多发性骨与关节损伤病例回顾分析

目的：研究多发性骨与关节损伤的流行病学特点，探讨多发性骨与关节损伤的诊治经验教训。方法：对本院2000年1月1日～2004年1月1日间的318例多发性骨与关节损伤病例进行回顾分析，并进行随访。结果：符合诊断标准的多发性骨与关节损伤病例占304医院骨科创伤病区住院患者总数的16．39％，高发年龄为20～40岁之间，占总病例数的59．43％．患者中男性明显多于女性．致伤原因最多为道路交通伤，最常见损伤部位为胫腓骨干，最常见的并发症为失血性休克．治疗以早期固定及早期功能康复为好?结论：重视多发性骨与关节损伤的院前急救，强化对门诊及急诊医护人员的培训．可以提高多发性骨与关节损伤诊断的准确率，降低漏诊率，提高救治的成功率并降低死亡率。早期合理的固定是多发性骨与关节损伤的最佳治疗措施，加强早期合理的主被动综合性功能锻炼．可以明显提高患者的功能康复水平。     

三维CT重建在骨关节损伤中的诊断价值

目的：探讨三维CT（CT3-D）在骨关节损伤中的诊断价值。方法：比较42例骨关节损伤患者的X线片、CT、CT3-D，对照手术所见，显示各自的诊断价值。结果：X线片应用方便，是骨折的基本检查方法，但对于复杂骨关节损伤易漏诊，不能确定骨折类型；CT可明确骨折的部位、范围、移位程度，但阅片者需良好的空间思维能力和熟悉骨折部位的解剖结构；CT3-D显示骨关节损伤直观、全面，有利于选择手术入路、内固定方式。结论：X线片对复杂骨关节损伤诊断帮助有限，CT能显示骨折情况，但需要丰富的阅片经验；CT3-D是目前理想的复杂骨关节损伤诊断方法。对临床制定治疗计划有重要的指导意义。     

同种异体冻干脱钙骨在骨科的临床应用

自2000年以来，我科应用第一军医大学生物材料研究室研制的同种异体冻干脱钙骨，治疗骨关节损伤性和骨病性所致的骨缺损，共76例，疗效满意，现将资料总结分析如下。     

内踝上逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣修复踝关节周围皮肤缺损

车祸等损伤致足踝周围组织损伤临床上常见，此处皮下组织少，损伤后易致骨关节及肌腱外露，并发骨关节感染及坏死。用皮瓣修复创面可以加快骨关节及肌腱裸露创面的修复，减少感染、组织坏死等并发症。内踝上逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣在小腿内侧，切取便利，成活率高。我们于1998年2月-2003年6月用该皮瓣修复足踝周围皮肤缺损18例取得良好效果，报告如下。     

骨关节多发性创伤的流行病学分析

目的探讨多发性骨关节损伤的流行病学特点,以提高创伤的防治认识和救治质量,减少死亡率。方法总结2002年1月1日～2004年12月31日间救治的346例多发性骨关节损伤患者资料,按蔡氏法分类,统计分析患者性别、年龄、伤因、部位、数量、并发伤及死亡率。结果346例患者中,男278例,女68例；年龄9个月～89岁,平均32．8岁。致伤原因：交通伤226例,重物压砸伤65例,坠落伤及跌伤52例。胫、腓骨干骨折159处,股骨干骨折96处,尺、桡骨干骨折87处,踝足骨折58处,胸部伤57处,髋和膝部伤分别为50处,骨盆区损伤49例,腕手部伤46处,肩部伤36处,颅骨骨折36处,肱骨干骨折33处,脊柱骨折23处,肘部伤17处。2处伤者242例,3处伤83例,4处伤20例,6处伤1例,平均受伤部位2．3处。闭合伤205例,开放伤141例；合并颅脑伤51例,胸部伤23例,腹部伤5例,泌尿系损伤3例,休克78例,神经血管伤21例,脂肪栓塞6例。死亡5例。结论近年来,多发性骨关节损伤患者有增多趋势,且伤情较重,男性青壮年居多；交通伤是主要致伤原因；四肢多发伤以下肢伤为多,容易发现及确诊,而脑、胸、腹、盆部的闭合伤多易漏误诊治；近年来死亡率明显减少；加强急救创伤救治培训和安全教育,进一步提高医疗质量,可减少残废和死亡率。     

多发性损伤误漏诊断的临床分析

目的:分析造成多发性损伤误漏诊断的诸多原因及患病因素.方法:回顾了该院从2003年1月到2008年12月收治的多发性损伤307例患者诊断与治疗情况.结果:奉组307倒患者中,出现误漏诊断的患者为31例,占10.1%.误漏诊断最多的是大关节损伤,其次是胸度腔脏嚣损伤.结论:认为在多发性损伤的诊断治疗过程中容易出现误漏诊断,其原因既有医生的主观因素,也有疾病的客观因素,只要医生不断提高对多发性损伤的认识,规范诊断程序,误漏正是可以避免的.     

下肢皮肤软组织缺损骨关节外露的皮瓣修复

下肢损伤导致皮肤软组织缺损骨关节外露，临床比较常见，治疗难度较大，2004年12月-2008年12月，我们采用皮瓣修复外伤后下肢皮肤软组织缺损骨关节外露15例，取得满意效果。     

颅脑外伤合并胸部损伤的处理

本院自１９９８年９月至１９９９年９月共收住颅脑外伤病人２０３例，其中合并胸部损伤２４例，现分析报道如下。临床资料１．一般资料∶１９９８年９月至１９９９年９月共收住颅脑外伤病人２０３例，其中重症颅脑损伤５６例，合并胸部损伤２４例。合并胸部损伤２４例中，男１９例，女５例；年龄１５～６７岁，平均３９岁。格拉斯哥昏迷评分（Glasgowcomascore，GCS）１３～１５分共８例，其中合并单纯多发性肋骨骨折５例（同时合并脾破裂１例，另同时合并胸椎压缩性骨折１例），多发性肋骨骨折伴胸廊塌陷１例，单纯气胸１例，多发性肋骨…     

颅脑损伤合并胸腹部多发伤的救治体会

近年由交通事故所致的头颅损伤合并胸腹部损伤的多发伤明显增多。多发性创伤伤情重，变化快，并发症多，残死率高。本院自2003年1月至2006年12月，共救治颅脑损伤合并胸腹多发伤37例，现就救治情况和体会报告如下。     

多发性骨关节创伤60例治疗分析

目的探讨多发性骨关节创伤患者的治疗措施。方法回顾性分析急诊收治的60例多发性骨关节创伤患者的临床救治资料。结果经及时实施救治措施后,58例患者伤情得到有效控制,死亡2例。58例患者均获随访6个月,6例患者出现轻度关节功能障碍,余52例骨折愈合良好,未出现内固定物断裂,骨不连等并发症。结论多发性骨关节损伤,类型复杂且多合并颅脑、胸腹部损伤,及时正确做好伤情评估并实施治疗措施,可有效提高救治成功率,改善患者预后。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.