原子转移自由基聚合制备两亲性聚乳酸嵌段共聚物

以双端羟基聚乳酸和2-溴丙酰溴为原料,制备了溴端基的聚乳酸;再以此作为大分子引发剂,溴化亚铜／2,2’-联吡啶为催化体系,实现了N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮的原子转移自由基聚合,制得了两亲性聚乳酸嵌段共聚物。用IR、^1H-NMR、GPC和接触角测定仪对聚合物的结构和亲水性进行了表征,并用TEM研究了聚合物在水溶液中的聚集状态。结果表明,聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮链段的引人,大大提高了聚乳酸共聚物的亲水性,且共聚物在水相中可形成一壳多核球状胶束。     

原子转移自由基聚合在合成接枝共聚物中的应用

本文综述了采用原子转移自由基聚合（ATRP）法合成接枝共聚物的研究进展。主要从大分子引发剂法和大分子单体法两方面介绍了原子转移自由基聚合在合成接枝聚合物中的应用。     

利用原子转移自由基聚合制备水溶性含氟嵌段共聚物

利用原子转移自由基聚合技术合成了相对分子质量可控,相对分子质量分布较窄的丙烯酸叔丁酯与氟烷基（甲基）丙烯酸酯的嵌段共聚物。进一步将嵌段共聚物的丙烯酸叔丁酯链段在酸性条件下水解,制备了水溶性含氟嵌段共聚物,借助核磁共振氢谱和红外光谱对嵌段共聚物进行了表征。     

活性负离子向原子转移自由基变换合成嵌段共聚物研究(英文)

以正丁基锂为引发剂,以苯、环己烷等为溶剂,引发苯乙烯聚合形成活性负离子,然后加入α－甲基苯乙烯封端,最后加入液态溴进行溴化,形成含苄基溴末端大分子引发剂（PSBr）。以CuClbPy为催化剂,用PSBr引发MMA,MA和BA等单体的ATRP聚合,得到了一系列相对分子质量可控、相对分子质量分布较窄的嵌段共聚物。     

原子转移自由基聚合法制备星形聚苯乙烯

采用原子转移自由基聚合（ATRP）法,以三羟甲基丙烷为核制备引发剂,以苯乙烯为单体,合成三臂聚苯乙烯星形聚合物,并用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、核磁共振氢谱（1H-NMR）、凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）对所得引发剂和聚合物的结构进行了表征。结果表明,FTIR证实了三臂引发剂和聚苯乙烯的存在。1H-NMR分析证实,采用ATRP法可以成功合成出目标产物星形聚苯乙烯。GPC分析证明了所得产物的数均分子量为2 700~9 460,基本符合预期值;多分散性指数仅为1.01~1.05,具备活性聚合特征。     

用原子转移自由基聚合制备苯乙烯／丙烯酸丁酯／苯乙烯三嵌段共聚物

利用原子转移自由基聚合,以α,α′－二氯对二甲苯为双功能引发剂,在ＣｕＣｌ／２,２′－联吡啶配位化合物催化下,采用二段聚合法合成了苯乙烯／丙烯酸丁酯／苯乙烯三嵌段共聚物,用ＧＰＣ测定了嵌段共聚物的相对分子质量及其分布。     

普通自由基引发剂存在下的原子转移自由基聚合(英文)

一种首先使聚合体系在６５～７０℃反应１０ｈ,然后再升温至１３０℃发生聚合反应的新聚合方法可以使苯乙烯在低的ＡＩＢＮ／ＣｕＣｌ２摩尔比下实现原子转移自由基聚合,而且苯乙烯活性聚合的可控程度与ＡＩＢＮ／ＣｕＣｌ２的摩尔比无关。     

丙烯酸酯原子转移自由基聚合多官能引发剂

分别用乙二醇和三羟甲基丙烷与二氯乙酰氯反应合成了双(二氯乙酸)乙二醇酯和三羟甲基丙烷三(二氯乙酸酯),通过测定它们与单官能团引发剂2-氯乙酸乙酯共同引发的丙烯酸酯原子转移自由基聚合所得聚合物的相对分子质量和相对分子质量分布,证明它们分别是丙烯酸酯原子转移自由基聚合的四官能团和六官能团引发剂.     

水相原子转移自由基聚合制备PVC-g-BA共聚物

以不同不稳定氯含量的聚氯乙烯(PVC)为大分子引发剂,CuCl2/三(2-吡啶甲基)胺(TPMA)为催化体系,抗坏血酸(AA)为还原剂,通过水相电子转移催化再生原子转移自由基聚合(ARGETATRP)制备PVC接枝丙烯酸丁酯(BA)共聚物(PVC-g-BA),研究聚合条件对BA聚合转化率和接枝率的影响。发现其它聚合条件相同时,采用不稳定氯含量高的PVC为大分子引发剂制备的PVC-g-BA的接枝PBA的平均分子量较低;随着BA单体用量增加,聚合转化率和接枝率增大;随着催化剂CuCl2用量和聚合温度的增加,转化率和接枝率先增加后减小;当PVC为1.589 g,BA为2.70 g,CuCl2用量为0.0048 g,AA/TPMA/CuCl2(mol)=15/5/1,聚合温度为70℃,可获得BA转化率为56.06%、接枝率为95.14%的PVC-g-BA产物;由于PVC仅部分溶胀于BA,导致PVC接枝不均匀,PVC-g-BA分子量分布出现双峰现象,接枝PBA的分子量大于理论分子量。     

Synthesis of asymmetric H-shaped block copolymer by the combination of atom transfer radical polymerization and living anionic polymerization

A new asymmetric H-shaped block copolymer (PS)₂-PEO-(PMMA)₂ has been designed and successfully synthesized by the combination of atom transfer radical polymerization and living anionic polymerization. The synthesized 2,2-dichloro acetate-ethylene glycol (DCAG) was used to initiate the polymerization of styrene by ATRP to yield a symmetric homopolymer (Cl-PS)₂-CHCOOCH₂CH₂OH with an active hydroxyl group. The chlorine was removed to yield the (PS)₂-CHCOOCH₂CH₂OH ((PS)₂-OH). The hydroxyl group of the (PS)₂-OH, which is an active species of the living anionic polymerization, was used to initiate ethylene oxide by living anionic polymerization via DPMK to yield (PS)₂-PEO-OH. The (PS)₂-PEO-OH was reacted with the 2,2-dichloro acetyl chloride to yield (PS)₂-PEO-OCCHCl₂ ((PS)₂-PEO-DCA). The asymmetric H-shaped block polymer (PS)₂-PEO-(PMMA)₂ was prepared via ATRP of MMA at 130 °C using (PS)₂-PEO-DCA as initiator and CuCl/bPy as the catalyst system. The architectures of the asymmetric H-shaped block copolymers, (PS)₂-PEO-(PMMA)₂, were confirmed by ¹H NMR, GPC and FT-IR.     

Preparation of amphiphilic PS-b-PMAA diblock copolymer by means of atom transfer radical polymerization

Amphiphilic diblock copolymers of polystyrene-b-poly(methacrylic acid) were synthesized by means of atom transfer radical polymerization. First, the polystyrene with a bromine atom at the chain end (PS-Br) was prepared using styrene as the monomer, 1-bromoethyl benzene as the initiator, and CuCl/2,2′-bipyridyl (bpy) as the catalyst ([1-bromoethyl benzene]/[CuCl]/[bpy] = 1:1:3). The polymerization was well controlled. Second, the diblock copolymer of polystyrene-b-poly(tert-butyl methacrylate) was synthesized also by atom transfer radical polymerization using PS-Br as the macro-initiator, CuCl/bpy as the catalyst, and tert-butyl methacrylate (tBMA) as the monomer. Finally, the amphiphilic diblock copolymer, PS-b-PMAA, was obtained by hydrolysis of PS-b-PtBMA under the acid condition. The molecular weight and the structure of aforementioned copolymers were characterized with gel permeation chromatography, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2381–2386, 2001     

Preparation of block copolymer particles by two-step atom transfer radical polymerization in aqueous media and its unique morphology

Submicron-sized poly(i-butyl methacrylate)-block-polystyrene particles were successfully prepared by two-step atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in aqueous media: ATRP in miniemulsion (miniemulsion-ATRP) followed by ATRP in seeded emulsion polymerization (seeded-ATRP). When PiBMA particles, which were prepared by the miniemulsion-ATRP process with polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80, nonionic emulsifier) of 6-10 wt % based on iBMA, were used as seed in the seeded-ATRP of styrene, the block copolymer particles having narrow molecular weight distribution and pre-determined molecular weight were prepared at high conversion. Some block copolymer particles had an ‘onion-like’ multilayered structure. In this way, controlled/living free radical polymerization can be employed to obtain unique particle morphologies that may not be easily accessible using conventional free radical polymerization.     

原子转移自由基聚合合成支化聚丙烯腈

以二乙烯苯为支化单体,α-溴代异丁酸叔丁酯为引发剂,CuBr和2,2'-联吡啶为催化体系,利用本体和溶液原子转移自由基聚合合成了支化聚丙烯腈.采用核磁共振谱仪、凝胶渗透色谱仪和多角度激光光散射仪等测试了聚合物结构、相对分子质量及其分布.用无水乙酸钠对支化聚丙烯腈进行末端改性,得到了在硫氰酸钠水溶液中性能稳定、可长期保存的支化聚丙烯腈,而改性对聚合物的耐热性能没有影响.     

Architecture of rod–brush block copolymers synthesized by a combination of coordination polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization

A combination of coordination polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was applied to a novel synthesis of rod–brush block copolymers. The procedure included the following steps: (1) the monoesterification reaction of ethylene glycol with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide (BIBB) yielded the bifunctional initiator monobromobutyryloxy ethylene glycol and (2) a trichlorocyclopentadienyl titanium (CpTiCl₃; bifunctional initiator) catalyst was prepared from a mixture of CpTiCl₃ and bifunctional initiator. The coordination polymerization of n-butyl isocyanate initiated by such a catalyst provided a well-defined macroinitiator, poly(n-butyl isocyanate)–bromine (PBIC–Br). (3) The ATRP method of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate initiated by PBIC–Br provided rod [poly(n-butyl isocyanate) (PBIC)]–coil [poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA)] block copolymers with a CuCl/CuCl₂/2,2′-bipyridyl catalyst. (4) The esterfication of PBIC-block-PHEMA with BIBB yielded a block-type macroinitiator, and (5) ATRP of methyl methacrylate with a block-type macroinitiator provided rod–brush block copolymers. We found from the solution properties that such rod–brush block copolymers formed nanostructured macromolecules in solution. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Reverse atom transfer radical polymerization of acrylonitrile

FeCl₃ coordinated by succinic acid was used as the catalyst for the first time in azobisisobutyronitrile‐initiated reverse atom transfer radical polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN). N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) was used as a solvent to improve the solubility of the ligand. A FeCl₃ to succinic acid ratio of 0.5 not only gives the best control of molecular weight and its distribution but also provides rather rapid reaction rate. Effects of different solvents on polymerization of AN were also investigated. The rate of the polymerization in DMF is faster than that in propylene carbonate and toluene. The molecular weight of polyacrylonitrile agrees reasonably well with the theoretical molecular weight in DMF. The rate of polymerization increases with increasing the polymerization temperature, and the apparent activation energy was calculated to be 64.8 kJ mol^?1. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 32–36, 2006     

Synthesis of triphenyl phosphine oxide‐containing polymers via atom transfer radical polymerization

Bis[(4 ‐β‐(2‐bromopropanoate)ethoxy)phenyl]phenylphosphine oxide was used for the first time as the initiator of atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate in the presence of CuBr/N, N,N′, N″, N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine as catalyst/ligand and dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent. The presence of phosphine oxide linkages in the backbone gives the polymers special properties; low T_g, high char yield, and decreases the oxygen induction time value. A linear increase of number average molecular weight (M_n) versus monomer conversion was observed, and the molecular weight distribution was relatively narrow (M_w/M_n = 1.1–1.3). FTIR, ¹HNMR, gel permeation chromatography, ultraviolet spectroscopies were used for the characterization of the related polymers. The thermal properties of these polymers were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Amphiphilic diblock and crosslinked copolymers synthesized via metal‐free atom transfer radical polymerization

The use of metal‐free atom transfer radical polymerization (MF‐ATRP) was explored for the formation of diverse macromolecular structures to assess the versatility of this advanced polymerization process. In MF‐ATRP using an organic photocatalyst, 10‐phenylphenothiazine, the influences of various monomers, initiators and solvents were examined, showing that molecular weight and polydispersity could be tailored through appropriate selection of each component. Using this modern polymerization technology, metal‐free amphiphilic diblock and crosslinked copolymers were prepared successfully. Especially, demonstration of amphiphilic diblock copolymer synthesis provides a basis for further applications to biomedical materials. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Synthesis of aromatic carboxyl functionalized polymers by atom transfer radical polymerization

The synthesis of aromatic carboxyl functionalized polymers by atom transfer radical polymerization is described. The α‐bromo‐p‐toluic acid ( 1 ) initiated polymerization of styrene in the presence of copper(I) bromide and 2,2′‐bipyridyl affords quantitative yields of the corresponding aromatic carboxyl functionalized polystyrene ( 2 ). Polymerization proceeded via a controlled free radical process to afford quantitative yields of the corresponding aromatic carboxyl functionalized polymers with predictable molecular weights (M_n = 1600–25 900 g mol⁻¹), narrow molecular weight distribution (M_w /M_n = 1.1–1.40) and an initiator efficiency above 0.87. The polymerization process was monitored by gas chromatographic analysis. The functionalized polymers were characterized by thin layer chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, spectroscopy, potentiometry and elemental analysis. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Synthesis of amphiphilic block copolymer of acrylamide with styrene using free radical interfacial copolymerization

A novel free radical interfacial copolymerization was proposed and used to prepare the amphiphilic block copolymer of acrylamide (AM) with styrene (S). In this copolymerization, a synthesized new kind of initiator, namely, amphiphilic bifunctional initiator, which has not only a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic group but also two functional groups generating radicals in both ends of its molecule, was used to initiate the interfacial copolymerization. The generated amphiphilic block copolymer was characterized by infrared analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, elemental analysis, and dissolution behavior. The migration of generated copolymer from interface to water phase was discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 443–449, 1998