高速列车随机激振载荷无砟轨道路基的动应力分布规律

相较于传统的列车-轨道-路基整体耦合三维有限元模型,提出一种优化处理列车荷载的方法,基于多体系统动力学理论建立列车-轨道垂向耦合模型,并通过数值计算得到考虑了轨道随机不平顺条件下的轮轨激振载荷,随后利用二次开发子程序将轮轨载荷导入无砟轨道-路基-天然地基土非线性数值分析三维有限元模型,在此基础上研究分析高速移动荷载作用下路基的动应力分布规律。研究结果表明:采用的车辆荷载处理方法在保证计算精度的前提下代替车辆-不平顺轨道-路基-地基整体耦合振动模型,降低了建模及计算时间成本;竖向动应力沿横向分布规律,在轨道结构中数值较大,路基基床内远小于轨道结构中的数值,基床表层及基床底层底面出现"马鞍形"分布;沿竖向分布,随着深度的增加,竖向动应力逐渐减小,在基床表层内的衰减率较大,甚至超过50%;沿纵向分布,在各结构层内产生了与转向架数目相等的应力峰值数目,列车运行过程中轨道及路基动应力的变化可以看作是反复的加、卸载过程;列车移动速度对路基动力响应影响作用明显,时速由200km/h增长到350km/h时,各结构层动应力幅值增长均超过30%。     

孔隙水-力耦合作用下高速铁路轨道-路基结构动力响应分析

以某段高速铁路实际运营情况下轨道路基结构为工程背景,建立孔隙水-力耦合有限元模型,计算移动列车荷载作用下高速铁路路基动力响应,进而分析上部列车移动荷载作用下路基内孔隙水对轨道-路基结构动力响应的影响。研究结果表明,在孔隙水渗流和移动列车荷载的耦合作用下,基床表面以下应力分布较均匀,而基床表面以上的支撑层和钢轨承受较大应力;移动列车荷载在钢轨表面加载位置处存在应力扩散,钢轨表面中点位移变化及基床表面中点应力变化存在明显的锯齿状分布;路基内孔隙水头及列车行驶速度均会对路基动力响应产生影响,即路基动力响应主要受孔隙水头和列车行驶速度控制。     

短波随机不平顺对列车-板式无砟轨道-桥梁系统动力特性影响

运用弹性系统动力学总势能不变值原理及形成矩阵的"对号入座"法则建立列车-板式无砟轨道-桥梁竖向振动方程组。分析列车高速运行时,短波随机不平顺对列车-板式无砟轨道-桥梁系统动力特性的影响,并对不同种类不平顺对列车-板式无砟轨道-桥梁系统动力特性的影响进行对比研究。研究表明:短波随机不平顺对车体垂向加速度、钢轨位移、轨道板位移、桥梁位移影响很小;短波随机不平顺对轮轨垂向力、钢轨垂向振动加速度、轨道板垂向振动加速度、扣件竖向压应力、CA砂浆竖向压应力有很大的影响;短波随机不平顺对钢轨最大弯矩、轨道板最大弯曲应力、桥梁振动加速度也有一定的影响。为了降低短波随机不平顺的危害,高速铁路定期打磨钢轨十分重要。     

重载铁路过渡段路基动力响应特性试验研究#br#

掌握列车移动荷载作用下路基的动力响应特性可为路基沉降预测,状态评估提供依据。开展重载铁路过渡段路基动力响应测试,研究动位移峰值沿线路纵向及边坡方向的变化规律,分析路肩处动位移峰值的随机分布规律。研究列车动荷载作用下路基的动力响应特征,并揭示振动能量沿路基边坡的衰减规律。结果表明：列车动荷载对路基的作用具有明显的周期性,可将相邻车厢的两个前后转向架作为一个加载单元,在该加载单元的重复作用下路肩处的动位移峰值服从正态分布。重载列车动荷载作用下路基的振动频率主要分布在0~20Hz范围内,振动能量从路肩向坡脚方向衰减剧烈,基床层受列车动荷载影响显著,而基床以下路基受列车动荷载影响非常微小。分析结果有助于评估列车荷载作用下路基的瞬时及长期动力稳定性,同时为采用模型试验及数值分析手段研究路基动力响应特性时准确模拟重复列车动荷载提供了思路。     

武广高铁某涵路过渡段动力特征分析

以武广高铁密集涵洞过渡段为例,建立了列车-轨道耦合的三维动力学分析模型,分析了350km/h高速行车条件下过渡段路基的动力响应特性。分析表明:①过渡段路基基床表层、底层的竖向振动的位移、速度、加速度均在涵洞顶最小,在涵洞侧面出现较快速增长;动应力的变化趋势则与之相反,在涵洞顶最大,涵洞两侧逐渐降低。②动响应沿路基深度呈指数函数形式衰减,基床表层至基床底层衰减较快,路基面下1m左右动响应幅值衰减渐趋于平缓,路基面下3m动响应衰减基本趋于稳定。其中振动加速度衰减最为明显,动位移、振动速度、动应力衰减则相对较缓。现场实车试验测试值与仿真计算值较为接近,表明采用的仿真分析方法较为可靠。     

350 km/h高速铁路有砟轨道基床结构的技术条件分析

采用车辆轨道路基垂向耦合动力学模型,研究了轨道高低不平顺下有砟轨道路基动力影响系数φ_i的概率分布特性;根据循环荷载下路基粗粒土典型填料单元模型试验反映出的累积变形状态特征与荷载水平的关系,明确了基床以下填料处于无时间效应变形状态、基床填料处于微弱时间效应变形状态的设计工作状态;以基床结构的动强度、长期动力稳定性、循环变形为设计控制指标,开展了高速铁路有砟轨道基床结构的技术条件分析。研究表明:表征路基承受列车动力效应程度的φ_i沿线路纵向服从对数正态分布;列车荷载作用下,路基各结构层的累积变形状态与填料性质密切相关;基床结构的长期动力稳定性为设计主控因素,据此,提出了适用于350km/h有砟轨道高铁基床双层结构型式的技术标准建议。     

既有铁路病害基床的合理加固深度初探

介绍了国内外新建铁路路基基床表层强化结构的组成及厚度,讨论了列车动荷载在路基面上的分布及沿深度的衰减规律、基床土动强度的影响因素,依据路基稳定必须满足动强度大于动应力的动力学原则,提出了既有铁路病害基床合理加固深度的确定方法,并结合工程实例进行了印证。     

列车移动荷载下高速铁路板式轨道路基动力性态的全比尺物理模型试验

列车移动荷载下高速铁路板式轨道路基的振动特性和动力荷载传递规律对高速铁路的设计和运行维护十分重要。介绍了一种全比尺的高速铁路板式轨道路基模型和可模拟真实列车荷载高速移动的分布式加载系统,最高模拟列车速度可达360 km/h。基于该模型试验平台,对中国高速列车以不同速度运行下板式轨道路基的振动和动应力特性进行了试验研究。结果表明轨道结构的振动随着车速的提高近似呈线性增加的趋势;路基结构的振动存在阶段性,列车速度低于180 km/h时振动速度增长缓慢,而后随着速度的增加迅速增大;基床表层的碎石层对振动在路基中的传播有很好的吸收作用。试验发现,尽管无砟轨道路基表面的动应力水平远低于有砟轨道,但无砟轨道路基动应力沿深度的衰减速度要缓于有砟轨道。试验进一步发现,无砟轨道路基动应力的增长模式与列车速度和土体所处深度均有关,基于试验结果提出了用于预测高速铁路路基动应力的经验表达式。     

高速铁路板-路基系统静力特性分析

介绍了国内外高速铁路无碴轨道及铁路路基基床研究的发展现状.针对高速铁路列车、轨道、路基相互作用问题,提出了将板式轨道和路基基床结构作为一个系统来考虑.利用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立了三维空间轨道板-路基模型,对板-路基系统在列车静荷载作用下的受力和变形进行分析,为板式轨道和路基基床的设计和力学参数的选择提供依据.     

考虑列车轴载时序的有砟轨道路基动应力频响特性

列车移动轴列荷载经轨道结构传递扩散至路基,引起的动应力受车辆几何参数影响具有周期性。以单位脉冲函数描述轴载时序的周期特征,引入颗粒介质随机应力扩散理论建立单轴载沿深度扩散分布模型,运用卷积定理推导路基动应力时程及频谱表达式,分析高速铁路有砟轨道路基动应力主频过渡、幅度抑制、快速衰减特性及随列车编组、路基深度的演化规律,并通过现场实测进行验证。研究表明：随列车编组n增加,路基动应力频谱主频由车辆定距频率fb整数倍逐步过渡到车长频率fc整数倍,中国标准动车组条件下存在基频f₁=(1+0.398/n^1.546)·f_c拟合关系;车长频率fc部分整数倍Nr所对应频率f_r=N_r·f_c出现幅度抑制为零现象,由车长L_c和轴距L_a决定,产生周期性幅度抑制条件需满足0.5L_c/L_a为整数;路基动应力频谱谱峰值随主频增加呈快速衰减趋势,并沿路基深度大幅降低,幅度衰减90%所对应截止频率由基床顶面的11倍f_c减至基床底部的2倍。研究成果对深入分析高速铁路路基动力响应特性具有参考价值。     

A new approach for evaluating lateral resistance of railway ballast associated with extended sleeper spacing

Recently, attempts have been made to replace wooden sleepers with concrete sleepers with expanded sleeper spacing, especially on conventional railway lines. By extending sleeper spacing in the replacement process, the number of sleepers required is lower. A reduction in the number of sleepers can reduce replacement costs. Behind this attempt to change materials and spacing is the generally held notion the lateral resistance of a ballast is unchanged after the change in the sleeper spacing, whether it is a wooden or a concrete sleeper. However, the changes in the interference degrees of adjacent sleepers and in the rail weight supported by each sleeper are expected to affect the lateral resistance of the ballast. They can change the lateral stability of ballasted tracks in a more complicated fashion than the simple effect of a reduced number of sleepers. However, the current standard design does not consider the combined effects of these changes on the lateral resistance of a ballast. Accordingly, the design of ballasted tracks with extended sleeper spacing cannot be optimized.Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the lateral resistance characteristics of a ballast as associated with changes in the sleeper spacing of conventional railway lines. First, single-sleeper pullout tests were conducted on models based on various sleeper spacing conditions to evaluate the lateral resistance of the ballast. The effect of the rail weight on the lateral resistance of the ballast was determined from the test results. An increased frictional resistance at the sleeper bottom was considered to contribute to an increase in the lateral resistance; thus, the friction angle between the ballast and sleeper bottom was used to evaluate the degree of increase. Subsequently, track panel pullout tests were conducted by simulating an expansion of the sleeper spacing. Based on the test results, the effect of the interference between adjacent sleepers on the lateral resistance per sleeper was investigated. The obtained results were quantitatively modeled as a function by using the sleeper width as a parameter (as normalized by the sleeper spacing). Finally, a new approach was proposed for estimating the lateral resistance of a ballast which considered the change in the sleeper spacing for conventional railway lines. The method considered the combined effects of change in the interference of adjacent sleepers and in the rail weight supported by each sleeper on the lateral resistance. Based on the results calculated by the proposed method, practical applications were examined by determining the extent to which the sleeper spacing could be increased without reducing the lateral resistance of the ballast when replacing wooden sleepers with concrete sleepers. It was demonstrated that the proposed method could improve the estimation accuracy of the lateral resistance of a ballast track with extended sleeper spacing.     

Use of cellular confinement for improved railway performance on soft subgrades

Due to extensive right-of-way, railroads are inevitably subject to poor subgrade conditions and interrupted service for significant maintenance due to excessive deformations and loss of track geometry. Geocell confinement presents itself as a possible solution for improving performance of ballasted railroad embankments over weak subgrade. To investigate the efficacy of geocell confinement on ballasted railway embankments, a set of well-instrumented, large-scale cyclic plate loading tests and numerical simulations were performed on geocell-confined ballast overlaying a weak subgrade material. The agreement of results from tests and simulations served as a basis for simulating practical track geometry and performance for various geocell configurations and subgrades using three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) analyses. The study showed that geocell reinforcement significantly decreased track settlement, decreased subgrade deformations with lower and uniform distribution of vertical stresses on subgrade and inhibited lateral deformation and serviceability under cyclic loading. These results demonstrate that geocell confinement can be an effective alternative to subsurface improvement or shorter maintenance cycles, particularly on weak subgrades.     

Laboratory and field investigation of the effect of geogrid-reinforced ballast on railway track lateral resistance

Continuous welded rail (CWR) tracks have particular advantages over common tracks with jointed rails such as increased ride comfort, reduced noise and vibration and decreased maintenance costs due to the removal of joints in rail connections. Alternatively, some complications associated with CWR tracks, for instance increased lateral forces, are the main reason of track buckling and its subsequent lateral deformation. These problems are usually more severe in curved tracks. In order to overcome the large lateral forces caused by temperature deviations of CWR tracks which results in railway vehicle instability, the ballasted track lateral resistance should be improved. Among the various methods proposed in this area, no specific study has been carried out on the effect of geogrid reinforcement on ballasted track lateral resistance. Thus, the present research was allocated to investigating the effect of geogrid on the lateral resistances of both single tie and track panel via laboratory and field tests. In this regard, at the first stage, the ballast layer was reinforced with various number of geogrid layers, the effect of which was investigated by conducting the single tie push test (STPT) in the lab environment to assess the optimum number of geogrid layers and their installation levels along the ballast layer thickness. Afterwards, a test track was executed in the field including various sections which were reinforced in the same way as the lab tests. Consequently, many STPTs and track panel displacement tests (TPDTs) were accomplished. As a result, the STPTs in the lab and field confirmed more than 31% and 42% increase in single tie lateral resistance for ballast layers reinforced respectively with one and two geogrid layers, while these values were reached to 29% and 40% in the case of TPDT.     

北京地区无缝线路整体道床下挡墙地基的设计特点和计算方法

随着轨道及道床设计不断发展,轨道交通路堤结构上道床敷设方式逐步由碎石道床向整体道床上铺设无缝线路转变,根据梁轨相互作用的设计思想,对路基挡墙的设计提出了更高的要求。作者通过参加几条城市轨道交通路堤段的设计,总结出城市轨道交通路堤结构的设计特点及地基处理方法为今后设计提供参考经验。     

高速铁路路基沉降限值及其对无砟轨道受力的影响

对国内外高速铁路无砟轨道路基沉降的限值问题进行了分析研究。在此基础上,通过建立有限元模型,对路基沉降下的轨道板弯矩进行了计算,并与简化算法结果进行了对比分析。研究表明：对于我国设计速度300km／h的客运专线,路基不均匀沉降按15mm／20m控制,均匀沉降按30mm控制较为合适;特殊情况下,对于超过扣件调高量的路基沉降应借鉴国外的方式补充相关规定;在计算不均匀沉降产生的轨道板弯矩时,建议沉降曲面借鉴日本的假设,按15mm／20m半波长正弦曲面考虑;简化算法得到的轨道板弯矩值有可能比有限元直接建模得到的结果小,在工程设计中是否直接采用此法值得探讨。     

京沪高铁CRSTⅡ型轨道板水泥沥青砂浆灌注施工工艺

轨道板铺设作为高速铁路施工核心技术, 直接决定轨道平顺性以及列车舒适性。沪(上海)宁(南京)城际铁路全线采用CRTSI型轨道板, 及时进行铺板工艺总结和工效指标分析对后续京沪高铁、石武客运专线等大面积铺板和大规模高速铁路建设具有指导意义。     

模拟路基动力响应的原位激振试验研究

动荷载下路基动力响应规律是研究路基长期动力稳定性的基础。采用自行研制的分离式变频激振器,开展铁路路基动力响应的模型试验,研究不同激振频率、动载水平下铁路路基本体的动力响应规律,掌握石灰改良土+粉质黏土填筑的铁路路基本体的共振频率约为25 Hz,路基表层的振动加速度、动应力随着激振频率的增加而显著增大;弄清了振动加速度、动应力沿深度和水平方向的变化规律,两者在主要影响深度1.5 m处已衰减90%,表明其沿深度方向的衰减速度较无砟轨道路基情况下快,而两者沿水平方向的变化受到应力扩散效应的影响,在浅层水平面会迅速衰减,而一定深度(0.7 m)处反而比较稳定,反映了路基动力响应的空间变化特征。     

移动简谐荷载作用下饱和土体中圆形隧道和轨道结构的动力分析

采用解析法研究了移动简谐荷载作用下饱和土全空间中圆形衬砌隧道和轨道结构的动力响应,用无限长圆柱壳模拟衬砌,用Biot饱和多孔介质理论模拟土体,用Euler梁理论模拟钢轨、浮置板并组成周期性的两层叠合梁单元,结合轨道与衬砌仰拱处的力和位移连续条件,实现轨道结构与衬砌及周围饱和土体的耦合。通过算例分析了荷载移动速度、自振频率对轨道结构位移、饱和土体位移及孔压的影响,对比了连续浮置板轨道和离散浮置板轨道的动力特性。结果表明:离散浮置板轨道情形下,轨道结构和饱和土体响应频谱中存在由荷载周期通过不连续浮置板而引发的参数激励;荷载自振频率接近轨道结构固有频率时产生共振,对轨道结构和饱和土位移、孔压响应均有较大影响;离散浮置板轨道和连续浮置板轨道动力特性有显著差异,当荷载频率接近有限长浮置板形成驻波的频率时,二者对应的自由场响应区别明显;增大衬砌厚度可以显著减小饱和土位移响应。     

Characterization of the Fouled Ballast Layer in the Substructure of a 19th Century Railway Track Under Renewal

The purpose of these field and lab studies undertaken during rehabilitation work being done on an ancient railway line was to characterize a layer of ballast fouled with soil found in the track substructure. The field studies included the characterization of the thickness, grain size distribution and void ratio of the fouled ballast layer, as well as a large number of plate load tests, both on the fouled ballast layer and on the subgrade. The resilient behaviour of the fouled ballast was evaluated in the lab by cyclic triaxial tests on large size reconstituted specimens with distinct fouling indexes (different grain size distribution) and distinct humidity states (dry or wet). The results obtained were used as support for the decision to maintain the fouled ballast layer under the new sub-ballast in a number of stretches of the renewed line.     

季节性冻土区铁路路基动力响应模拟

为了研究列车荷载作用下季节冻土区铁路路基的动力响应规律,采用ABAQUS有限元软件建立京哈铁路路基模型,平衡初始地应力,并以此为基础,对单次列车荷载以及长期列车作用下的高铁路基进行动力响应数值模拟分析。结果表明,在单次列车、列车长期荷载作用下,对比不同时期路基的位移场、应力场变化情况,得出季节性冻土区夏季温度较高时,单次列车荷载下路基表面竖向位移、速度、加速度、应力值均大于冬季,在相同深度处各值的衰减程度也大于冬季;同一时期单次列车荷载与列车长期荷载分别作用下,单次列车荷载作用下的路基竖向位移与应力等值大于列车长期荷载作用下的结果。