碘法折算总膳食碘的方法学差异。 方法  根据中国成人慢性病与营养监测方案,在天津市河西区、南开区、红桥区、武清区、津南区、宝坻区、蓟州区共计调查1 634名成人,使用3 d膳食回顾法和调味品称重法相结合获得总膳食碘状况,描述居民碘营养状况及各部分碘的贡献率,从中随机抽取403名调查者收集24 h尿液进行尿碘检测,比较3 d膳食调查法和尿碘折算法估计总膳食碘的方法学差异。 结果  天津市非水源性高碘地区成人居民总膳食碘摄入量为207.13 μg/标准人日,70.3%的被调查者处于碘适宜状态;盐碘是总膳食碘最主要的来源（78.2%）,其次是食物碘（13.2%）和水碘（8.6%）;整体上看,3 d膳食调查法比24 h尿碘折算法高估约10%。 结论  天津市非水源性高碘地区成人居民碘营养状况总体处于适宜水平,盐碘是膳食碘最主要的来源,3 d膳食调查法和24 h尿碘折算法估计总膳食碘摄入量差异不大。