Position sensitive photon counting with an ISPA tube

The newly developed Imaging Silicon Pixel Array (ISPA) tube consists of a photocathode viewed at a 30-mm distance by a silicon chip, which contains 1024 pixels with 75 μm×500 μm edges. With this tube we imaged, as an example of a weak light source, β-tracks (⁹⁰Sr) traversing a fused square bundle (2.5 mm edges), which contains 1600 individual scintillating fibers of 60-μm transverse dimension. Simultaneously we counted the number of photoelectrons/mm (hit density) at different source positions along the 2-m fiber bundle, with potential differences varying from 10 kV to 26 kV between photocathode and pixel anode of the ISPA tube, and at different threshold settings of the pixel chip. The obtained hit densities are compared with those measured with a Hybrid Photomultiplier Tube (HPMT), which contains a silicon pin diode as anode instead of a pixel chip     

Development of a real-time radon monitoring system for simultaneousmeasurements in multiple sites

A real-time radon monitoring system that can simultaneously measure radon concentrations in multiple sites was developed and tested. The system consists of maximum of four radon detectors, optical fiber cables and a data acquisition personal computer. The radon detector uses a plastic scintillation counter that collects radon daughters in the chamber electrostatically. The applied voltage on the photocathode for the photomultiplier tube (PMT) acts as an electrode for radon daughters. The thickness of the plastic scintillator was thin, 50 μm, so as to minimize the background counts due to the environmental gamma rays or beta particles. The energy discriminated signals from the radon detectors are fed to the data acquisition personal computer via optical fiber cables. The system made it possible to measure the radon concentrations in multiple sites simultaneously     

基于湿法氧化法测量放射性废树脂中3H和14C的方法

基于湿法氧化法对核电厂产生的放射性废树脂进行前处理,建立了树脂中³H和¹⁴C的测量方法,分析了影响方法回收率的因素,并对国内某核电厂废树脂中的³H和¹⁴C进行了测量。结果表明,H₂O₂浓度对方法回收率影响最大,在最优的氧化条件下,方法回收率达96.8%;³H和¹⁴C最小可探测比活度分别为41 Bq/g和1.3 Bq/g;¹⁴C测量结果与《生物样品中¹⁴C的分析方法 氧弹燃烧法》(GB/T 37865-2019)的测量结果相比,无显著性差异,¹⁴C测量精密度为10.2%。对国内某核电厂废树脂进行测量,³H和¹⁴C的平均比活度分别为（6 134 ±640） Bq/g和（2 724±147） Bq/g。     

Pixel X-ray detectors in epitaxial gallium arsenide withhigh-energy resolution capabilities (Fano factor experimentaldetermination)

Gallium Arsenide pixel detectors with an area of 170×320 μm² and thickness of 5 μm, realized by molecular beam epitaxy, have been designed and tested with X- and γ rays. No significant charge trapping effects have been observed, and a charge collection efficiency of 100% has been measured. At room temperature an energy resolution of 671 eV full width at half maximum (FWHM) at 59.54 keV has been obtained, with an electronic noise of 532 eV FWHM. With the detector cooled to 243 K, the electronic noise is reduced to 373 eV FWHM, and the K_α and K_β lines of the ⁵⁵Fe spectrum can be resolved. The Fano factor for GaAs has been measured at room temperature with 59.5 keV photons yielding F=0.12±0.01     

240Am半衰期的测量

²⁴⁰Am的半衰期对准确测量²⁴¹Am(n,2n)²⁴⁰Am反应截面具有重要作用,当前评价的数据50.8(3) h是对²⁴⁰Am的987.8 keV γ射线用Ge(Li)探测器跟踪测量6 d的结果,测量时间不到3个半衰期,使得测量结果的不确定度偏大。本文利用Geant4模拟软件建立了阱型HPGe探测器的测量模型,模拟计算了不同Pb吸收厚度下²⁴⁰Am高能γ射线的探测效率,确定使用阱型HPGe探测器配合吸收X射线和低能γ射线的Pb吸收体可有效提高²⁴⁰Am高能γ射线的探测效率。根据Geant4模拟计算的结果,Pb吸收体厚度为1 mm时,对²⁴⁰Am的888.8 keV和987.8 keV两条特征γ射线的探测效率分别为14.1%和13.3%。在中国原子能科学研究院的HI-13串列加速器上通过²⁴²Pu(p,3n)反应生产了²⁴⁰Am,制备了约700 Bq的²⁴⁰Am测量源,用上述方法跟踪测量²⁴⁰Am的888.8 keV和987.8 keV两条特征γ射线的强度,时间超过18 d,用最小二乘法拟合得到其半衰期为50.79(5) h,结果与评价结果一致,但减小了不确定度。     

Self-calibrating position-sensitive silicon detectors

Position-sensitive silicon detectors with discrete position output signal levels, which have been developed for heavy ion reaction studies at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory are discussed. The detectors, both 300- and 5000-μm thick, for use in ΔE-E telescopes, use a series of high and low conductivity strips on the detector p⁺ contact to produce a position signal with 15 discrete levels. Since the position of the signals from the strips is known, the detectors are self-calibrating against position nonlinearities. Some aspects of the fabrication of both the 300- and 5000-μm detectors are discussed, along with their operating characteristics. Illustrative experimental results of ¹³⁹La-induced reactions on ⁴⁰Ca targets are presented     

荷电粒子屏蔽探测器系统设计

介绍空间硬X射线调制望远镜的探测器系统设计。该探测器系统由6个60°扇型顶板和6个60°圆滑弧型侧壁单体探测器构成,每个单体采用塑料闪烁板镶嵌波长转移光纤构成,并通过小型低噪声光电倍增管连接到前置放大器。顶板探测器既要屏蔽荷电粒子,又要使X射线穿过效率高,因此闪烁板很薄。采取合理的镶嵌波长转移光纤的办法较好的解决了这个问题。测试结果表明荷电粒子屏蔽探测器系统满足总体设计要求。     

大面积阵列中子伽马甄别探测器的蒙特卡罗模拟研究

对特殊核材料的检测关乎国土安全,需要一个快速、安全可靠的辐射检测系统。采用Geant4蒙特卡罗模拟软件建立一套基于塑料闪烁体的大面积中子伽马探测系统。研究单根闪烁体晶体不同截面边长、多种层数结构以及不同natGd₂O₃包裹方式等探测器的关键参数,通过调整探测器的响应数目阈值评估探测器的n/γ甄别性能。结果表明,当采用截面边长为6 cm×6 cm的塑料闪烁体包裹25 μm厚的natGd₂O₃、探测器之间放置3 mm厚Pb板以及探测器响应数目阈值设置为3时,阵列探测器可以达到约23%的中子探测效率以及约802的n/γ甄别比。计算结果可对大面积阵列探测器的关键参数优化提供理论依据。     

Performance of small-radius thin-wall drift tubes in an SSCradiation environment at the MIT Research Reactor

Drift tubes of 1.9-mm radius and 25-μ wall thickness were exposed to neutrons and associated gamma radiation from uranium fission at the MIT Research Reactor. In 45 hours of irradiation, the drift tubes received a neutron fluence with energy greater than 0.5 MeV of 1.1×10¹³ cm^-2 And accumulated a charge per wire length of 0.08 coul cm^-1, about that expected for three years of operation at the SSC for a lead scintillator calorimeter at a 1-m radius and for drift tubes at a distance of several tens of centimeters from the beam axis. Measurement of the pulse height, pulse shape, counting rates, andcurrents showed no degradation in drift tube performance. Fast (few nanosecond rise time), sharp (20-ns width) pulses were observed at counting rates of 5 MHz using CF₄ as the drift gas     

SuperLig®620用于水中90Sr含量的监测方法研究

为实现水中⁹⁰Sr的连续监测,利用SuperLig®620固相萃取颗粒从水中选择性分离和富集⁹⁰Sr,并通过塑料闪烁体测量SuperLig®620色层柱上⁹⁰Sr的含量。研究了0.2 mg/L Sr-0.01 mol/L HNO₃介质下,⁹⁰Sr在SuperLig®620色层柱上的动态平衡。结果表明,吸附平衡时⁹⁰Sr在两相间的浓度呈正比,因此通过测量柱上⁹⁰Sr的含量可得到水中⁹⁰Sr的浓度。所建立的方法对⁹⁰Sr的探测效率和最小可探测活度分别为21.3%和2.6 Bq/L,对某低放废水中⁹⁰Sr的分析误差小于20%。     

Quantitative microanalysis of matrix elements in biological samples by MeV proton scattering

A computer program, HCNO-MAP, has been specially designed to evaluate data from the analysis of biological samples done with a scanning nuclear microprobe. It produces quantitative maps of the elements ¹H, ¹²C, ¹⁴N and ¹⁶O from spectra of elastically backscattered and forward-scattered protons, at a speed of 0.3–0.4 s/pixel on a microVAX-II computer. Algorithms for the automatic evaluation used in the program are described. Results from analyses of plastic foils show that the program is capable of handling poor pulse statistics. A quantitative map of ¹²C in a cross section of a rootlet is presented.     

YAP：Ce闪烁探测器γ射线能量响应研究

使用新型YAP：Ce无机晶体配大线性电流光电倍增管组成闪烁探测系统，采用散射法将⁶⁰Co源（约2.2×10¹⁴ Bq）散射为单能γ射线，实验测量探测器系统的γ射线灵敏度，并结合计算机数值模拟计算对数据进行分析处理。新型YAP：Ce无机晶体对γ射线的灵敏度相对较高，是同体积CeF₃晶体的10倍多。采用YAP：Ce无机晶体比CeF₃晶体更有利于γ射线测量。      

AB-BNCT中子靶物理设计分析

质子加速器适用于为硼中子俘获治疗提供中子源,其中子源强及能谱较反应堆中子源更具可调性。中子靶物理计算分析是加速器中子源设计的基础,为其提供粒子能量、流强等参数需求分析,并为靶体结构尺寸设计、中子慢化和屏蔽分析等提供前端参数。本文利用MCNPX蒙特卡罗程序,通过对质子打靶的中子产额和能谱、靶体能量沉积、打靶后靶材放射性活度和中子出射空间角分布等进行研究,提出能量2.5 MeV质子轰击100～200 μm锂靶的设计,并用模拟计算数据论证其合理性。该设计中子源在1 mA流强质子轰击下,源强可达9.74×10¹¹ s^-1;拟设计15 mA、2.5 MeV质子束产生的中子源,在治疗过程中靶材放射性活度累积最大值约为1.44×10¹³ Bq。     

秦山核电基地外围植被中14C水平分布研究

为了解秦山核电基地外围¹⁴C的水平分布与规律,本文采用加速器质谱法（AMS）对秦山核电基地外围6.5 km以内的植物样品（苔藓、松针）与食物样品中的¹⁴C比活度进行测量。测量结果显示：苔藓样品的¹⁴C比活度范围为223.0～265.6 Bq/kg C（本底为223.8 Bq/kg C）,¹⁴C比活度随距排放点距离的增加呈降低的趋势,在距排放源6.5 km处达到了本底水平。与松针相比,苔藓更适合做核设施¹⁴C排放的指示植物。苔藓样品的¹⁴C比活度分布规律表明,¹⁴C气态污染物在大气中的扩散受地形和风向因素的影响。食物样品的¹⁴C比活度比参照样品高8.5～13.0 Bq/kg C（大米样品除外）,给当地公众带来的附加剂量为0.5 μSv /a。     

食品及加工品中~(210)Po含量测定及内照射剂量估算

采用同位素示踪法对常见的18种食品及加工品中~(210)Po含量进行了测定,并对其所致内照射剂量进行了估算。结果表明:茶叶、香烟中~(210)Po比活度较高,分别为(16.1±0.5)、(29.9±1.0)Bq/kg(干重),表明这两种加工品对~(210)Po有较强的浓集作用;其余16种食品的可食部分中~(210)Po比活度约为0.029~4.78Bq/kg(鲜重)。依据测定的数据,估算出我国居民由食品摄入~(210)Po所致的年待积有效剂量约为95μSv/a,贡献相对较大的是粮食(37.7%)、蔬菜(28.8%)和水产品(27.1%)。     

Some emission characteristics of scintillating fibers for lowenergy X and γ-rays

The characteristics of plastic scintillating fibers (PSF) are measured for X and γ photons in the energy range 5 keV to 1.5 MeV. It is shown that a very thin (50 μm) slit can be recorded with an array of very thin fibers having 50 μm diameter so that the main interaction mechanism is photoelectric absorption, instead of Compton scattering for low energy X-rays. The optical light attenuation, global efficiency and energy resolution have been measured for a system composed of 1 mm diameter fibers and a photomultiplier. An X-ray beam position detector is realized, using an intensified camera, allowing a 4% precision on the position. The effect of bending the fiber is also evaluated     

用于快中子能谱测量的6LiF夹心半导体谱仪

本文介绍了^{6LiF夹心谱仪的测量原理、自行设计研制的6LiF夹心半导体谱仪探头结构及电子学系统组成等。在热中子场中测试了夹心谱仪的性能,获得了α粒子峰、T粒子峰及“和”峰在多道上的位置与能量分辨率,并用T粒子与“和”峰两个能量点的峰位对谱仪系统进行了能量刻度。分别用效应探头和本底探头测量了临界装置表面的效应谱和本底谱,当效应探头采用的6LiF镀层质量厚度为186 μg/cm2时,6LiF夹心谱仪对热中子的能量分辨率为363 keV,测量中子最佳能区为0.3~7.5 MeV,在该能区内,本底谱约占1%。}     

缓发中子计数法定量235U、239Pu初步研究

利用缓发中子计数法对²³⁵U-²³⁹Pu混合物中²³⁵U和²³⁹Pu含量的快速测定进行了初步研究。在中国原子能科学研究院30 kW微型反应堆(简称微堆)垂直孔道辐照²³⁵U、²³⁹Pu以及²³⁵U-²³⁹Pu混合物样品30 s,冷却2 s,用缓发中子探测器测量100 s,得出²³⁵U和²³⁹Pu的探测限分别为0.14和0.18 μg;探测器效率为0.015 0±0.001 0;当²³⁵U和²³⁹Pu质量比m(²³⁵U)/m(²³⁹Pu)=1.2时,²³⁵U、²³⁹Pu含量计算值与标称值的相对偏差分别为0.8%和6.9%。     

测量放射性气体氙同位素的Si-PIN β探测器研制

大气中的放射性氙是全面禁止核试验条约组织重点关注的监测对象,提高放射性氙同位素的探测灵敏度和测量准确度是目前全面禁止核试验条约监测领域研究的前沿课题。本文研制了一种采用Si-PIN半导体制作的测量放射性气体氙同位素的β探测器,其对¹³¹Xe^m的129 keV内转换电子的能量分辨率达11.2%,远优于塑料闪烁体的能量分辨率;氙记忆效应非常小,仅为0.08%。Si-PIN β探测器的优异性能将提高氙样品测量分析的核素识别能力和测量准确度。     

环境水体中~(90)Sr和~(137)Cs的监测方法

以国家标准为基础,对环境水体中~(90)Sr和~(137)Cs的监测方法进行了技术改进:增大采样量(50~100L),选择高效沉淀剂和低水平探测器。采用改进后的方法测定了50~100L水中~(90)Sr和~(137)Cs,结果显示:~(90)Sr和~(137)Cs的浓集效率分别为(91.3±2.8)%和(97.2±1.4)%;~(90)Sr的全程回收率为81.5%±2.8%;~(90)Sr和~(137)Cs的探测下限分别为8.6×10~(-4) Bq/L和9.8×10~(-4) Bq/L。50L水中~(90)Sr的比对结果显示,4家实验室测定值与标称值的相对偏差均小于11%。以上结果表明,该方法适用于环境水中微量~(90)Sr和~(137)Cs的监测,可满足环境本底调查和环境监测的要求。