长江流域片水资源质量评价与趋势分析

通过对长江流域片河流、湖泊、水库及省界水体2003～2017年15 a间的水质监测评价成果进行梳理,分析了流域片水资源质量状况及其变化趋势。分析结果表明:①长江流域片河流水质总体较好,以符合或优于Ⅲ类标准为主,长江干流水质以Ⅲ类为主且总体趋好。②金沙江石鼓以上、雅鲁藏布江等水资源二级区水质良好,但湖口以下干流水系、太湖水系等水域水质相对较差。③流域片近年来废污水排放总量得到了较好的控制,同时,污水处理率也得到了快速提高,对流域水资源质量改善起到了一定的积极作用;流域片湖泊水质总体较差且有恶化的趋势。④水库水质相对较好,以Ⅱ类～Ⅲ类为主,但近年来也存在恶化的风险。⑤湖泊富营养化程度较高,水库富营养化程度相对较低,但近年来流域片湖库均呈现出营养水平从低营养状态向高营养状态变化的趋势。⑥长江流域片省界水体水质以符合Ⅰ～Ⅲ类标准为主。⑦纳入评价范围的水功能区总体达标率在60%左右,其中纳入国务院批复的重要水功能区达标率相对稍高。⑧以目前水功能区达标的水平,要全面达到管理目标、实现流域片水质的根本性好转和全面改善,尚任重道远。     

类比法在水库水体富营养化环评预测中的应用

一、水库水体的富营养化问题水体富营养化是指生物所需的氮、磷等营养物质大量进入水库、湖泊、河口、海湾等缓流水体,引起藻类及其他浮游生物迅速繁殖,水体溶解氧量下降,水质恶化,鱼类及其他生物大量死亡的现象。水体富营养化是一种自然现象,在自然条件下,自然水体也会从贫营养状态过渡到富营养状态,不过这种自然过程非常缓慢。     

长江流域湖库富营养化与防治对策研究

在分析湖泊水库富营养化的形成,富营养化的危害和影响基础上,结合长江流域湖泊水库富营养化现状,提出了长江流域防治湖泊水库水体富营养化是一项复杂的系统工程,需加快点源治理,削减入湖污染负荷;加强面源污染控制,减少氮磷入湖量;加大内源污染治理力度,改善湖库水体理化条件;推进生态修复技术,合理制定调度及管理方案;强化科技支撑作用,加强监测与预警等措施。     

基于地理分区的湖泊水库富营养化判别标准

在深入探讨我国湖泊水库水体富营养化特点的基础上，依据大量实测数据的回归分析得出了水体中叶绿素与营养盐的响应关系公式。通过太湖、滇池及部分水库数据的实际验证表明，该公式能较准确地反映国内该类水体富营养化进程。鉴于地理人文环境对水体富营养化的显著影响，以水体富营养进程应把握当前水体富营养化特征及潜在水体富营养化进程为指导思想，通过对EPA的Nutrient Criteria数据库分析，建议将水体所处不同区域划分为贫营养区、山区、滨海区、内陆平原、旱区5类，进而提出了基于地理分区的大陆湖泊水库水体富营养化判别标准，对国内30个湖泊的验证表明，该标准简单、实用，且具有较高的精度。     

罗坑水库富营养化分析研究

采用湖泊富营养化评价的基本方法对罗坑水库2008—2012年水体富营养化情况进行评价,两种评价方法所显示的富营养化现状和趋势基本一致,罗坑水库水质在2008-2012年期间,逐渐由中营养趋向富营养,呈波动式上升趋势。两种方法的评价结果表明:近几年罗坑水库2月份的富营养化状态日趋严重,显示2～3月份是罗坑水库水华发生的敏感期,这与近年来广东省部分水库蓝藻水华实际暴发特点是相吻合的。同时,对其产生的原因也进行了初步探讨,提出了该水库富营养化的一些解决方法和建议。     

陕西红碱淖湖泊水体富营养化评价

采用综合营养状态指数法对红碱淖湖泊水体富营养化现状进行评价,并根据底泥营养元素数据,分析红碱淖湖泊水体富营养化的原因。结果表明:红碱淖为轻度富营养化水平;红碱淖湖泊富营养化的原因是,外源营养物质汇入,湖泊面积萎缩,湖水咸化,p H值升高。提出红碱淖生态环境保护措施:控制外源营养物质汇入,加强流域水资源保护,进行生态补水。     

柴石滩水库水污染现状与治理措施初探

柴石滩水库是昆明市重要的大型水库,水质的好坏直接关系到周边市民的利益.根据云南省水环境监测中心2001～2007年水质监测资料,评价了近7 a来水库水体污染状况和富营养化变化趋势.由于上游河流及水库周边带来的严重污染,致使水库水体常年处于氮、磷营养化过剩状态,水质一直都呈现劣Ⅴ类状况,富营养化逐年加剧.针对水库污染问题日趋突出,生态环境遭到破坏,水体功能下降,影响供水安全等问题,提出了相应的保护对策和建议.     

长江流域水库富营养化调查与评价

为研究长江流域水库营养化现状,对长江流域345个重要水库水质及富营养化状况进行了调查研究。结果表明:长江流域水库营养化状态以中营养和轻度富营养为主,分别占评价总数的73.44%和21.15%。中度富营养化水库占比较小,主要出现在岷沱江、嘉陵江和乌江水资源二级区。三峡水库干流营养状态指数总体偏低,以中营养和轻度富营养状态为主;支流营养状态指数较高,以轻度富营养和中度富营养状态为主,呈现出自库尾至坝前逐渐降低的趋势。丹江口水库库湾水质总体良好,以II-IV类水质标准为主,营养化状态以中营养状态为主,泗河库湾在春秋季处于中度富营养状态。近年来,汉江水华发生频率增加,范围扩大,除氮磷生源要素、水文要素和气候因素外,河流藻类来源与聚集,以及早春良好的光照等气候条件也是水华暴发成因之一。     

生物控制技术在水体富营养化防治中的应用

采用生物控制技术防治水体富营养化属于水污染防治的内环境防治技术方法中的一种方法,它主要是通过富营养化水体中水生生物对营养元素的吸收利用及其代谢活动达到去除营养物和污染负荷的目的,起到调整湖库水生生物群落结构从而抑制水体富营养化进程作用.经调研,目前在长江流域已发生水体富营养化的湖泊(如滇池、巢湖、淀山湖)和水库,在其治理过程中采用的水体富营养化生物控制技术主要有放养食藻(草)鱼(如鲢鱼、鳙鱼)、藻类的回收与利用、水生植物的养殖与收割等.采用生物控制技术防治水体富营养化最大特点是投资少,有利于建立良性生态平衡,但在大型湖泊(水库)采用生物控制技术前必须进行相关科学实验和相应的可行性论证后方可大范围应用.     

三峡库区小江富营养化现状及防治建议

分析小江近10 a的监测数据发现,自三峡水库蓄水运用以来,库区支流小江流速缓慢,总磷、总氮等营养物质逐渐积累,尤其是总磷,其含量上升明显,水体富营养化状况不断加重,水华频发。对此,主要从氮磷含量等方面对小江水体营养状况进行了评价分析,并从营养削减控制和水力学调节等角度提出了若干建议,以期为小江乃至库区支流的富营养化防治提供参考。     

Lakes of Malaysia: Water quality,eutrophication and management

The present study was undertaken to evaluate and verify the water quality status and trophic state of 15 major lakes and reservoirs in Malaysia. The lake water quality assessments were based on the National Water Quality Index (NWQI), while the trophic state assessments were based on Carlson's Trophic State Index (TSI). The findings of this water quality assessment, based on data collected between September and October 2012, indicated that a majority of the lakes were classified as Class II (Clean) waters suitable for recreational use. The results of the trophic state assessments, however, indicated that all of the lakes were eutrophic, meaning they were nutrient‐rich, they could experience algae blooms or macrophyte problems, and they were likely to exhibit poor water quality. Sustainable management measures and strategies are suggested to address the eutrophication problems of Malaysian lakes and reservoirs, with the national responses on lake and reservoir management also being discussed.     

Comparison of different trophic state indices applied to tropical reservoirs

Reservoirs represent impoundments of river flows for multiple human purposes, including hydropower generation and industrial, recreational and agricultural activities. In considering the current state of dammed rivers and future projects, there is a major concern in tropical areas regarding the water quality of these aquatic ecosystems, most being subjected to eutrophication process. To this end, the Carlson (1977), Toledo (1983), Lamparelli (2004) and Cunha (2013) trophic state indices were applied and compared in six interconnected reservoirs from the Paraíba do Sul Ecoregion in Brazil that differ in their morphometry, nutrient loadings, water retention times and altitudes. Limnological variables were measured in an extensive monitoring programme carried out from 2011 to 2014 during both the rainy and dry seasons. Application of the different numerical models resulted in different trophic state classifications. Toledo's trophic state index was considered the best for assessing the trophic state of the study reservoirs since it under‐evaluates water transparency, which can be related more to inorganic turbidity rather than to phytoplankton biomass in tropical water systems. The Carlson index, developed for temperate zone lakes, resulted in higher trophic classifications, thereby not being considered a reliable model for the study reservoirs. Both the Lamparelli and Cunha indices generally classified the study reservoirs as being in an oligotrophic state, thereby underestimating their trophic status. All the trophic state indices varied seasonally, with water transparency being the only variable significantly affected by rainfall variations. Based on the results of the present study, it was concluded that an arbitrary choice of existing trophic state indices to evaluate the water quality in tropical environments might lead to erroneous conclusions regarding the actual trophic conditions of tropical waterbodies. Further, the weak correlation observed between total phosphorus and chlorophyll‐a concentrations indicates total phosphorus might not be a key factor limiting algal growth in tropical water systems, thereby meriting more research focusing on tropical reservoirs, as well as development of new trophic state indices, including consideration of other potentially limiting factors.     

中国主要河湖水生态综合评价

河湖水生态综合评价是水资源保护规划工作的重要内容之一。本文从水文水资源、水环境、河湖生境形态、生物及栖息地状况等方面,构建了包含生态基流满足程度、水功能区水质达标率、湖库富营养化指数、纵向连通性、重要湿地保留率及鱼类生境等6个指标构成的河湖水生态综合评价体系。在此基础上,对全国673条河流、97座水库和100个湖泊湿地共计1006个规划河段和湖库的水生态状况进行了评价和分类,分析了我国各大流域河湖面临的水生态问题。研究成果对我国主要河湖水生态保护和修复工作的实践具有重要的指导意义。     

Basis for the protection and management of tropical lakes

Management of lakes for the protection of water quality, aquatic life and other uses must be approached somewhat differently in the tropics from how it is approached at temperate latitudes. More than half of all tropical lakes are accounted for by natural river lakes or reservoirs. Therefore, degradation of water quality in rivers will have direct negative effects on the majority of lakes in the tropics. Also, regulation of rivers, which is one result of river impoundment, is a potential cause of damage to river lakes. Tropical lakes are more sensitive than temperate lakes to increases in nutrient supply and show higher proportionate changes in water quality and biotic communities in response to eutrophication. Tropical lakes are especially prone to loss of deep‐water oxygen, and in order to maintain ecological stasis therefore require more stringent regulation of organic and nutrient loading than temperate lakes. Nutrient containment must be more strongly oriented toward nitrogen, the most probable limiting nutrient in tropical lakes, than has been the case at temperate latitudes. However, phosphorus control is also important. Nitrogen management may be more feasible in the tropics because of high temperature, which is one of the critical conditions for efficient denitrification. Planktonic and benthic communities of the tropics bear a close resemblance, both in composition and diversity, to those of temperate latitudes; there is no parallel to the latitudinal gradient in biodiversity that is characteristic of terrestrial ecosystems. Foci of biodiversity, which require special attention, include the endemic species of ancient lakes and the diverse fish communities of very large rivers. The latter are an especially valuable untapped economic resource, but face severe impairment due to hydrological regulation and pollution of rivers. Effective management programs for tropical lakes will focus on interception of nutrients, protection of aquatic habitats from invasive species, and minimization of hydrological changes in rivers to which lakes are connected. In the absence of protective management, tropical lakes will decline greatly in their utility for water supply, production of commercially useful species, and recreation.     

富营养化综合防治调控指标探讨

通过分析富营养化发生机理和富营养化防治的主要调控指标 ,在常规以营养盐为富营养化控制性水质指标的基础上 ,引入临界水流流态概念。建议建立一套包括水质和水流流态等富营养化综合评价指标体系 ,对湖泊水库富营养化进行多目标防治研究。     

长江科学院流域水环境与水生态研究进展及展望

简要介绍了长江科学院流域水环境研究所创建十年来的发展历程,系统总结了10 a来的主要进展和创新成果。①建立了功能齐全的水环境及水生态实验室,通过国家计量认证体系的指标有130余项,覆盖了《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)规定的109项指标,建成了先进的流域水环境数值模拟平台,建成了河湖生态修复技术中试试验场;②特色研究成果包括:基于水沙过程的多面源营养物质输移机理与生态防治、水沙调控下大型水库磷输送特征、长江流域典型水域特殊污染物赋存特征及生态风险、长江源区主要鱼类栖息地形成机制、高原河湖水环境变化特征、饮用水水源地水质监测分析和保护管理、农村水电生态环境影响评价与对策、河湖水系连通的生态水文过程模拟和风险评价等;③主要的技术成果包括:湖库富营养化水体移动式水质净化系统、微电流电解抑藻技术、镉污染土壤生态水利修复技术、农村分散式供水的微电流电解灭菌技术、选铜尾砂改性及资源化利用技术等。最后,分析了水环境研究所发展中存在的不足,针对新时期面临的形势,对下一步研究重点进行了分析和展望。     

基于闸控管理的城市内河水体富营养化特征

分别于2013年夏季在江苏省南通市节制闸引水期、引水后与引水前采集不同级别城市河道水样,研究基于闸控管理的城市河网水体中TN、TP、Chl-a和CODMn的分布特征,并运用综合营养指数法对水体富营养化级别进行评价。结果表明,一级河道通吕运河引水后营养级别降低,引水对缓解通吕运河富营养化程度具有一定作用;二级河道通甲河富营养级别显著高于通吕运河（ n＝3, p＝0.003）,通甲河在引水期、引水后与引水前水体都属于重度富营养级别,由于同时受长江、通吕运河和海港引河等多水系来水影响,引水后,虽然综合营养指数有降低趋势,但所属营养级别没有改变;三级河道郭里头河营养级别显著高于通吕运河（n＝3,p＝0.02）,但与通甲河没有显著差异（n＝3, p＝0.095）,引水后,郭里头河营养级别降为中营养,主要是因为长江来水量大,水体交换率高;环城景观河濠河属于轻度富营养,在引水后综合营养指数达到最大,可能与其水系格局复杂有关。     

富营养化湖泊营养盐的来源及治理

分析富营养化湖泊营养盐的主要来源:流域内农田径流、畜禽养殖、水产养殖等产生的面源污染,以及湖底沉积物中液态营养盐向上覆水中释放、再悬浮造成的内源污染。综述多途径控制面源污染的措施,介绍底泥疏浚治理内源污染的方法,以及恢复水生高等植被、建设水生植物净化区、建造人工湿地等生态性治理措施。指出应结合当地的自然条件和湖泊富营养化状况,利用多种治理手段,逐步恢复富营养化湖泊生态系统的结构和功能,进而解决湖泊富营养化问题。     

Eutrophication, phytoplankton dynamics and nutrient removal in two man-made urban lakes (Palácio de Cristal and Serralves), Porto, Portugal

Urban lakes are prone to eutrophication because of a number of factors, including a high water residence time (slow flushing rate), and high nutrient loads from artificial feeding of waterfowl and fish by visitors and from waterfowl faeces, falling leaves and nutrient run‐off from adjacent areas. This study focuses on the ecology of two similar‐sized urban lakes in Porto, Portugal, that exhibit some differing characteristics conducive to different trophic states and nutrient removal efficiencies. Although similar in many aspects, the two reservoirs developed quite diverse phytoplankton communities. The higher nitrogen load to Palácio de Cristal Lake could be the result of the higher concentration in its underground influent stream, while a less‐oxidized nitrogen form (ammonia) is higher in Serralves Lake. Nitrate concentrations are higher in Palácio de Cristal Lake than in Serralves as a result mainly of high nitrate loads (maximum values above 80 mg L⁻¹) in its influent stream. Interestingly, however, its nitrate removal efficiency is greater than for Serralves Lake. Cyanobacteria are the dominal phytoplankton In both lakes throughout the year. However, only one genus of this group (Pseudoanabaena mucicola) was the dominant phytoplankton in Palácio de Cristal Lake, while five Cyanobacteria species co‐dominated in Serralves lake. Regular monitoring of Cyanobacteria and their toxins in urban recreation lakes is advised.     

浅析西北内陆典型湖库水生态现状特征

根据水利部《开展2011年西部地区典型湖库生态调研》技术要求,首次由甘肃省水环境监测中心与黄河流域水环境监测中心技术人员组成联合调查组,确定调研技术路线和方法;选定甘肃省境内的大苏干湖、刘家峡水库、尕海、天池等4个湖库作为西北内陆代表典型湖库;现场采取代表水样14个,并获取其相关基本信息资料;依据国家标准和规范进行水质检测、评价与特征分析;得出了西北内陆典型湖库现状水质为Ⅲ类至劣Ⅴ类,水体营养状态为中营养至富营养等现状特征.