茶树总蛋白质提取方法及双向电泳体系的建立

为探索适用于茶树叶片蛋白质组学研究的双向电泳技术体系(2-DE),比较三氯乙酸(TCA)/丙酮沉淀法和改良酚抽法2种不同总蛋白质提取方法、不同蛋白上样量对2-DE的影响。结果表明:改良酚抽法更适合茶树总蛋白质的提取;采用1.5 mg的蛋白质上样量,最终可获得蛋白质点较多、背景清晰、分辨率较高的双向电泳图谱,为进一步深入开展茶树蛋白质组学的研究奠定了基础。     

三种甘蔗叶片蛋白质分离纯化方法比较及双向电泳体系优化

为了优化适用于甘蔗叶片蛋白质的分离纯化方法与双向凝胶电泳体系,比较了3种蛋白质分离纯化方法对甘蔗叶片蛋白质的SDS-PAGE电泳图谱、蛋白质提取率以及双向凝胶电泳的影响,同时优化了双向电泳条件。结果显示,SDS提取法的SDS-PAGE电泳图谱中条带较少,蛋白质沉淀杂质多,效果差;三氯乙酸/丙酮沉淀法蛋白质沉淀得率高,但沉淀复溶性差,蛋白质溶液浓度低,难于满足双向电泳大胶的高上样量要求;酚抽提法蛋白质沉淀得率虽低,但沉淀纯度高、复溶性好,蛋白质溶液浓度高,是适合双向电泳分离纯化甘蔗叶片蛋白质的理想方法。酚抽提法蛋白质双向凝胶电泳合适的胶条p H范围为4~7,17 cm大胶合适的上样量为800μg,平均可分离出954个蛋白点。     

橡胶粒子膜蛋白双向电泳体系的建立和质谱初步分析

橡胶粒子是橡胶树乳管细胞中进行橡胶生物合成的一种特殊细胞器。参与橡胶生物合成的橡胶转移酶、橡胶延长因子等重要酶类和相关的蛋白质调控因子均定位于橡胶粒子的表面或镶嵌于橡胶粒子膜中。本研究在SDS-PAGE分离橡胶粒子膜蛋白的基础上,使用pH3￣10非线性IPG胶条进行2-DE双向电泳,成功地分离了橡胶粒子膜蛋白,在2-DE银染胶上共得到约520个蛋白质点,并通过基质辅助激光解吸附飞行质谱(MALDI-TOF)对部分蛋白质点进行了初步分析鉴定。检索蛋白质数据库证明其中的蛋白质点包括橡胶延长因子(REF)和橡胶过敏蛋白Hev3等典型的橡胶粒子膜蛋白,另外还有一些功能未知的蛋白质。从银染2-DE胶上可以看出,REF在橡胶粒子膜蛋白中占有很大的比例,这表明REF在橡胶生物合成中可能具有非常重要的作用。通过比较蛋白质组学研究发现,橡胶粒子膜上存在乙烯和茉莉酸信号响应蛋白。乙烯和茉莉酸对橡胶生物合成的调控作用可能与橡胶粒子膜上存在它们的响应蛋白有关。橡胶粒子膜蛋白2-DE双向电泳体系的建立为全面研究橡胶粒子膜蛋白的组成及其变化奠定了基础。     

甘蓝型油菜叶片蛋白质双向电泳体系优化

比较了甘蓝型油菜叶片总蛋白质提取的2种不同方法,探讨了叶片蛋白质分离的双向凝胶电泳技术优化方案.结果表明:采用TCA/丙酮法较Tris-Cl法更适合蛋白质提取,选择pH为4～7的固相胶条和分离胶浓度为12％的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶(SDS-PAGE)能够使蛋白质得到充分分离,采用考马斯亮蓝G250染色剂进行2次染色,可提高2-DE分辨率和实验解析度,优化后的双向电泳体系能够分离出2000个以上的蛋白点,并且重复稳定性好.     

适用于大豆叶片蛋白质组分析的双向电泳最佳条件研究

针对大豆叶片中蛋白含量较低,含有大量色素、酚类、醌类等次生代谢产物干扰蛋白质双向电泳分离效果的问题,以大豆叶片为材料,对样品制备、蛋白质裂解液组分、等电聚焦(IEF)参数等条件进行研究.结果表明:采用TCA/丙酮法提取大豆叶片总蛋白,裂解缓冲液为9 mol·L-1尿素,2 mol·L-1硫脲,4%CHAPS.100 mmol·L-1DTT,0.5%Bio-Lyte,IEF等电聚焦条件为24 000Vh时,2-DE图谱分离到的蛋白点效果最好.初步建立了一套适用于大豆叶片蛋白质组分析的双向电泳(2-DE)体系.     

荔枝花蕊蛋白双向电泳体系的建立与优化

以荔枝品种‘元红’处于花性分化时期的花蕊为材料,对蛋白提取方法、蛋白样品上样量、凝胶浓度、平衡时间及染色方法等步骤进行优化。采用酚抽法提取蛋白质,用24 cm、pH4~7的IPG胶条,1.2 mg上样量,12%T凝胶,胶条平衡20 min,用考马斯亮蓝法染色,2-DE图谱经ImageMaster 2D Platinum软件分析,可以检测到至少1 200个蛋白点。荔枝雌花双向电泳体系的建立,为开展荔枝花性分化蛋白质组学方面的研究奠定了基础。     

冬小麦叶片抗旱蛋白质组双向电泳技术体系的优化

为给小麦抗旱蛋白质组学研究提供技术支撑,以两个抗旱性不同的冬小麦品种周麦18和晋麦47三叶期幼苗为材料,比较分析了PEG胁迫处理后两种不同蛋白质提取方法TCA/丙酮法和磷酸钠缓冲液研磨法对IEF/SDSPAGE双向电泳的影响,并在IPG胶条pH范围、蛋白质上样量和SDSPAGE胶浓度等方面进行了探索与优化。结果表明,采用TCA/丙酮法提取叶片全蛋白,选用17 cm、pH 4~7的IPG线性胶条,在上样量为150 μg·胶条_-1,以及12%SDSPAGE胶浓度下进行双向凝胶电泳,蛋白质能够更好地被分离,2DE图谱上可分辨出约400个蛋白点。利用该体系比较了PEG胁迫后两个品种双向电泳图谱的差异,周麦18有9个蛋白点存在差异,其中5个下调表达,4个上调表达(3个新诱导表达);晋麦47有5个蛋白点存在差异,均上调表达(1个新诱导表达)。     

大豆茎秆蛋白质双向电泳技术体系优化

为建立一套完整、可行的适合大豆茎秆蛋白的双向电泳技术,对大豆茎秆蛋白的提取方法、双向电泳的固相化p H梯度凝胶(IPG)、上样量、SDS-PAGE胶浓度、染色方法等进行了优化。结果表明,将传统的TCA/丙酮法与酚法相结合,提取的大豆茎秆蛋白经双向电泳分离后,可获得较多的蛋白点,且背景清晰,便以识别。双向电泳优化后的主要技术参数为p H3-10非线性IPG胶条、上样量800μg、12%SDS-PAGE胶、考马斯亮蓝染色。本研究形成的大豆茎秆蛋白提取方法和双向电泳技术方案,有利于进一步采用蛋白质组学分析大豆茎秆的生物学功能。     

小麦穗突变体Sda1与其野生型叶片总蛋白双向电泳体系的建立

为探索适合小麦穗突变体Sda1叶片蛋白的双向电泳体系,寻找Sda1与其野生型叶片的差异蛋白,以Sda1与其野生型的抽穗期叶片为材料,从蛋白质提取、双向电泳条件等方面对适合Sda1及其野生型叶片蛋白的双向电泳体系进行探索。分析试验得到的双向电泳图谱,发现利用TCA/丙酮提取叶片总蛋白,用pH 4~7的17cm线性胶条,采用13%浓度的分离胶,上样量为900μg,利用改良的等电聚焦程序,能够得到背景清晰、分辨率高的电泳图谱;电泳图谱在低分子区蛋白点分布均匀,并且重复性好。利用PDQuest 8.0.1软件分析图谱,得到27个差异点蛋白,相比于野生型植株,Sda1突变体表现为蛋白表达量下调与缺失,发现6个缺失蛋白,21个表达下调蛋白。     

龙眼种子蛋白质组双向电泳技术的优化

为建立适用于龙眼（Dimdcarpus longanaLour.）种子蛋白质组研究的双向电泳技术,对龙眼种子蛋白质的IEF、平衡时间及染色方法等关键步骤进行了优化。结果显示,龙眼种子蛋白质主要分布在pH4-7范围内,采用酚抽法,在聚焦达到50000 W.h的情况下能充分地聚焦,等电聚焦后经平衡缓冲液Ⅰ还原15 min,再经平衡缓冲液Ⅱ二次平衡20 min,考马斯亮蓝染色,24 cm IPG胶条上样量为1.2 mg时,在龙眼种子双向电泳图谱上检测到1000个多个蛋白点,蛋白点清晰,分辨率较好。本研究所建立的一套适用于龙眼种子蛋白质组分析的双向电泳方法分辨率和重复性较高,重复样品图谱间的相关系数在0.88-0.945之间。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.