农田土壤重金属污染状况及修复技术研究

重金属污染因具有毒性、易通过食物链在植物,动物和人体内累积,对生态环境和人体健康构成严重威胁。随着工业快速发展、农药及化肥的广泛使用,农田土壤重金属污染越来越严重,研究农田土壤重金属污染现状及修复技术对农产品安全具有重要意义。综合国内外农田土壤重金属污染状况,农田土壤重金属污染主要来源于固体废弃物堆放及处置、工业废物大气沉降、污水农灌和农用物质的不合理施用。该文综述了国内外有关农田重金属污染土壤修复技术（物理修复、化学修复、生物修复、农业生态和联合修复）的研究进展,并针对各种修复方法,阐述了其原理、修复条件、应用实例及其优缺点,重点论述了植物修复的机理和应用,提出了草本与木本联合修复可有效提高农田土壤重金属复合污染的修复效率,为农田土壤土壤重金属复合污染修复提出了新的途径。最后在对已有研究分析的基础上,提出了联合修复技术（如生物联合技术、物理化学联合技术和物理化学-生物联合技术）可以在一定程度上克服使用单一修复手段存在的缺点,可提高复合污染的修复效率、降低修复成本,未来应深入探索联合修复技术间的相互作用机理,以期为农田土壤重金属综合治理与污染修复提供科学依据。     

泥炭对Pb、Cd污染菜地土壤修复效果评价

珠江三角洲地区农田土壤重金属污染程度较为严重,泥炭作为一种富含有机质的碱性改良剂在修复重金属污染农田土壤方面具有很好的潜力。通过研究泥炭对珠三角地区Pb、Cd污染菜地土壤修复效果开展的连续盆栽试验,从生态学角度对泥炭的修复效果进行综合评价。试验结果表明:泥炭可以提高0.25~1.61个单位的土壤p H值,增加土壤有机质含量,显著降低土壤中Cd有效态含量。连续种植小白菜(Brassica chinensis)后泥炭处理的土壤Cd有效态含量仍显著低于对照,对土壤修复持效性好;但对土壤Pb有效态含量作用效果不显著。泥炭对小白菜有明显的增产效果,在种植第二茬时效果最明显,同时与对照比较泥炭处理显著降低小白菜中Cd含量,但对降低小白菜中Pb含量效果也不明显。泥炭可以显著提高土壤中微生物的活性和代谢多样性,种植小白菜后微生物活性提高更明显。综合判断,15 g·kg-1泥炭用量对修复珠三角地区Pb、Cd污染菜地土壤效果最好而且持效性好。整体来看,泥炭对降低土壤中Cd有效态含量的效果优于对Pb的。     

不同季节垃圾填埋场周围重金属污染特征及评价

采集漳州市某生活垃圾填埋场周围冬夏两季的地表水(包括渗滤液)、土壤以及植物样品,分析9种重金属总量的季节性变化.结果表明,冬季地表水中Zn和As,土壤和植物中的Cd和As的含量均大于夏季,而夏季波动性强于冬季;夏季渗滤液中总Hg的含量明显高于冬季,其余变化不明显.地表水重金属含量均低于地表水环境质量Ⅴ类标准限值,渗滤液中所有重金属含量均低于污水排放二级标准限值.土壤中重金属Cd、As和Pb的污染最重,已达到重度污染,冬季的污染明显高于夏季.冬季植物富集能力强于夏季,细叶芒对Cd的富集能力较强,可作为重金属污染修复的先锋植物.     

重金属污染高风险农用地水稻安全种植技术研究

在农田土壤污染较为严重的情况下生产安全高品质的稻米是目前农业生产面临的一大挑战。重金属低积累水稻品种,不但能有效降低水稻稻米中重金属的含量,而且有经济成本低、且环境友好等特点,但在重金属高风险污染区仅仅使用低积累品种无法达到安全生产的目的。以重金属污染高风险农田土壤为研究对象,开展重金属低积累水稻品种筛选和化学修复手段结合的农田安全利用技术研究。结果表明:通过对23个不同品种水稻在高风险重金属污染农田土壤中种植重金属含量比较分析,表明不同水稻品种对Cd吸收能力差异较大,五优321、广8优占、丰优428、粤晶丝苗2号、粤金银占、合美占等6个水稻品种对Cd吸收能力较弱,但在该地区土壤重金属含量水平下,Cd质量分数仍高于0.2 mg·kg^-1,Pb和As含量均不超标;在此结果基础上结合土壤污染特点,采取3种污染物控制技术降低稻米中Cd含量,五优321品种与石灰、石灰Se配施等配合施用均有较好的效果,可以作为此类污染区域重点推广品种;喷施Se叶面肥能显著增加稻米中Se含量,提升稻米品质,且Se与石灰配合施用,增Se效果要好于单独施Se肥。采用化学钝化剂联合低累积水稻品种,稻米中Cd含量降低40%-70%。该研究采用大田原位试验,其结果可以对当地污染农田土壤的安全利用更具指导意义。     

农田土壤重金属污染阻控技术研究进展

土壤重金属污染阻控技术主要是指通过化学行为将重金属钝化在土壤中,或利用植物生理作用,喷施各种阻隔剂抑制重金属在植物体内的流动,或通过水分管理、深耕等农艺措施调控重金属进入植物体内的行为。其中,钝化技术主要是向土壤中添加钝化剂,通过吸附、沉淀、络合、离子交换和氧化还原等一系列反应,降低重金属污染物的生物有效性和可迁移性,从而达到修复目的的方法;阻隔技术通常指通过向农作物喷施肥料以调节其生理代谢,从而降低农作物对重金属的吸收或降低重金属向作物可食用部位的转运。而作物从土壤中吸收重金属,不仅取决于土壤中重金属的含量,还受到土壤性质、肥料种类、作物种类、水分条件及耕作制度的影响,因此,合理改善上述条件,可有效抑制重金属活性,降低其生物有效性。土壤重金属污染阻控技术具有处理成本低廉、效果明显、操作简单和不影响农作物生产等优点,是土壤重金属污染治理的重要手段之一,是当前世界范围内的研究热点,亦是一种治理土壤重金属污染的环境友好技术。文章主要介绍和评述了土壤重金属污染阻控技术的原理、类型、技术优点及进展情况,并对今后的研究重点进行了简要的讨论。     

根际促生菌影响植物吸收和转运重金属的研究进展

土壤重金属污染对生态环境和人类健康造成严重危害,使得土壤重金属污染修复成为全球关注的研究热点之一。根际土壤中存在着数量和种类丰富的微生物种群,是根际环境中最重要的生物因素。重金属污染土壤中根际微生物与植物根系以及土壤形成特殊根际微环境,影响植物重金吸收、转运过程。根际促生菌通过产生植物生长激素类物质促进植物生长,改变根际微环境中重金属元素生物有效性,增加修复植物重金属吸收量,强化重金属污染土壤植物修复效率。近年来,根际促生菌强化重金属污染土壤植物修复效率相关研究文献数量迅速增加,最新研究成果表明:根际促生菌通过菌体表面活性基团吸附,诱导植物系统抗性(ISR),激活植物抗氧化酶活性,分泌高亲和性铁载体(Siderophores)增加根际铁供给量,竞争性抑制重金属元素的根系吸收,改变植物重金属的吸收、转运及胞内分布过程,抑制重金属元素向植物地上部分转运,同时增加农作物产量。文章对根际促生菌影响植物重金属吸收﹑转运最新研究进展进行综述,提出根际促生菌原位定殖,重金属元素亚细胞分布和重金属吸收、转运分子调控机制等方面的深入研究,将有助于进一步阐明重金属污染土壤植物根际促生菌-植物相互作用机制。通过根际促生菌调控农作物可食部分重金属的累积量,为实现中低污染农田安全生产与修复研究提供新思路。     

农田重金属污染防控思路与技术对策研究

农田土壤重金属含量是否超标或者造成污染,直接关系到农产品质量安全、人类和动物的健康。有效地防控农田土壤重金属污染,无疑是耕地土壤质量的内容,也是一个重要的评价指标。文章综述了农田土壤重金属污染的特点,分析了建立预警预测体系的重要性和当前造成预警预测体系建设滞后的原因,提出重点从科学制定规划,实施优化布局;组建骨干队伍,实施项目带动;完善顶层设计,实施集成配套;依靠科技创新,实施集成推广;完成组网建库,实施资源共享等5个运营与管理环节抓好农田重金属污染预警预测系统的构建。同时从实际应用角度,研究并提出了农田重金属污染的防控思路与主要技术对策。具体包括5个方面:一是研究并完善农业产地重金属评价方法与技术体系;二是研究并完善农业产地重金属污染的物理防控技术;三是研究并完善农业产地重金属污染的化学防控技术;四是研究并完善土壤重金属含量阈值及安全利用技术;五是研究并完善农业产地重金属污染的生物防控技术。力求为构建与完善农田土壤重金属污染预警预测体系以及有效实施防控提供参考和借鉴。     

植物修复土壤重金属污染中外源物质的影响机制和应用研究进展

重金属进入土壤后难以被降解,并通过食物链在生物体内富集,长此以往会导致中毒、癌症、畸形、突变,严重影响了人类生产活动及地球生态系统的稳定。植物修复技术是一种经济有效的重金属污染修复技术,其依靠超富集植物强大的自身抗性机制,从土壤中提取或稳定重金属,达到污染治理的目的。然而修复土壤重金属污染的超富集植物通常生长缓慢、生物量低,其抗性机制也会受到植物本身对重金属胁迫的阈值限制,当胁迫超过这个阈值,植物修复的效率就会大大降低甚至失去修复功能。文章在解析植物重金属相互作用机制的基础上,综述了添加外源物质对重金属毒害植物的缓解效应以及其在强化植物修复土壤重金属污染中的应用研究进展;介绍了应用外源物质调控植物吸收转运重金属的3种途径,分别为提高土壤重金属生物利用度、促进植物生长以及增强植物耐性。提出了应用外源物质作为强化植物修复措施的潜力及今后的研究方向,其未来的研究应着重于以下方面:明确外源物质的应用浓度、时期、方式与植物吸收转运重金属之间的关系;从植物内源激素及信号分子间的互作、抗逆基因表达、内生及根际微生物等不同层面上揭示外源物质对植物积累重金属的调控机理;开展外源物质与其他植物修复强化技术的联合应用研究。这些研究可为土壤重金属污染的植物修复技术及其强化措施研究提供科学依据,同时也对植物修复工程技术的发展实践具有一定的指导意义。     

张士灌区多环芳烃污染土壤的植物修复

以我国典型污灌区-沈阳张士污灌区某农田土壤为研究对象,进行了土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染物种类与含量的调查研究,分析了PAHs的主要来源.同时,以13种牧草/草坪草为供试植物,开展PAHs污染土壤高效修复植物的筛选工作,修复周期约为80d.研究结果表明,张士灌区农田土壤受到严重污染,从土壤中分析检测到USEPA 16种PAHs中的13种,含量达2 294 μh·kg-1(干重),远高于荷兰农业土壤的PAHs标准.盆栽试验结果表明,不同植物对土壤中PAHs的去除效果不同,紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne L)、巴林(Poa pratenstis L.)、高羊茅(Festuca data.Kengex E.Alexeev)和白三叶草(Trrifolium repens L.)等植物对土壤中PAHs去除效果较好,适合用于张士灌区农田土壤的修复与治理.     

污灌区重金属和多环芳烃复合污染及其对农田土壤微生物数量的影响

污水灌溉作为一种污水再利用的方式已得到广泛的应用,但该方式产生的污染不仅危害植物生长,而且可对土壤微生物生长和代谢产生明显不良影响。为了解污水灌溉对农田产生的复合污染及其对微生物数量的影响,以太原市小店污灌区农田土壤为研究对象,采用R语言程序系统研究了土壤中重金属和多环芳烃的污染水平及分布特征,并对不同复合污染程度下农田土壤中微生物数量的分布进行了分析。研究表明,小店污灌区污染因子对土壤质量的影响大于肥力因子,土壤污染程度的评价处于首要地位。用综合污染指数对农田土壤重金属污染进行评价,结果显示,污灌区中部分土壤重金属污染等级为轻度污染或警戒等级;以土壤环境质量(GB15618—2008)国家二级标准值作为评价标准,对多环芳烃污染进行对比分析,结果表明,约有34%的点位超准。不同复合污染程度下,污染土壤中细菌、真菌的数量与对照相比均呈显著下降趋势,且随着重金属和PAHs含量的增加,细菌、真菌数量逐渐减少,而放线菌数量随污染程度的增加在4月和7月与对照相比呈下降趋势,在10月份高于对照;此外,微生物总数随时间延长呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,7月份达最大值。因此,在一定程度上,微生物数量变化可反映污灌区土壤重金属和多环芳烃复合污染胁迫下的土壤质量变化。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture