一种新的兼具自动性和可控性的地形生成方法

文章给出了一种面向虚拟环境的地形自动生成新方法。首先引入Perlin噪声作为地形高度生成器的基本模型,通过控制噪声的幅度和频率,生成形态各异的地形特征模板,然后从分形理论中的fBM数学模型出发,使用中点位移法对特征模板进行迭代处理,进一步生成丰富的地形细节。该方法的主要优点是自动性和可控性的结合,一方面根据设定的参数可以自动生成特征模板,以少量的数据来表征地形大致外貌,另一方面通过控制分形迭代参数,可以生成任意层次的地形细节。实践证明,用该方法在普通PC平台上能够生成真实感较强的地形,是一种在虚拟环境中自动产生地形的实用方法。     

地形生成技术与方法的研究

三维地形生成与仿真有助于更好地理解地形结构和提高地理数据分析的水平，但由于实际地形起伏千差万别，非常不规则，因此按给定条件进行地形的生成与仿真是非常困难。     

地形生成技术与方法的研究

三维地形生成与仿真有助于更好地理解地形结构和提高地理数据分析的水平,但由于实际地形起伏千差 万别,非常不规则,因此按给定条件进行地形的生成与仿真是非常困难的.本文把地形看成随机统计过程,将分形 几何模型与随机点生成技术及实用回归技术相结合,提出了一套切实可行的地形生成技术与方法,在给定地形特 征或地形参数(如平均高程、最大高程及其位置、最小高程及其位置、高程标准差、相关长度等)条件,通过模拟符合 地形统计特征的随机过程,即可通过计算机自动产生符合要求的“真实”的三维地形。模拟与仿真的结果证明了本 方法的可     

面向虚拟环境的三维地形生成方法

针对断层算法所产生的地形刻痕明显并且缺乏细节的缺点,提出一种地形生成方法。使用断层算法生成初始的地形高度场来描绘地形的宏观轮廓,使用线性滤波算法对高度场进行平滑滤波处理以消除地形刻痕,使用分形算法对高度场进行迭代处理以增加多层次的地形细节。实践证明,用该方法在普通PC平台上能够生成真实感较强的地形。     

各向异性的分形地形生成方法研究

传统的分形地形生成方法得到的地形是各向同性的,为了使生成的分形地形具有各向异性特征,提出了一种新的分形地形生成方法,该方法利用组合分形布朗曲面模型,将具有不同特征的两种分形布朗曲面相融合,使得生成的地形具有各向异性特征.对组合分形布朗曲面算法进行了仿真实验,生成了最终的分形地形.对仿真结果的分析表明,生成的分彤地形的特征具有各向异性特征,和实际的自然地形特征相符合,从而证明了该算法的有效性.     

一种基于RMD的可控性真实感山脉的模拟方法

提出了一种利用山脉的少量特征点的三维坐标,采用分形技术快速生成可控性、真实感山脉的方法,并在PC机上用VC＋＋6.0结合OpenGL编程,将生成的山脉数据转化为具有真实感的可视化图形。模拟实验结果表明提出的算法成功解决了传统的基于RMD的山脉生成算法中山脉形状无法控制的问题。     

分形布朗运动在水下地形模拟中的应用

由于水下地形的高程数据获取困难,如何运用少量的数据生成真实感强、精度高的地形模型是值得研究的问题。运用分形布朗运动（fBm）模型得到水下地形的分形特征参数,结合随机中点位移内插算法,通过Matlab编程实现了三维水下地形的模拟。以长江口深水航道为例,讨论了其运用fBm的可行性,模拟生成了三维航道地形,并与 ArcGIS自带的插值方法进行比较,采用等深线重构法对插值结果进行精度分析。比较结果显示,基于fBm模型模拟得到的地形具有丰富的地表细节,反映了地形的复杂性和不规则性,具有很好的可视化效果,同时能保证较好的精度。     

三维地形的交互生成与表现

随机地形生成与表现是虚拟环境系统研究的基础,针对用户对地形环境千差万别的需求,论文提出了一种基于分形的交互式地形随机生成方法,在给定地形特征或地形参数条件下,通过控制分形算法的随机过程及其反馈调整,自动产生符合要求的三维地形网格模型,并在给定的控制条件下对生成的地形进行自动着色和阴影计算。     

一种高效的模糊规则自动生成方法

文中提出一种模糊规则自由生成方法。该方法借助Ｋ－Ｎｅａｒｅｓｔ－Ｎｅｉｇｈｂｏｒ的概念确定控制曲面的的关键点,然后根据关键点确定模糊划分,并由此构造模糊神经网络学习模糊规则。神经网络采用ＢＰ算法学习,在学习过程中可根据收剑情况适当增加模糊分区,并重构神经网络继续学习。该方法能生成较精简的规则集,并具有良好的收敛性和较快的收剑速度。     

三维地形真实感绘制及其实时漫游

介绍了分形几何的基本原理,讨论了如何利用中点位移法生成三维分形地形高程数据模型,并在VC与OpenGL结合开发环境下,使得用尽量少的数据量来生成具有真实感的虚拟地形,以及实现交互式动态显示,能快速实时地以第一人称视角进行三维场景漫游,最后对该模型进行了验证分析,表明该方法是一种简单且有效的方法.     

Locally constrained synthetic LoDs generation for natural terrain meshes

Terrain representation is a basic topic in the field of interactive graphics. The amount of data required for a good quality of the terrain offers an important challenge to developers of such systems. For users of these applications, the accuracy of geographical data is generally less important than its natural visual appearance. This makes it possible to maintain a limited geographical database for the system and to extend it generating synthetic data. The evaluation of the intrinsic properties of the terrain (i.e. fractal dimension, roughness, etc.) may be used as the basis for generating extra data accomplishing the same patterns discovered in the actual information. However, it is also interesting to point out that in most natural landscapes, it is usual to have human or natural changes in the basic properties of some areas, i.e. a road or a river. This fact can make it more difficult for synthetic data generation to be free of visual artifacts within these areas. In this paper, we combine fractal and wavelet theories to provide extra data which keeps the natural properties of actual information available. New levels of detail for the terrain are obtained by applying an inverse Wavelet Transform to a set of values randomly generated, thus maintaining the coherence of statistical properties with the original geographical data. Combined with this approach, the use of energy reduction masks has been added in order to avoid undesired visual artifacts in those special areas for which the general terrain properties are no longer valid.     

面向Deep Web数据自动抽取的模板生成方法*

Deep Web结果页面大多由网站根据请求从后台数据库读取数据并动态填充到通用模板而生成的。研究如何从一系列同模板生成的页面中生成该模板,并利用模板自动抽取数据。给出了模板生成问题的形式化描述,提出了一种新颖的模板生成方法,利用生成的模板从实例网页中抽取数据。与现有方法相比,该方法适用于列表页面和详细页面两种类型网页。通过在多个领域站点上实验,说明新方法在不降低准确率的情况下能大大提高召回率。     

复杂地形环境下多机器人编队控制方法

针对复杂地形地面崎岖起伏的特点,提出了一种多机器人系统编队控制方法.首先,分析了复杂地形环境下的系统队形模型.通过建立三维地形环境下编队系统的误差模型,并运用空间投影法将其映射到二维平面上,对系统的编队误差进行分析.然后利用李雅普诺夫函数构造控制器,并根据环境中的特定地形设计相应的编队行驶策略,实现了多机器人系统在复杂地形环境下的编队控制.最后,通过3种典型复杂地形环境下两种非完整移动机器人的编队仿真,验证了该方法的有效性.     

基于纹理数组的大规模地形绘制算法

将Shader Model 4.0引入的纹理数组技术同顶点纹理拾取技术、瓦片块四叉树算法和地形分块技术等相结合,提出了一种基于GPU的大规模地形绘制方法。将整个大规模地形数据分割成地形块,按照金字塔模型保存在CPU内存里,将地形中潜在的可见部分以纹理数组形式驻留在GPU Cache里;在CPU上发送瓦片块四叉树平面网格,利用存储在GPU Cache里的高程值生成相应的地形;GPU Cache随着视点运动而连续更新。实验证明该方法充分利用了现代GPU的特性,适合于大规模地形的漫游。     

New method for feature extraction based on fractal behavior

In this paper, a novel approach to feature extraction based on fractal theory is presented as a powerful technique in pattern recognition. This paper presents a new fractal feature that can be applied to extract the feature of two-dimensional objects. It is constructed by a hybrid feature extraction combining wavelet analysis, central projection transformation and fractal theory. New fractal feature and fractal signatures are reported. A multiresolution family of the wavelets is also used to compute information conserving micro-features. We employed a central projection method to reduce the dimensionality of the original input pattern. A wavelet transformation technique to transform the derived pattern into a set of sub-patterns. Its fractal dimension can readily be computed, and to use the fractal dimension as the feature vectors. Moreover, a modified fractal signature is also used to distinguish the distinct handwritten signatures. We expect that the proposed fractal method can also be used for improving the extraction and classification of features in pattern recognition.     

一种基于后缀树的包装器自动生成方法研究

包装器是一种能够从网页中自动抽取数据并将其转换为结构化数据的软件程序。现有的包装器生成系统多是半自动化的,需要用户具有关于目标页面的先验知识,而且大多只能处理简单结构数据,而不能很好地处理具有嵌套结构的数据。提出了一种基于后缀树的包装器自动生成方法,生成的包装器不仅可以处理简单结构数据,还可以处理嵌套结构数据,具有较低的时间复杂度,有一定的实用价值。     

基于时间自动机的测试用例自动生成及执行方法

为了实现对时间自动机模型的测试,采用符号状态拆分算法对时间自动机的状态空间进行等价划分,以得到最简稳定符号状态转移图,并将其中的抽象时间延迟转移替换为时间延迟变量;针对系统中每个时间自动机建立各自的符号状态转移图,再采用基于符号迁移系统的测试方法分别生成相应的转移动作序列;最后通过对这些序列进行组合产生系统的测试用例,为了执行测试用例,利用TTCN-3的多PTC并发执行能力来实施测试.     

Octree-based automatic mesh generation for non-manifold domains

Automatic mesh generation within the context of non-manifold geometric models is far from a commercial reality. While manifold objects are the most commonly encountered domains in many applications, other applications such as those requiring multiple material models and mixedmodel representations (combination of 1-D, 2-D and 3-D domains) fall beyond the realm of the existing automatic meshing procedures as they require a non-conventional modeling enviroment, namely the non-manifold topology (NMT) based environment. This paper focuses on automatic mesh generation issues in the context of two such applications: (i) finite element modeling for multiple material models and (ii) geometric abstractions requiring a mixed-model representation. Specifically, the paper describes a geometry utility system, built around an NMT data structure and geometry-based meshing algorithms that ensure the validity of the mesh for non-manifold domains.GE Consulting Services.     

面向无网格法的质点生成算法

介绍一种面向无网格数值模拟方法的质点生成算法。将四面体、三角形网格生成算法分别用于空间平面、曲面和实体模型,将网格单元的属性赋予单元内某一点作为质点,并生成对应质点集。为研究不同网格生成算法和质点生成算法对质点集的影响,提出一种质量评价标准,开展对不同算法组合的质量分析,得到网格生成算法和质点生成算法中的最佳组合。     

Repetitive interpolation: A robust algorithm for DTM generation from Aerial Laser Scanner Data in forested terrain

We present a new algorithm for digital terrain model (DTM) generation from an airborne laser scanning point cloud, called repetitive interpolation (REIN). It is especially applicable in steep, forested areas where other filtering algorithms typically have problems distinguishing between ground returns and off-ground points reflected in the vegetation. REIN can produce a DTM either in a vector grid or in a TIN data structure. REIN is applied after an initial filtering, which involves removal of all negative outliers and removal of many, but not necessarily all, off-ground points by some existing filtering algorithm. REIN makes use of the redundancy in the initially filtered point cloud (FPC) in order to mitigate the effect of the residual off-ground points. Multiple independent random samples are taken from the initial FPC. From each sample, ground elevation estimates are interpolated at individual DTM locations. Because the lower bounds of the distributions of the elevation estimates at each DTM location are almost insensitive to positive outliers, the true ground elevations can be approximated by adding the global mean offset to the lower bounds, which is estimated from the data. The random sampling makes REIN unique among the methods of filtering airborne laser data. While other filters behave deterministically, always generating a filter error in special situations, in REIN, because of its random aspects, these errors do not occur in each sample, and typically cancel out in the final computation of DTM elevations. Reduction of processing time by parallelization of REIN is possible. REIN was tested in a test area of 2 hectares, encompassing steep relief covered by mixed forest. An Optech ALTM 1020 lidar was used, with a flying height of 260-300 m above the ground, the beam divergence was 0.3 mrad, and the obtained point cloud density for the last returns was 8.5 m^− 2. A DTM grid was generated with 1 m horizontal resolution. The root mean square elevation error of the DTM ranged between ± 0.16 m and ± 0.37 m, depending on REIN sampling rate and number of samples taken, the lowest value achieved with 4 samples and using a 23% sampling rate. The paper also gives a short overview on existing filtering algorithms.