Analysis of Catenae in the Kivach Reserve: Structure,Succession State,and Potential Composition of Forest Vegetation

Types of catenae of the moraine landscape of the Kivach Reserve have been described, and five ecotopes have been distinguished in their composition. The analysis of ecological ranges of the main forest-forming species has made it possible to predict the potential composition of a tree synusia that included five to seven species in the greater part of the catenae and three species in depressions with stagnant moistening. The population demographic approach has been used to determine the succession status of communities in the study area. Six variants of phytochores have been distinguished in the herb-dwarf shrub layer; the main ecological and succession factors of distribution have been determined for them.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 4, 2005, pp. 252–258.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Platonova.     

云南省15年生态足迹与承载力分析

定量测度可持续发展状态是可持续发展研究的热点。M．Wackemagel等提出并完善的生态足迹模型就是一种定量测量可持续状态的方法。该方法通过比较一定区域人类社会消费需求所需土地（生态足迹）与该区域可支持的生物生产性土地（生态承载力）来判断区域发展的可持续状态。以云南省为例。对1988至2003年生态足迹和生态承载力进行了计算分析。结果表明：15年来。云南省人均生态足迹快速增长，由1988年的0．8568hm^2增长到2003年的1．5845hm^2，年均增幅达4．2％；在人均承载力基本不变的情况下。由于人口增长和消费水平的快速提高，生态赤字持续扩大，从1988年的0．0465hm^2增加到2003年的0．6791hm^2，年增幅超过20％。     

Parameters of Ecological Space and Floristic Diversity of Forest Formations in the Northeast of European Russia

The results of studies on transformations of the floristic diversity of forest ecosystems under the effect of human activity in the southern and middle taiga subzones of the Komi Republic are reviewed. It is shown that the change of dominants in the tree layer leads to the formation of specific biotopes and, as a consequence, to changes in floristic complexes and the cenotic roles of species in the lower layers of forest communities. In the study region, the -diversity of forest communities is determined mainly by two environmental factors: soil fertility and acidity. The factor of illumination has only a slight effect on the -diversity of taiga forests, which is especially clear in the group of deciduous forest formations.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 3, 2005, pp. 180–185.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Degteva.     

Ecological preferences of forest voles

Basic climatic parameters (annual average air temperature and annual amount of precipitation) over 12–25 years have been analyzed with regard to their values corresponding to different levels of abundance in three species of forest voles: Clethrionomys glareolus (in 11 areas of the species range), Cl. rutilus, and Cl. rufocanus (in three areas each). The results show that the abundance of all these species correlates significantly with fluctuations of annual average temperature, with the correlation being negative in Cl. glareolus and Cl. rufocanus but positive in Cl. rutilus. In addition, the abundance of Cl. rufocanus shows a significant correlation with annual precipitation. Voles inhabiting different geographic regions may reach high abundance under different conditions. As for the species range as a whole, however, Cl. glareolus is more ecologically flexible than the other two voles. This species is also more warmth- and moisture-loving, while Cl. rufocanus is more cold-loving and xerophilous, with Cl. rutilus occupying an intermediate position between them. Clethrionomys rutilus is most temperature-dependent and stenothermic among them, whereas Cl. glareolus is indifferent to the factors studied.     

Microecosystem Analysis of the Structure and Functions of Forest Biogeocenoses

The microecosystem approach and an adequate system of quantitative methods have been used to study the relationship between the chorologic changes in the structure and functions of edificator tree stand and other components of the pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest cenoecosystems of the Transural and Northern Turgai regions. Significant correlations of the density of pine undergrowth with the litter thickness; of its growth with root competition, stand closeness, and, to a lower degree, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR); and of the numbers of small mammals and groups of soil mesofauna with herbaceous phytomass have been found. The possibility of the synthesis of population-ecological, synecological, and biogeocenological methods has been demonstrated.     

上海城市森林与水田的生态服务合理性探讨

城市森林建设是满足不断增长的城市生态服务需求、提高城市环境质量的重要手段,但并非唯一手段.在已有的研究和实践中,其成本有效性问题往往被忽视.文章以上海市城市森林建设为例,分析了流转农民土地经营权的方式营造城市森林的成本有效性问题,发现受市场化的造林机制的影响,上海城市森林的社会、经济综合成本较高,同时提供生态服务的能力有限.通过比较健康状况下森林和水田的生态服务功能,发现水田与森林生态系统各有所长.水田的防洪、涵养水源等生态服务功能优于森林,但是更容易受到人类社会经济活动的干扰.事实上,健康的农田和水系也是上海长期以来稳定的生态服务来源.文章指出,城市生态服务的供给不应过度依赖城市森林建设,而应当以成本有效性为导向,因地制宜,注重农田、水系、森林等生态要素的整体性,通过保护、修复农田生态系统以及城市森林的结构优化和质量提升途径等实现.     

基于生态足迹模型中国可持续发展动态分析

在介绍生态足迹模型的基本概念、计算方法和研究进展的基础上。对中国历年的生态足迹进行了实证研究。结果表明：从1981-2001年，中国人均生态承载力比较稳定。人均生态足迹从1981年到1996年逐步上升，1997年开始小幅度下降。本文对中国生态足迹时间序列的研究分析表明若要改变长期的不可持续发展状态，就要降低人口数量。改变资源消费模式和消费结构。     

Of Catholicism,Forest and Management: An Analysis of Imaginaries in the Discussion of the Native Forest Law in Chile

The relationship between media and the construction of environmental policy has been studied acutely in the Global North. However, less attention has been paid to deeper cultural symbols displayed in public policy discussions in the Global South. Through qualitative examination of 100 letters to the editor (LTE) of the Chilean newspaper, El Mercurio, this study examined the imaginaries in the public discussion of the Native Forest Policy in Chile. Although such a discussion was often framed as a technical debate, the letters to El Mercurio were embedded within Catholic imaginaries, condensed into two main sets. The first one constructed forests as endangered due to human action and called for immediate protection, contending that humans shall not destroy God's creation. The second set depicted a degraded forest in need of rational management to satisfy the needs of God's children. This study suggests that, in a mediated public discussion, religion might play an important role in communicating environmental issues. This work contributes to our understanding of environmental imaginaries and discourses in the context of environmental controversies, to the understanding of the functions of the LTE, and to the social construction of forest policy in recent post-autocratic regimes.     

中华文明的生态复兴:兼论生态文明思想的科学基础

生态文明思想不仅为了应对目前随工业文明发展而出现的种种不和谐、不可持续现象的挑战,而且要以一种崭新的文明思想和形态实现中华文明在新时代的升华.从而为中华民族的全面复兴奠定文化和思想基础.仅凭经济的发展不可能实现民族的复兴,中华民族的兴盛有赖于中华文明的复兴.文明的升华和进步不仅是经济社会发展的结果,更是其发展的前提.西方的兴盛不仅在于工业化大生产及相应的设备和科技的全球普及.更在于与工业文明相一致的西方思想和文化的全球影响.在这个意义上,西方的兴盛更准确地说是起始乎工业革命之前的文艺复兴.建立在生态科学基础上的生态文明思想与中华文明有诸多相似之处.在全球经济整合、生物圈遭到严重威胁的今天,中华文明可望以生态文明的形态得以升华和复兴,并从根本上为人类文明的发展做出更大贡献.     

Multi-scales Analysis of Driving Forces on Land Use/Cover Change in China： Taking Farmland Returning to Forest or Grassland as a Case

Increasing populations are causing an increase in food demands, and the area of cultivated land expands every year. Inappropriate land transition from ecology to production results in the constant decline of the ecological security level and influences the regional sustainable development. Adjusting unreasonable land use mode and reconstructing natural land cover are important ways to maintain and improve the ecological environment. Also reclaiming farmland as areas for forests and grasslands （FRFG） is another way. Successful implementation of FRFG in China is the result of comprehensive effect of the multi-scales driving forces. This paper analyses the driving forces of FRFG in China on a national （country） -regional （province） - local （county） - household （farmer） level scale, and the results are： driving forces at the national scale include ecological and food security and the western development of China; at the regional scale, ecological and economic benefits become the main factors to influence the dimension of FRFG under the same policy. The driving forces can be divided into 6 types： industrial structure adjustment, water source protection, flood prevention, the Three-Gorge Project protection, reduction of the amount of sediment flowing into the Yellow River and wind erosion desertification prevention. The driving forces at the local scale can be divided into 12 types with developing leading industries, increasing farmers＇ income and improving agricultural production conditions as the main types; at the household scale, the national policy meeting farmers＇ demands and the optimization of individual interests are all driving forces.     

Multi-scales Analysis of Driving Forces on Land Use/Cover Change in China: Taking Farmland Returning to Forest or Grassland as a Case

Abstract

Increasing populations are causing an increase in food demands, and the area of cultivated land expands every year. Inappropriate land transition from ecology to production results in the constant decline of the ecological security level and influences the regional sustainable development. Adjusting unreasonable land use mode and reconstructing natural land cover are important ways to maintain and improve the ecological environment. Also reclaiming farmland as areas for forests and grasslands (FRFG) is another way. Successful implementation of FRFG in China is the result of comprehensive effect of the multi-scales driving forces. This paper analyses the driving forces of FRFG in China on a national (country)—regional (province)—local (county)—household (farmer) level scale, and the results are: driving forces at the national scale include ecological and food security and the western development of China; at the regional scale, ecological and economic benefits become the main factors to influence the dimension of FRFG under the same policy. The driving forces can be divided into 6 types: industrial structure adjustment, water source protection, flood prevention, the Three-Gorge Project protection, reduction of the amount of sediment flowing into the Yellow River and wind erosion desertification prevention. The driving forces at the local scale can be divided into 12 types with developing leading industries, increasing farmers' income and improving agricultural production conditions as the main types; at the household scale, the national policy meeting farmers' demands and the optimization of individual interests are all driving forces.     

中国碳排放量估计结果及差异影响因素分析

在全球积极应对气候变化的大背景下,不论从自身经济发展需要,还是遵从国际相关条款,中国当前及未来都面临巨大的碳减排压力。准确估计碳排放量对于中国制定相关碳减排政策和应对国际谈判,都至关重要。尽管国内外针对碳排放量的研究很多,但是由于所采用的计算方法、数据来源、碳排放来源分类和能源排放系数等方面的不同,不同研究对于中国碳排放量的估计差异很大。本文利用Meta回归方法和多因素方差分析方法(ANOVA)对导致中国碳排放估计结果差异的因素进行了分析。研究结果表明,文献来源、碳排放系数、碳排放来源和分省计算与否是导致估计结果差异的主要因素,分别解释了碳排放估计结果差异的30.5%、29.7%、21.2%和11.8%。基于研究结果,提出在未来开展中国碳排放估计研究时,需要特别注意碳排放系数、碳排放来源和分省计算与否等关键性因素,客观准确地估计中国碳排放量,同时在国际气候变化谈判中要立足于中国权威机构和学者的研究结果。     

New Development in Study of the Faustmann Optimal Forest Harvesting

Abstract

Chinese forest resources have become very scarce in the face of rapid economic growth demand, while the reform of collective forest right system is in full swing across the country. It will directly affect the regeneration level of forest resources and the diverse ecological value functions. In this article, the mainstream model paradigm of forest economics, that is, the basic framework of the Faustmann model and its evolution process are made in a more detailed explanation, especially the extended model including considered silvicultural effort, tax subsidies, risk dynamic management, and forest regeneration factors are made in more detailed explanations. This article concludes with the future further research directions of forest economics, including the design of dynamic models that includes considered uneven-aged forest management, non-timber goods and services, dynamic forest models. The research reflects the general trend of interdisciplinary and cross-border.     

1997-2007年中国生态地租变化分析

生态地租是衡量生态资源利用带来的社会经济效果的重要指标.以投入产出表和生态足迹为基础,分析中国1997 - 2007年生态地租变化情况.结果表明,1997-2007年中国各产业单位经济产出的生态地租量呈减少趋势,农林牧渔业,电、热及水生产和供应业单位经济产出的生态地租量明显高于其他产业;生态地租总量呈不断增加趋势,构成上以工矿业和农林牧渔业生态地租为主,生态地租在行业间转移越来越多;以2007年为对照组,总产出量、生态足迹和生物承载力以及农地面积等参数的变化引起生态地租显著变化,其中以农林牧渔业生态地租变化最为敏感.如果考虑生态地租的影响,人类消费产品价格将大幅增加,这相当于人类因过度攫取自然资源而应当支付的用于环境治理的高昂代价.     

New Development in Study of the Faustmann Optimal Forest Harvesting

Chinese forest resources have become very scarce in the face of rapid economic growth demand, while the reform of collective forest right system is in full swing across the country. It will directly affect the regeneration level of forest resources and the diverse ecological value functions. In this article, the mainstream model paradigm of forest economics, that is, the basic framework of the Faustmann model and its evolution process are made in a more detailed explanation, especially the extended model in...     

The Role and Effectiveness of Local Institutions in the Management of Forest Biodiversity in New Dabaga-Ulongambi Forest Reserve,Iringa Region-Tanzania

This paper examines the role and effectiveness of local institutions in the management of forest biodiversity in New Dabaga-Ulongambi Forest Reserve,Tanzania.Data were obtained through questionnaires,interviews,focus group discussions,participatory rural appraisal and field observations.The study revealed that the most remarkable local institutions connected to forest biodiversity management include:Village Natural Resources Management Committee(92%),tree nursery group(79.4%),beekeeping groups(61.1%),fish farming(43.3%),livestock rearing group(33.9%).Main activities carried out by local institutions which directly contribute to the sustainability of forest reserve include:forest patrols,fire extinguish,preparation of fire breaks,planting of trees along the forest boundaries,creation of awareness,arresting of forest defaulters,participation in income generation activities.For the purpose of realization that local communities are capable of managing forest biodiversity through their traditional institutions,the policy should provide tangible opportunity for local communities to meet their needs as they manage the forests.     

集体林权改革评价:林产品生产绩效视角

新一轮的集体林权改革已经开展了6年,对这一轮改革及时进行评价,不但对于认识改革的效果有积极的作用,而且对于有效地推进改革也是必不可少的.本文通过分成地租模型预测,集体林权改革对林产品生产效率会产生正向的影响,这些正向的影响主要包括林户劳动积极性的提高和林产晶产量的增加,同时也可能会对林产品全要素生产率产生积极影响.利用此次林权改革的主要省份之一--福建2县11乡(镇)29村320林户调查数据,本文的研究结论证实了前者,林户劳动投入由改革前146.53工日增加到改革后的180.76工日,增长了23%;竹产品的产量也由改革前的1 312.33 kg增长到改革后的1 815.09kg,增加了38%.另外,基于肯德里克方法,本文计算了集体林权改革前后林产品全要素生产率,对比二者发现,改革对林产品全要素生产率并没有产生正向的影响,相反而是负向的影响.据此本文提出,下一步的林业改革在做好相关配套改革的基础上,还要注重提高林产晶全要素生产率.     

The Role and Effectiveness of Local Institutions in the Management of Forest Biodiversity in New Dabaga-Ulongambi Forest Reserve,Iringa Region-Tanzania

Abstract

This paper examines the role and effectiveness of local institutions in the management of forest biodiversity in New Dabaga-Ulongambi Forest Reserve, Tanzania. Data were obtained through questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions, participatory rural appraisal and field observations. The study revealed that the most remarkable local institutions connected to forest biodiversity management include: Village Natural Resources Management Committee (92%), tree nursery group (79.4%), beekeeping groups (61.1%), fish farming (43.3%), livestock rearing group (33.9%). Main activities carried out by local institutions which directly contribute to the sustainability of forest reserve include: forest patrols, fire extinguish, preparation of fire breaks, planting of trees along the forest boundaries, creation of awareness, arresting of forest defaulters, participation in income generation activities. For the purpose of realization that local communities are capable of managing forest biodiversity through their traditional institutions, the policy should provide tangible opportunity for local communities to meet their needs as they manage the forests.     

经济系统与生态系统的类比分析

产业生态学的基本问题之一是对生态系统与经济系统类比关系的研究，通过类比可以对重组经济系统的思想、理论和方法的研究提供借鉴。该文首先分析了对两个系统进行类比分析的必要性，进而采用类比分析的方法，论述了生态系统和经济系统的相同和差异。指出：两个系统的相似性为经济系统向生态系统学习提供了基础，而差异则蕴含着经济系统重组的方向。     

试论生态化人格及推进人格生态化的意义

人格与生态的内在关联,包括康德在内的法权论者认为作为法权主体的人格同外部自然物(包括生态环境)之间有着紧密的关系,黑格尔明确地把外部自然界作为财产的一部分加以考虑。在马克思看来,资本家尽管有了对于自然界的所有权,却也并不就是真正自由的独立的人格,近代的生态危机,归根到底同这种反生态人格密切相关。生态化人格是个体人格的生态规定性,是与生态文明相适合的作为生态文明主体的"生态人"的资格、规格和品格的统一,是一种权利和义务(责任)相统一的新型人格,是一种充满智慧的新型人格,是对其他人格富有同情和尊重的智慧型人格,还是一种具有审美视野的美的人格。它的真正确立,包含着实践的环节。生态化人格的塑造与培养不是一蹴而就的,而必需是在生态文明建设进程中不断推进铸就的。推进人格生态化一方面有助于我国生态文明建设的顺利开展,另一方面也是生态文明建设的内在目的和要求。