Persistence of vinyl chloride in ground water at the Woodlawn landfill Superfund site,northeastern Maryland,USA

Since landfill operations ceased in the early 1980s at the Woodlawn landfill Superfund site in northeastern Maryland, USA, the carcinogen vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) has persisted in the site ground water at concentrations in places greater than 100 ppb. Investigations of VCM concentrations from monitoring well data from 1981 through 1991, which were published in 2001, concluded that concentrations were cyclic and were not dissipating. Data from 1991 to 2000 confirm VCM persistence, showing concentration peaks as late as 1997 in the eastern part of the site. These values are significantly above both drinking water standards (>MCL of 2 ppb) and lifetime excess cancer risk (E-6 risk level) from exposure since birth (>0.024 ppb). Sources for VCM are landfill wastes (PVC-sludge) and effluent from an on-site transfer station. In addition to direct release of VCM from wastes, other chlorinated hydrocarbons, trichloroethene and perchloroethene (TCE and PCE) are also present in the ground water, and these compounds can degrade into VCM. Persistence of VCM concentrations is the result of leachate generation, mostly from multi-source wastes in the vadose zone, with subsequent infiltration into the regional aquifer. Increases in VCM concentrations (new leachate generation) alternated with decreases in VCM concentrations (infiltration without leachate) in a cyclic fashion, during this 20-year period.     

A GIS-based DRASTIC model for assessing shallow groundwater vulnerability in the Zhangye Basin,northwestern China

Groundwater vulnerability is a cornerstone in evaluating the risk of groundwater contamination and developing management options to preserve the quality of groundwater. Based on the professional model (DRASTIC model) and geographical information system (GIS) techniques, this paper carries out the shallow groundwater vulnerability assessment in the Zhangye Basin. The DRASTIC model uses seven environmental parameters (depth to water, net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, impact of vadose zone, and hydraulic conductivity) to characterize the hydrogeological setting and evaluate aquifer vulnerability. According to the results of the shallow groundwater vulnerability assessment, the Zhangye Basin can be divided into three zones: low groundwater vulnerability risk zone (risk index <120); middle groundwater vulnerability risk zone (risk indexes 120–140) and high risk zone (risk index >140). Under the natural conditions, the middle and high groundwater vulnerability risk zones of the Zhangye Basin are mainly located in the groundwater recharge zones and the important cities. The high, middle and low groundwater vulnerability risk zones of the Zhangye Basin cover around 17, 21 and 62% of study area, respectively.     

广西宁明县海渊镇土地质量地球化学评价

为了查清广西宁明县海渊镇土地质量地球化学基本状况并提出优质土地资源开发利用建议,本文以第二次全国土地调查成果中的土地利用图斑为评价单元,系统采集了该区土壤及农作物样品,并分析了土壤的养分指标（氮、磷、钾、硒）、环境指标（pH、镉、汞、砷、铜、铅、锌、铬、镍）,农作物样品的评价指标（硒和镉、汞、砷、铜、铅、锌、铬、镍）,在此基础上参照《土地质量地球化学评价规范》进行了土地质量评价,划分了无污染风险富硒土地。结果表明：该区土壤养分质量较差,综合等级以较缺乏和缺乏为主;土壤环境质量优质,无风险等级土壤占比95.57%;土壤质量一般,评价等级以中等为主,面积124.01 km2,占全区总面积的56.28%,主要由土壤养分缺乏导致;水稻样品富硒比例高达66.67%,水稻重金属超标率仅为1.67%,圈定无污染风险富硒土地35.69 km2。上述评价结果可为当地富硒等优质土地开发与农产品安全利用提供重要的地球化学依据。     

Application of logistic regression model for slope instability prediction in Cuyahoga River Watershed,Ohio, USA

High incidences of slope movement are observed throughout Cuyahoga River watershed in northeast Ohio, USA. The major type of slope failure involves rotational movement in steep stream walls where erosion of the banks creates over-steepened slopes. The occurrence of landslides in the area depends on a complex interaction of natural as well as human induced factors, including: rock and soil strength, slope geometry, permeability, precipitation, presence of old landslides, proximity to streams and flood-prone areas, land use patterns, excavation of lower slopes and/or increasing the load on upper slopes, alteration of surface and subsurface drainage. These factors were used to evaluate the landslide-induced hazard in Cuyahoga River watershed using logistic regression analysis, and a landslide susceptibility map was produced in ArcGIS. The map classified land into four categories of landslide susceptibility: low, moderate, high, and very high. The susceptibility map was validated using known landslide locations within the watershed area. The landslide susceptibility map produced by the logistic regression model can be efficiently used to monitor potential landslide-related problems, and, in turn, can help to reduce hazards associated with landslides.     

小流域水土资源优化配置线性规划数学模型的构建及求解——以陕南丹凤大南沟小流域为例

陕南地区位于秦岭山区,坡耕地面积大,降雨形成的坡面径流是当地水土流失的主导因子,通过合理配置当地土地资源,充分利用坡面径流资源,从而减少水土流失。以陕南大南沟小流域为研究对象,通过收集整理当地多年的降雨资料,借助GIS及Surfer等相关软件对不同坡度的坡地资源进行划分和统计,利用流域内水土资源之间的相互依存及彼此约束性,基于线性规划理论,通过构建、求解水土资源优化配置线性规划的数学模型,对小流域的水土资源进行优化配置,并用单纯形法对模型进行求解。通过对模型中相关参数的不断优化、调节,最终得出“以人定水田”“以水定田无旱无树”“以水定田无旱有树”3种水土资源的优化配置方案。通过优化配置即可达到水土保持的目的,同时也为后期土地规划等提     

云南澜沧老厂矿区影像线-环结构矿床定位模式研究

文章通过对老厂地区TM影像线性构造、环形构造和蚀变信息的解译分析,综合矿床地质、地球物理和地球化学等特征,总结了老厂线-环结构的矿床定位模式。南北轴向的南老环和东西轴向的透镜体系列分别反映了华力西期火山洼地和燕山期—喜马拉雅期隐伏中酸性岩体,两者叠加形成老厂环-环横叠式结构,与隐伏岩体同期或稍后的NW向、NE向共轭线性构造带与环形构造叠加交切,多组构造的交汇点是有利的成矿部位。遥感影像上大面积的色调异常斑块显示了近矿围岩蚀变的范围。基于老厂线-环结构的矿床定位模式,预测了成矿区及近期应勘探的靶区。     

A new model (DRARCH) for assessing groundwater vulnerability to arsenic contamination at basin scale: a case study in Taiyuan basin,northern China

A modified DRASTIC model for groundwater vulnerability assessment (abbreviated as DRARCH model by combining the first letters of its six assessment indices) was proposed. It is essentially the specific application of DRASTIC model rather than a new model. Both natural hydrogeological conditions that prevent groundwater from contamination and important intrinsic hydrogeochemical properties of sediments in vadose zone that are related to the retardation of contaminants were considered as vulnerability indices. The DRARCH model consists of six indices: (1) Depth to the water table, (2) net Recharge, (3) Aquifer thickness, (4) Ratio of cumulative thickness of clay layers to total thickness of vadose zone, (5) Contaminant adsorption coefficient of sediment in vadose zone, and (6) Hydraulic conductivity of aquifer. The rating values and the weights of these vulnerability indices were obtained by contaminant transport simulation and factor analysis method respectively. Furthermore, the DRARCH model was applied to evaluate the groundwater vulnerability to arsenic contamination in Taiyuan basin, northern China, where groundwaters with high arsenic concentration occur in some localities. GIS-based mapping of groundwater vulnerability using this model indicates that the distribution of very high and high-vulnerability areas corresponds well to that of high-arsenic groundwaters. The DRARCH model is therefore reliable and useful for guiding groundwater environment management.