生物燃料生产和技术发展趋势(下)

人们在积极探寻清洁汽、柴油燃料生产新工艺的同时,也在努力开发和利用矿物替代燃料,其中经挤性好、对大气污染小的乙醇和生物柴油备受青睐。燃料级乙醇和生物柴油生产正在向低成本方向发展。重点阐述车用燃料乙醇和生物柴油的国内外生产和应用现状以及技术发展趋势。     

生物燃料生产和技术发展趋势

重点阐述车用燃料乙醇和生物柴油的国内外生产和应用现状,以及技术发展趋势.指出人们在积极探寻清洁汽、柴油燃料生产新工艺的同时,也在努力开发和利用矿物替代燃料,其中经济性好、对大气污染小的乙醇和生物柴油备受青睐.燃料级乙醇和生物柴油生产正在向低成本方向发展.     

后石油时代与生物质液体燃料

进入后石油时代后,生物质液体燃料燃料乙醇和生物柴油受到关注。利用秸秆代替粮食生产燃料乙醇是解决乙醇原料的根本出路,美国正在研究以小麦和大麦秸秆生产燃料乙醇的可行性,我国河南天冠集团已拥有了多项用秸秆生产乙醇的关键技术。标准系列化是我国生物柴油产业做大的关键。     

柴油-生物柴油-乙醇溶解性及其调和燃料特性的研究

以自制的生物柴油为助溶剂,研究了生物柴油对乙醇和柴油调和燃料的助溶作用;研究了不同比例的柴油-生物柴油-乙醇调和燃料的理化特性及稳定性。结果表明,当生物柴油含量为12.55%时,柴油和燃料乙醇可以以任意比例互溶;乙醇含量过高会导致燃料的各种理化性能下降;乙醇含量为10%,生物柴油含量>12.55%为混合燃料较为适宜的调和比列。     

生物燃料的发展前景和展望

(上接第3期第8页)二、发展第二代生物燃料刻不容缓生物柴油和生物乙醇称之为第一代生物燃料。使用生物柴油和生物乙醇仅是解决世界能源问题的第一步。尽管投资在继续增长,但仅依赖基于植物种子和果实的生物柴油和生物乙醇燃料不能解决     

原料供应困扰我国生物燃料产业发展

日前中国生物燃料考察组前往美国和巴西，进行了生物燃料技术和市场的应用考察。 通过走访相关部门和企业了解到，目前美国的燃料乙醇生产是以玉米为主要原料，生物柴油则是以转基因大豆为主要原料，其原料供给能够满足生物燃料生产需求；巴西燃料乙醇生产是以甘蔗为原料，生物柴油的原料品种更多，其原料供给适应巴西的自然条件。     

生物燃料的技术现状及研究趋势分析

生物液体燃料(燃料乙醇、生物柴油、生物丁醇等)是生物能源战略的重要组成部分,世界范围内产业化运作的液体生物燃料主要包括生物柴油和燃料乙醇。重点对生物柴油和纤维素乙醇这两种生物燃料的技术现状和技术研究趋势进行分析。工业生产生物柴油的主要方法是酯交换法,即利用动植物油脂和低碳醇在催化剂的作用下经酯交换反应生成脂肪酸酯。纤维素乙醇技术目前主要研究集中在开发可高效水解新型木质纤维素原料;开发新型温和预处理工艺;开发新型高效纤维素降解酶系;开发木质素高效利用产品;开发乙醇发酵基因工程菌株这五个方面。还对生物柴油和纤维素乙醇的研究趋势进行了方向性的分析。     

生物能源的发展现状及发展前景

主要介绍了生物能源包括燃料乙醇、生物柴油、生物制氢和沼气的原料、生产技术及发展现状。     

中国石化集团新能源研发应用与发展

正中国石化积极利用生物质液体燃料来部分替代化石能源,既可得到所需要的交通运输燃料等能源产品,又能实现对自然环境的CO2零排放。在生物质液体燃料方面,我们已涉足燃料乙醇、生物柴油,并开始了纤维素乙醇技术、微藻生物柴油技术和生物航煤技术等的研发。成功开发SRCA法生物柴油生产技术并完成工业化试验;已与中国科学院在新能源领域开展合作,共同研发微藻生物柴油成套技术;与空中客车公司、东方航空公司开展生物航煤应用     

生物能源研究新进展

主要介绍了燃料乙醇、生物柴油、生物制氢和沼气等生物能源的原料、生产技术及发展现状,探讨了生物能源发展前景。     

Pilot plant studies of biodiesel production using Brassica carinata as raw material

In recent years, the development of alternative fuels from renewable resources, like biomass, has received considerable attention. Biodiesel is defined as fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters from vegetable oils, when it is used as fuel in diesel engines and heating systems.

In this context, the cultivation of Brassica carinata as oilseed crop for biodiesel production in the south of Europe (Spain and Italy) and north of Africa has gained special interest, since it allows the use of set-aside lands, giving higher yields per hectare than the traditional Spanish crops.

Methyl or ethyl esters are the product of transesterification of vegetable oils with alcohol (methanol/ethanol) using an alkaline catalyst. In addition, the process yields glycerol, which has large applications in the pharmaceutical, food and plastics industries.

In the present work, the process of biodiesel production for pilot plant using B. Carinata oil as raw materials with methanol and using potassium hydroxide as catalyst has been studied.

The biodiesel quality meets European specifications defined by pr EN 14214:2002 (E). The obtained results have been used for industrial scale up of the process.     

Effect of the alcohol type used in the production of waste cooking oil biodiesel on diesel performance and emissions

Experimental results were obtained by testing two different alcohol-derived biodiesel fuels: methyl ester and ethyl ester, both obtained from waste cooking oil. These biodiesel fuels were tested pure and blended (30% and 70% biodiesel content, volume basis) with a diesel reference fuel, which was tested too, in a 2.2 l, common-rail injection diesel engine. The operation modes were selected to simulate the European Driving Cycle. Pure biodiesel fuels, compared to the reference fuel, resulted in a slight increase in fuel consumption, in very slight differences in NOx emissions, and in sharp reductions in total hydrocarbon emissions, smoke opacity and particle emissions (both in mass and number), despite the increasing volatile organic fraction of the particulate matter. The type of alcohol used in the production process was found to have a significant effect on the total hydrocarbon emissions and on the particulate matter composition. As the alcohol used was more volatile, both the hydrocarbon emissions and volatile organic fraction of the particulate matter were observed to increase.     

The production of biodiesel from vegetable oils by ethanolysis: Current state and perspectives

At present, the homogeneous base-catalyzed methanolysis reaction of vegetable oils is a most often used process for the industrial biodiesel production. The toxicity of methanol, the risk of the methanol vapor explosion and the possibility of the ethanol production from biorenewable resources have contributed to the development of a vegetable oil ethanolysis process for the biodiesel production. In the reaction of vegetable oils and ethanol in the presence of a catalyst, completely agricultural fuels consisted of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) are obtained having physico-chemical properties similar to those of the appropriate methyl esters and diesel fuel. The ethanolysis reaction of various oily feedstocks has been widely studied to optimize the reaction conditions and to develop new catalytic systems and processes based on chemical and biological catalysts, as well as the development of non-catalytic processes. Most researches investigate the application of homogeneous base catalysts. This paper studies the review of vegetable oil ethanolysis investigations for the biodiesel production done so far. The goals of the paper are to present the development of FAEE synthesis by catalytic and non-catalytic processes, their advantages and disadvantages, the influence of some operating and reaction conditions on the process rate and ethyl esters yield, the kinetics models describing the ethanolysis process rate, the process optimization and the possibilities for improving the FAEE synthesis process.     

生物液体燃料

对全球生物液体燃料的发展现状进行了概述。叙述了目前我国发展燃料乙醇的主要原料以及秸杆乙醇技术。对我国生物柴油产业的发展、生物柴油标准以及影响我国生物柴油发展的因素进行了探讨。并结合我国国情，对如何发展生物液体燃料提出了建议。     

The Brazilian experience with biofuels

Brazil leads the world in ethanol production and ethanol use for fuel and the government has decided recently to implement a programme to blend biodiesel with diesel. In 2004, the government created the National Program for Production and Use of Biodiesel to reduce Brazil's dependence on imported diesel and to supply a fuel that has low environmental impact. The Program allows the use of 17 other oil sources for biodiesel production. This article describes the background to biodiesel and bioethanol production and use, details the Brazilian alcohol and biodiesel programmes, and examines the prospects for these biofuels and their potential effects on agriculture and oilseed crops.     

Analyzing biodiesel: standards and other methods

Biodiesel occupies a prominent position among the alternatives to conventional petrodiesel fuel owing to various technical and economic factors. It is obtained by reacting the parent vegetable oil or fat with an alcohol )transesterification) in the presence of a catalyst to give the corresponding monoalkyl esters, which are defined as biodiesel. Because of the nature of the starting material, the production process, and subsequent handling, various factors can influence biodiesel fuel quality. Fuel quality issues are commonly reflected in the contaminants or other minor components of biodiesel. This work categorizes both the restricted species in biodiesel and the physical properties prescribed by the standards, and details the standard reference methods to determine them as well as other procedures. Other aspects of biodiesel analysis, including production monitoring and assessing biodiesel/petrodiesel blends, are also addressed. The types of analyses include chromatographic, spectroscopic, physical properties-based, and wet chemical methods. The justifications for specifications in standards are also addressed.     

A New Method of Dealcoholization of Crude Biodiesel Fuel

In the production of biodiesel fuel from natural oils and fats via transesterification with a surplus of low molecular alcohols biodiesel and glycerol phases are obtained with alcohol residues. The utilization of the dealcoholized glycerol phase for dealcoholization of crude biodiesel phase is discussed. Theoretical relations for the calculation of the optimum conditions of this operation are derived and their validity is experimentally tested on the reaction between rapeseed oil and methanol catalyzed by KOH.