岩浆黑云母和热液黑云母矿物化学研究进展

黑云母是岩浆岩和斑岩型矿床中重要的含水铁镁质成岩硅酸盐矿物。黑云母化学成分可以有效地指示岩浆性质、热液蚀变以及成矿过程。文章基于前人和作者的研究成果,系统地总结了黑云母矿物化学在黑云母分类、地质温度计、地质压力计、氧逸度等方面的应用,对岩石成因及构造背景的指示意义,卤素和卤素逸度评价岩浆热液过程,成矿潜力评价等方面的研究新进展,为斑岩型铜多金属矿床的成矿预测和勘查评价提供了最新的找矿矿物学证据。并提出了黑云母矿物化学在研究中存在的一些问题及未来的研究方向。     

黑云母地球化学特征对武山铜矿和竹溪岭钨矿成矿岩浆体系差异的指示

黑云母化学成分差异可反映出岩浆岩的性质(全岩铝饱和指数、I/S型花岗岩)、氧逸度、挥发分特征并指示岩浆源区。为了探究不同岩浆体系的性质对成矿差异性的影响,本文选择与长江中下游成矿带的武山铜矿和江南造山带的竹溪岭钨(钼)矿相关的花岗闪长斑岩中的黑云母作为研究对象,对其开展了岩相学、主量元素和原位微量元素分析。结果表明,两地黑云母均富镁贫铁,竹溪岭岩体中的黑云母相对富集Li、Nb等不相容元素,而武山岩体的黑云母富集Ni、V等相容元素。基于黑云母地球化学特征建立了成岩体系与成矿体系的联系:武山铜矿与黑云母相平衡的岩浆体系具有高Cl、高氧逸度特征,有利于Cu富集成矿;而竹溪岭钨(钼)矿的岩浆体系具高F、低氧逸度特征,有利于W富集成矿。     

Geology, mineralization, stable isotope geochemistry, and fluid inclusion characteristics of the Novogodnee–Monto oxidized Au–(Cu) skarn and porphyry deposit, Polar Ural, Russia

The Novogodnee–Monto oxidized Au–(Cu) skarn and porphyry deposit is situated in the large metallogenic belt of magnetite skarn and Cu–Au porphyry deposits formed along the Devonian–Carboniferous Urals orogen. The deposit area incorporates nearly contemporaneous Middle–Late Devonian to Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous calc-alkaline (gabbro to diorite) and potassic (monzogabbro, monzodiorite- to monzonite-porphyry, also lamprophyres) intrusive suites. The deposit is represented by magnetite skarn overprinted by amphibole–chlorite–epidote–quartz–albite and then sericite–quartz–carbonate assemblages bearing Au-sulfide mineralization. This mineralization includes early high-fineness (900–990?‰) native Au associated mostly with cobaltite as well as with chalcopyrite and Co-pyrite, intermediate-stage native Au (fineness 830–860?‰) associated mostly with galena, and late native Au (760–830?‰) associated with Te minerals. Fluid inclusion and stable isotope data indicate an involvement of magmatic–hydrothermal high-salinity (>20 wt.% NaCl-equiv.) chloride fluids. The potassic igneous suite may have directly sourced fluids, metals, and/or sulfur. The abundance of Au mineralization is consistent with the oxidized character of the system, and its association with Co-sulfides suggests elevated sulfur fugacity.     

Metal deposits in the Da Hinggan Mountains,NE China: styles,characteristics, and exploration potential

The Da Hinggan Mountains mineral province (DHMP), northeastern China, is divided into three tectonic units and corresponding metallogenic belts. The tectonic units of the Da Hinggan Mountains are the Erguna fold zone on the northwest, the Hercynian fold zone on the north, and the Hercynian fold zone on the south. The corresponding metallogenic belts are the Erguna Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag-Mo-Au belt of the NW DHMP, the Cu-Pb-Zn-Mo-Fe-Au belt of the northern DHMP, and the Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu-Sn-Fe-Mo belt of the southern DHMP. Distinct ore bodies, mostly associated with Mesozoic granites and volcanics, comprise (1) hydrothermal vein deposits including Pb-Zn-Ag-(Cu) and W‐Sn-Cu, (2) exhalative (Pb-Zn-Ag, Cu) deposits, (3) porphyry (Cu, Au, Mo), (4) skarn (Fe, Zn, Cu), and (5) epithermal Au-Ag deposits. The hydrothermal veins are hosted by a range of different rock types, whereas the exhalative ores are confined to Permian strata. The porphyry deposits occur within granite porphyries. The epithermal deposits are related to Mesozoic volcanic-subvolcanic rocks and occur within superjacent igneous structures. The first type, represented by the Bairendaba deposit, shows many characteristics of hydrothermal deposits. The second type occurs in a Permian clastic-chemical sedimentary sequence. Most Fe-Zn-Cu deposits related to granites and granodiorites are skarns. Granodiorite and granite-related deposits are typical porphyry ores, formed during Hercynian and Mesozoic time. Promising metallogenic conditions and the recent discovery of many large metal deposits indicate that this mineral province has a great exploration potential.     

斑岩铜矿-浅成低温热液银铅锌一远接触带热液金矿矿床模型：一个新的矿床模型——以德兴地区为例

在前人研究的基础上,通过系统的野外考察,论证了位于赣东北德兴地区德乐中生代火山盆地中的德兴铜矿、银山银铜铅锌矿和金山金矿及蛤蟆石金矿属于同一成矿系统。德兴铜矿是典型的斑岩铜矿,成矿流体和金属元素主要来自岩浆;银山银铜铅锌矿是一个下部为斑岩铜矿、上部为浅成低温热液型银铅锌矿,成矿流体早期以岩浆为主,晚期有较多的大气降水参与,成矿物质主要来自岩浆;金山和蛤蟆石金矿是远接触带热液矿床,成矿流体为岩浆热液与大气降水的混合产物,金主要来自围岩——双桥山群浅变质岩。这3套矿床以中酸性花岗斑岩或石英斑岩（高钾钙碱质花岗岩）为核心具有明显的分带性,自中心向外或深部向浅部为：斑岩铜金钼矿、浅成低温热液型银铅锌矿和远接触带热液型金矿。这种矿床组合关系不同于已知的经典斑岩铜矿模型和斑岩铜矿一浅成低温热液金银矿床模型,因而,有必要提出一个新的模型：斑岩铜矿一浅成低温热液银铅锌矿一远接触带热液金矿模型。这套矿『末形成于中侏罗世,抑或是古太平洋俯冲板片局部重熔或撕裂重熔的产物,抑或是在活动大陆边缘岩浆弧后伸展带由地幔底侵的结果。     

安徽庐枞地区铁-铜矿成矿规律与找矿

构建庐枞地区燕山期Fe、Cu、Au成矿系列,根据成矿构造背景和含矿岩浆岩特点,将其划分为3个成矿亚系列:以矽卡岩型Cu、Mo、Au矿为主的亚系列,以矽卡岩型Fe及Fe、Cu矿为主的亚系列和以玢岩铁矿为主的火山--次火山岩型铁矿亚系列。该区具较大找矿远景的靶区有:①沙溪铜(金)找矿靶区;②清水塘—岳山铁、锌找矿靶区;③井边—巴家滩铜矿找矿靶区。其中,井边—巴家滩地区成矿地质条件良好,深部存在斑岩型铜矿的可能性较大,具有寻找大型斑岩型铜矿的找矿远景,应对该区进行深入研究和普查评价工作,以实现庐枞盆地内部铜矿找矿的突破。经预测,应对泥河、罗河和龙桥等大型超亿吨铁矿外围进行勘探,以达到建立20～25亿吨大型钢铁基地的目标。     

西藏驱龙巨型斑岩Cu Mo矿床的富S、高氧化性含矿岩浆——来自岩浆成因硬石膏的证据

西藏冈底斯成矿带上的驱龙巨型斑岩Cu-Mo矿床以发育大量的硬石膏为特征.详细的岩相学研究发现:驱龙矿床不仅发育热液脉状的硬石膏,含矿斑岩中还产出岩浆成因硬石膏,这在国内系首次报道.观察表明,在岩浆演化早期的花岗闪长岩、黑云母二长花岗岩中,岩浆硬石膏以矿物包体的形式产于斜长石、石英中;在主成矿期的二长花岗斑岩、花岗闪长斑岩中,岩浆硬石膏以矿物包体产于斜长石斑晶中,局部以斑晶形式产出,并伴有富S的磷灰石(SO_3含量为0.11%～0.44%)、磁铁矿发育.后期热液活动也形成了大量的硬石膏±石英+硫化物脉,是矿区主要的矿化类型之一.电子探针分析结果显示,后期的热液硬石膏与岩浆硬石膏相比,在微量成分上明显富集Sr(分别为0.24%和0.03%),可能是由于在岩浆-热液演化过程中,Sr的不相容性或者/以及粘土化蚀变造成的.岩浆硬石膏以及与之共生的富S磷灰石的出现,明确指示驱龙矿床成矿岩浆具有富S、高氧逸度的特征;同时也为研究S在斑岩型矿床岩浆演化过程中的状态、行为,提供了很好的研究对象.     

Zircon U–Pb,Molybdenite Re–Os and K‐feldspar 40Ar/39Ar Dating of the Bolong Porphyry Cu–Au Deposit,Tibet, China

The Bolong porphyry Cu–Au deposit is a newly discovered deposit in the central Tibetan Plateau, and is ranked as the second largest copper deposit discovered to date in the Bangong‐Nujiang metallogenic belt in China. Three granodiorite porphyry phases occur within the Bolong porphyry Cu–Au deposit. Phyllic alteration is widespread on the surface of the deposit, and potassic alteration occurs at depth, associated with granodiorite porphyries. The copper and gold mineralization is clearly related to the potassic and phyllic alteration. Multiple chronometers were applied to constrain the timing of magmatic–hydrothermal activity at the Bolong deposit. Zircon U–Pb geochronology reveals that the granodiorite porphyry phases were emplaced at ca. 120 Ma. Re–Os data of four molybdenite samples from quartz–molybednite veinlets yielded an isochron age of 119.4 ± 1.3 Ma. The plateau age of hydrothermal K‐feldspar from the potassic alteration zone, analyzed by ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating, is 118.3 ± 0.6 Ma, with a similar reverse isochron age of 118.5 ± 0.7 Ma. Therefore, the magmatic–hydrothermal activity occurred at ca. 120–118 Ma, which is similar in age to the neighboring Duobuza porphyry copper deposit. The period of 120–118 Ma is therefore important for the development of porphyry Cu–Au mineralization in the central Tibetan Plateau, and these porphyry deposits were formed during the final stages of the northward subduction of the Neo‐Tethys Ocean.     

东南亚地区地质成矿特征及找矿潜力分析

东南亚地区是地处特提斯成矿域、环太平洋成矿域交汇部位的全球重要成矿区带,其优势矿产资源铜、金、铁、镍、铬、铝、钾盐、锡、铅、锌等与我国矿产资源结构具有较强互补性;成矿类型多样,斑岩型铜金矿、中低温热液型金矿、矽卡岩型铁矿、热液-矽卡岩型钨锡矿、红土型铬镍矿、红土型铝土矿等非常发育,不少矿床为世界级矿床;成矿时代以中、新生代为主,矿产空间分布多成群成带,部分矿床聚集区为世界级巨型成矿带,岩浆岩成矿专属性特征明显。在上述特征分析的基础上,对10个具代表性的重要成矿带找矿潜力进行了概略性评价,结果显示该区仍具有较大的矿产勘查开发潜力。     

Metallogeny of Shoshonite-Hosted Copper-Gold Deposits in Middle-South Parts of Tancheng-Lujiang Deep Fault Zone and Its Vicinity,Eastern China

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锆石氧逸度对义敦岛弧南段中甸矿集区斑岩型矿床差异性成矿控制因素的指示

中甸铜钼多金属矿集区位于义敦岛弧南段,区内绝大多数矿床与晚三叠世和晚白垩世岩浆活动有关,目前两期斑岩锆石氧逸度及差异性成矿研究薄弱.对4个斑岩体5类岩石的锆石开展LA-ICPMS微量元素分析,数据经筛选检验后进行了氧逸度估算.氧逸度结果由高到低为:地苏嘎铜矿晚三叠世石英闪长玢岩(Ce4+/Ce3+比值为515)、休瓦促...     

斑岩铜-钼-金矿床：构造环境、成矿作用与控制因素

斑岩型矿床作为全球Cu、Mo、Au、Re等战略性矿产的主要来源，是国际矿床学界和矿业界长期关注的热点。最新研究表明，斑岩矿床既可以产于俯冲带岩浆弧环境，也可以产于与俯冲无关的非弧环境（主要包括碰撞造山环境、陆内造山环境以及活化克拉通边缘及内部），后者发育于中国大陆。文章在总结全球斑岩矿床时空分布规律的基础上，重点从成矿斑岩成因与成矿动力学机制、成矿金属来源、蚀变-矿化分带等方面，综述了2类斑岩矿床的研究进展，阐释并总结了控制斑岩成矿的主要因素与机制，以及相关研究方法。研究表明，全球斑岩矿床集中产于3大成矿域，形成时代以中、新生代为主。其中，环太平洋成矿域斑岩矿床时空分布不均，集中发育于美洲西海岸，主要形成于白垩纪以来较年轻的几个短暂时期；古亚洲洋成矿域斑岩矿床形成时间跨度于奥陶纪—早白垩世，具有“西Cu-Au东Cu-Mo、早Cu-Au晚Cu-Mo”的成矿特征；特提斯成矿域主要发育三叠纪以来的斑岩矿床，主体沿造山带分布，时间分布不均，同一构造带内发育不同时期的斑岩成矿作用；中国斑岩矿床与3大成矿域既显示出对应性，也有独特性和复杂性。弧环境成矿岩浆、金属Cu(Au)主要来源于交代地幔楔，大...     

赣东北东乡铜矿侵入岩与成矿年龄的确定及意义

对于赣东北地区东乡铜矿床的成因机制,一直存在着海西期海底喷流沉积成矿作用与燕山期岩浆热液成矿作用的成因争议,获得精确的成矿年龄是解决这一成因争议的关键.利用LA-ICP-MS技术对矿区中与矿体伴生的花岗闪长斑岩进行了锆石U-Pb同位素定年,两个花岗闪长斑岩样品的形成年龄分别为164±2 Ma、160±1 Ma.同时对东乡铜矿床块状硫化物矿石中的石英,开展了流体包裹体Rb-Sr同位素定年研究,获得一条等时线年龄为161.8±9.6 Ma（MSDW=1.3）.结合对流体包裹体以及区域成矿作用的研究,认为该年龄可以代表东乡铜矿的形成时代.这些定年结果表明,东乡铜矿的形成可能与该区燕山期花岗闪长斑岩侵入活动带来的岩浆流体成矿作用有关.      

粤东四望坪铜矿区地质特征及成矿模式

以岩浆期后热液交代充填成矿为特征的广东潮安四望坪铜矿床,在其三位一体(岩浆岩、断裂/层间滑动破碎带、围岩)的控矿组合中,以流纹斑岩、晶屑凝灰岩的层间滑动破碎带为最佳。本文从矿区资料的综合研究入手,深入剖析了岩浆岩、断裂、围岩圈闭条件与矿体规模、富集程度的关系。通过对矿区地质环境与矿床成因的深入分析,建立了火山期后热液矿床的控矿模型,为粤东火山岩地区继续寻找该类矿床提供了启示。     

浅成-次火山岩黑云母Cu，Au成矿示踪意义

浅成－次火山岩是许多斑岩型和斑岩－浅成低温热液型铜、金矿床矿质和流体的重要来源，斑岩体初始岩浆的Cu,Au丰度，CI，F含量及岩浆结晶时的氧逸度是其能否最终形成含Cu,Au流体的关键因素。黑云母是浅成－次火山中酸性侵入体中最常见的铁镁矿物，含有较丰富的Cu,Au及挥发分CI，F其Fe^3 /Fe^3 (Fe^3 Fe^2 ）比值可以反映其结晶时岩浆的氧化还原状态，尤其是斑晶黑云母往往形成于岩浆流体出溶和去气作用发生之前，它能灵敏地指示其母岩浆的初始Cu,Au丰度和CI，F含量及氧化还原状态，因此，可以作为成矿物质、成矿流体来源的理想示踪矿物，并可用于浅成－次火山侵入人体的成矿潜力。在一些斑岩型铜、金矿床和斑岩－浅成低温热液型金、铜矿床分布区开展浅成－次火山侵入体黑云母的成矿示踪研究，对于解决矿床成因和指导找矿实践均具有重要意义。     

赣东北地区岩浆岩同位素年代学研究及地质演化

本文收集并整理赣东北及邻区岩浆岩年龄数据200多个,在综合、分析大量地质资料与前人成果的基础上,尝试较全面地总结本区中元古代以来的岩浆活动、构造演化过程及其动力学背景。研究表明,本区古元古代及更早时期的岩浆活动确切记录很少,反映出赣东北地区可能没有古老的陆壳。中—新元古代丰富多彩的岩浆活动,记录了江南造山带在扬子板块东南缘的发生和形成过程。本区古生代的构造—岩浆活动总体来说不强烈,主要发育在一些海西印—支期的断裂拗陷带,并且伴随与海底火山活动—热水沉积相关的成矿作用。中生代尤其燕山期是赣东北地区岩浆活动较强烈的一个时期,以德兴铜厂—富家坞花岗闪长斑岩和银山潜火山岩为代表的花岗质岩浆活动形成了规模巨大的铜金多金属矿床,是中国东部中生代成矿大爆发的典型代表;本区在白垩纪处于拉张伸展的构造环境,发育双峰式岩浆岩建造。新生代构造—岩浆活动不强,仅在一些张裂带有少量岩浆活动。本文还结合近期工作,对一些争议性问题提出了自己的认识。     

Types,features, and prospecting potential for Mesozoic metal ore deposits in Zhejiang Province,southeast China

The geotectonic units of Zhejiang Province include the Yangtze Plate in the northwest juxtaposed against the South China fold system in the southeast along the Jiangshan–Shaoxing fault. The South China fold system is further divided into the Chencai–Suichang uplift belt and the Wenzhou–Linhai geotectogene belt, whose boundary is the Yuyao–Lishui fault. The corresponding metallogenic belts are the Mo–Au(–Pb–Zn–Cu) metallogenic belt in northwest Zhejiang, the Chencai–Suichang Au–Ag–Pb–Zn–Mo metallogenic belt, and the coastal Ag–Pb–Zn–Mo–Au metallogenic belt. The main Mesozoic metal ore deposits include epithermal Au–Ag(Ag), hydrothermal vein-type Ag–Pb–Zn(Cu), and porphyry–skarn-type Mo and vein-type Mo deposits. These ore bodies are related to the Mesozoic volcanic-intrusive structure: the epithermal Au–Ag(Ag) deposits are represented by the Zhilingtou Au–Ag deposit and Houan Ag deposit and their veins are controlled by volcanic structure; the hydrothermal vein-type Ag–Pb–Zn deposits are represented by the Dalingkou Ag–Pb–Zn deposit and also controlled by volcanic structure; and the porphyry–skarn-type Mo deposits are represented by the Tongcun Mo deposit and the vein-type Mo deposits are represented by the Shipingchuan Mo deposit, all of which are related to granite porphyries. These metal ore deposits have close spatio-temporal relationships with each other; both the epithermal Au–Ag(Ag) deposits and the hydrothermal vein-type Ag–Pb–Zn deposits exhibit vertical zonations of the metallic elements and form a Mo–Pb–Zn–Au–Ag metallogenetic system. These Jurassic–Cretaceous deposits may be products of tectonic-volcanic-intrusive magmatic activities during the westward subduction of the Pacific Plate. Favourable metallogenetic conditions and breakthroughs in the recent prospecting show that there is great resource potential for porphyry-type deposits (Mo, Cu) in Zhejiang Province.     

安徽沙溪斑岩型铜金矿床成岩序列及成岩成矿年代学研究

沙溪矿床是长江中下游成矿带中典型的斑岩型铜金矿床,位于庐枞盆地北外缘、郯庐断裂内,矿床成岩成矿时代确定对该矿床成因研究及区域成矿规律的认识具有重要意义。在详细野外地质工作的基础上,采集沙溪矿床与成矿有关的主要岩浆岩样品(粗斑闪长玢岩、黑云母石英闪长玢岩、中斑石英闪长玢岩、细斑石英闪长玢岩和闪长玢岩)和与黄铜矿密切共生的辉钼矿,分别利用Cameca、LA-ICP-MS U-Pb和Re-Os同位素定年方法,获得矿床内主要岩浆岩的成岩年龄(130.60±0.97Ma、129.30±1.00Ma、127.10±1.50Ma、129.46±0.97Ma和126.7±2.1Ma)以及成矿年龄(130.0±1.0Ma),并重新厘定了沙溪岩体从早到晚岩浆的侵位序列。通过区域对比,提出长江中下游存在两阶段斑岩型铜金矿化,沙溪矿床为长江中下游成矿带第二阶段形成的斑岩型矿床,沙溪矿床的成岩成矿作用既不同于庐枞盆地,也不同于断隆区第一阶段的斑岩矿床,而是受郯庐断裂和长江断裂动力学演化联合作用的产物。     

论新疆伊犁浅成低温热液型金矿与斑岩型铜（钼金）矿的相随相伴规律

中亚成矿域中的斑岩型铜（钼金）矿,有别于滨太平洋区的斑岩铜矿,它们大部分是形成于大洋消亡之后,与A型俯冲或后碰撞阶段的构造岩浆作用有关,并非都形成于岛弧发展阶段,且常与浅成低温热液型金矿（产于陆相-亚陆相火山岩内）时间相随、空间相伴,两者属于一个统一的岩浆系统;浅部是浅成低温热液型金矿,深部是高温斑岩型铜（钼金）矿,其成矿特点表现出两者元素组合连续、过渡与转化,两者类型相随相伴。     

Progress in porphyry copper exploration from the Gangdise belt, Tibet, China

Recent mineral exploration in the Gangdise porphyry copper deposit belt, an important component of the Himalaya-Tethyan metallogenic belt, has led to the discovery of a number of deposits, as exemplified by the world-class Miocene Qulong porphyry Cu deposit. This paper reviews major advances in the studies of ore genesis and metallogenic regularity and progresses in mineral exploration of porphyry Cu deposits in the belt. Existing problems and suggestion for future exploration also are given.