渗流井合理竖井降深确定

通过采用单位面积河流在单位水头差作用下的渗漏量来表征河流渗漏能力,建立渗流井取水理想模型,分别计算了在不同河流渗漏能力和含水层渗透性能条件下,竖井降深对渗流井出水量的影响。建立渗流井取水非稳定流模型,计算了在前期稳定竖井降深不同条件下,河流断流后渗流井出水量衰减过程及竖井降深发展过程。提出渗流井合理竖井降深应根据河流与地下水是否脱节以及含水层渗透性能,在岸边渗流井中部及一侧各布设一个观测孔,根据观测孔水位进行确定。对于含水层渗透性能较强地区,渗流井竖井降深应使得渗流井范围内地下水位与河流脱节,但高于辐射孔顶面;对于含水层渗透性能较差地区,渗流井竖井降深应使得侧部观测孔水位接近河床底面或刚出现脱节。     

Study of fissured-rock seepage flow with isotope tracer method in single borehole

A systematic summary is presented describing the application of isotope tracer method in detecting seepage flow in a single borehole. In a single borehole, many hydraulic coefficients, such as flow velocity, direction of flow, vertical flow etc., Can be obtained by using isotope tracer method. There are three conditions if a fissure intersects a borehole: vertical, parallel and tilt. According to each different condition, the formulation of flow velocity deduced by isotope dilution method is different. At the same time, well theory of blended borehole about fissure groups including single fissure group and multi-fissure groups, has also been discussed.     

Study of fissured-rock seepage flow with isotope tracer method in single borehole

A systematic summary is presented describing the application of isotope tracer method in detecting seepage flow in a single borehole. In a single borehole, many hydraulic coefficients, such as flow velocity, direction of flow, vertical flow etc., can be obtained by using isotope tracer method. There are three conditions if a fissure intersects a borehole: vertical, parallel and tilt. According to each different condition, the formulation of flow velocity deduced by isotope dilution method is different. At the same time, well theory of blended borehole about fissure groups including single fissure group and multi-fissure groups, has also been discussed.     

Study on “triangle” water-inrush mode of strong water-guide collapse column

The water-inrush mechanism of strong water-guide collapse column in coal seam is studied based on the establishment of geological and mathematical models of "triangle" water-inrush mode. The geological background of Shuangliu mine is considered a prototype, similar simulation tests are adopted to analyze the water-inrush rules under this model, and the formation of water-guide channel and water-inrush process is investigated by examining the changes in rock resistivity. This work also uses the coupled cloud image derived from numerical simulation software to verify the results of simulation test. Results show that the numerical simulation of "triangle" water-inrush mode is consistent with the similar simulation. The "triangle" seepage area, which is located at the bottom of collapse columns and is connected to aquifer, is caused by the altered seepage direction and strengthened seepage actions after the overlapping of hydraulic transverse seepage in collapse column and hydraulic vertical seepage flow in aquifer. Under "triangle"water-inrush model, water-guide channel is formed by the communication between plastic failure zone of working face baseplate and"triangular" seepage area. Accordingly, the threatening water-inrush distance between working face and collapse column increases by 20 m compared with that of theoretical calculation.     

基于非饱和大孔隙流双重介质模型的浸水边坡水力响应数值模拟

受地形限制,大量公路、铁路等常出现沿库与沿河线,水位变化是引起库岸滑坡的重要因素。目前边坡渗流研究多集中在非饱和均匀流,对大孔隙边坡非平衡流方面研究仍显滞后。为此,以福建省某一典型库区边坡为例,对比了水位上升时考虑非饱和渗流和非饱和大孔隙流时边坡水分场和稳定系数随时间的变化规律,并分析了水位上升速率（v）、大孔隙域水力传导系数（Ksf）、两域交界处水力传导系数（Ksa）、土粒中心至大孔隙边界距离（a）、大孔隙体积占比（wf）等对大孔隙边坡稳定系数的影响规律及权重。研究结果表明：水位上升中,非饱和渗流下边坡内部基质域含水率明显小于非饱和大孔隙渗流下边坡内部基质域含水率。非饱和渗流条件下边坡浅层向内的水力坡度明显大于非饱和大孔隙流边坡且大孔隙边坡中相同位置基质域含水率远大于大孔隙域（最大达18.9倍）。两种渗流工况下,边坡稳定系数随水位上升均呈现先减小后增大的趋势,并于同一水位（在最高蓄水位高程的一半附近）同时达到最小值。相同渗流工况下,且考虑非饱和大孔隙渗流边坡比考虑非饱和渗流边坡稳定系数更小。增加v、Ksf、a、wf或减少Ksa,坡内两域间水分交换减弱,水分将快速运移至坡体深处,引起地下水位上升,促使边坡稳定性最大降幅达17.7％。v、Ksf和wf对边坡稳定影响占权重较大且相当,Ksa和a所占权重较小且约为前者一半。     

Seepage characteristics of collapse column fillings

With concealment and hysteresis,water-inrush from Karst collapse column has become an important security hazard of lower group coal mining in North China.Based on the MTS8 15.02 seepage test system,we analyzed the impact of consolidation pressure,initial moisture content and confining pressure on the permeability of fillings in order to study the seepage characteristics of collapse column fillings.The results show that:(l)The permeability of collapse column fillings is of the order of 10~(-16)-10~(-15) magnitude and decreases with an increase in consolidation pressure and decrease in initial moisture content.(2) The essence of filling seepage law change is the change in porosity,and a power function relationship exists between the permeability ratio and porosity ratio.(3) With increasing confining pressure,the permeability of fillings decreases.However,under low confining pressure(1.2-4 MPa),the change of confining pressure has no obvious influence on the permeability.     

Seepage Anisotropy of Heterogeneous Body

Ore dumps are heterogeneous bodies with anisotropic seepage characteristics because of the ore segregation.In an indoor experiment, a dump was constructed with three strata, where the horizontal and vertical seepage experiments were carried out.Horizontals flow are regarded as phreatic plan flows without penetration.Its seepage law satifies the Dupuit equation.With parallel lay seepage model, the equivalent seepage coefficient in the horizontal flow was obtained and was equivalent to the weighted mean of the seepage coefficient of each stratum.An unsaturated flow appeared in the vertical experiment, with a hydraulic gradient of 1.The vertical flow was equivalent to the seepage model that moved in vertical bedding; its equivalent seepage coefficient depended on the stratum with the minimum seepage coefficient.That the experiment showed clear anisotropy in a heterogeneous body was obvious with an anisotropic coefficient between 63 and 155, which is 25 to 100 times larger than that of a homogeneous body.     

橡胶防老剂4010NA的溶剂回收工艺研究

设计了一套完整的橡胶防老剂4010NA生产后的废溶剂回收装置,采用普通精馏工艺分离丙酮、异丙醇和水的混合溶液得到高纯度丙酮;采用共沸精馏工艺,以苯作带水剂,对脱水塔塔顶采出的异丙醇和水的混合物进行分离,得到高纯度异丙醇。利用Aspen Plus模拟软件对各个过程进行模拟,得到各塔的最佳理论板数和每股物料的最佳进料位置,而且模拟得到了每股物料的工艺参数:废溶剂在丙酮脱除塔中的最佳进料位置为第26块理论板,全塔的最佳理论板数为46块,塔顶温度为55.70℃,压力为99.98kPa,回流比为7;水分脱除塔中物料的最佳进料位置为第7块理论板,全塔的最佳理论板数为22块,塔顶温度为79.37℃,压力为100kPa,回流比为6;脱水塔中异丙醇-水混合液的最佳进料位置为第7块理论板,苯的最佳进料位置为第1块理论板,全塔的最佳理论板数为22块,塔顶温度为55.40℃,压力为100kPa,回流比为6。回收处理后,丙酮的含量≥99%,异丙醇含量≥99%,水含量≥99.8%(均为质量分数),达到回收要求。     

基于孔隙压力黏结单元的准脆性材料水力劈裂模拟

传统数值方法对水力劈裂的模拟一般采用预设裂缝扩展路径,且将水流作用等效为压力荷载,难以反映裂缝渗流-开裂耦合效应. 采用自编程Python脚本程序批量插入孔隙压力黏结单元,考虑裂缝渗流-开裂耦合作用模拟准脆性材料水力劈裂随机扩展全过程. 在对经典理论模型及试验结果模拟验证的基础上,开展含多裂缝均质模型的水力劈裂全过程分析,并进一步建立混凝土细观尺度水力劈裂模型,分析骨料、界面过渡区和基体渗透性对混凝土劈裂全过程的影响. 结果表明,本研究模型可以有效模拟准脆性材料水力劈裂失效过程,准脆性材料多缝开裂过程伴随微裂缝的分叉扩展而非光滑的裂缝扩展路径,骨料及界面过渡区影响劈裂扩展路径造成裂缝分叉出现,混凝土基体的渗透性对其抵抗水力劈裂不利并影响失效软化过程.     

砾石土防渗料-反滤料联合抗渗试验

防渗料在高水头作用下是否发生渗透破坏,在很大程度上取决于设置在其后的反滤料对防渗料的保护效果。利用自行改造的竖向渗透破坏仪,在大量砾石土防渗料和反滤料的竖向联合渗透破坏试验的基础上,研究了防渗料砾石含量、干密度及反滤料的级配、干密度和厚度对防渗料与反滤料联合抗渗性能的影响规律,分析了试验过程中初始临界坡降的出现机理和自滤反滤层的形成过程。研究表明,试样的初始临界坡降随防渗料和反滤料干密度的增大而增大,随防渗料砾石含量、反滤料控制粒径D15的增大而减小,随反滤料厚度的增加而增大。     

考虑渗透动水压力时等效连续岩体渗流场与应力场耦合分析的数学模型

渗流对等效连续岩体的作用力包括渗透静水压力和渗透动水压力（渗流体积力）两部分。文中较全面地引入渗流与应力之间的相互作用关系,同时考虑渗透静水压力和渗流体积力的作用,以渗透系数与空隙率,体积应变的关系为桥梁,建立等效连续岩体渗流场与应力场耦合分析的数学模型,并采用有限元数值方法结合算例进行双场耦合分析与计算。结果表明,计入耦合作用,岩体各应力分量有不同程度的增大。     

Coupled effect of cement hydration and temperature on hydraulic behavior of cemented tailings backfill

Cemented tailings backfill(CTB) is made by mixing cement, tailings and water together, thus cement hydration and water seepage flow are the two crucial factors affecting the quality of CTB. Cement hydration process can release significant amount of heat to raise the temperature of CTB and in turn increase the rate of cement hydration. Meanwhile, the progress of cement hydration consumes water and produces hydration products to change the pore structures within CTB, which further influences the hydraulic behavior of CTB. In order to understand the hydraulic behavior of CTB, a numerical model was developed by coupling the hydraulic,thermal and hydration equations. This model was then implemented into COMSOL Multiphysics to simulate the evolutions of temperature and water seepage flow within CTB versus curing time. The predicted outcomes were compared with correspondent experimental results, proving the validity and availability of this model. By taking advantage of the validated model, effects of various initial CTB and curing temperatures, cement content, and CTB's geometric shapes on the hydraulic behavior of CTB were demonstrated numerically. The presented conclusions can contribute to preparing more environmentally friendly CTB structures.     

地源热泵垂直埋管换热器性能的数值模拟研究

以地源热泵垂直埋管换热器为研究对象,建立地源热泵垂直埋管换热器的三维数值模型,通过实验对数值模型进行验证。利用已建的数值模型分析了埋管内水流流速,水温以及钻孔内不同埋管和回填材料对地埋管换热器性能的影响。研究结果表明:地埋管换热器的单位延米换热量随着回填材料导热系数,管内流速,进口水温,埋管的导热系数的增加而增大;埋管管壁的平均温度随着管内流速,进口水温,埋管的导热系数的增加而增大,但随着回填材料导热系数的增加而减小。     

岩石隧道渗流模型试验相似材料的研制及应用

为提高岩石隧道渗流场分析的合理性,通过大量以控制渗透系数为核心的配比试验,提出适用于岩石隧道渗流模型试验的围岩、注浆圈及初衬等新型相似材料及其原料配比.试验以黏土、细砂和玻璃纤维为原料配制围岩相似材料,以水泥和炭渣配制注浆圈相似材料,由多层编织土工布模拟初衬相似材料.结果表明:随细砂含量加大,围岩相似材料渗透系数呈非线性增长,稳定性逐渐降低,改变玻璃纤维的含量对其渗透系数影响不明显;注浆圈相似材料渗透系数值随炭渣含量增加近于线性增长,2.5 m水头下的试验值较1.35 m水头时更大;随着编织土工布叠加层数增加,初衬相似材料平均渗透系数呈快速减小并逐渐收敛的趋势,且单次渗透系数测试结果也趋于稳定;相同隧道排水量时,二衬外拱底处水压力远大于拱顶,逐步减小隧道排水量后,拱顶水压力值上升幅度大于拱底,调水阀接近闭合时,拱顶和拱底位置的水压力接近初始水压力.研制的相似材料工作性能稳定,并成功应用于工程渗流试验中.     

许昌市麦岭应急备用水源地人工补给研究

麦岭水源地在枯水期(年)由于干旱少雨,降水补给少,水源地开采量增加,特别是农业灌溉开采量很大,会引起水源地浅、深层地下水位持续大幅度下降,影响城市供水安全。因此,必须引水补源,保证城市供水安全。本文通过对麦岭水源地水文地质条件的分析,结合水源地水源充沛,河流渠系发达,坑塘较多,含水层储存量大等有利条件,开展了双环渗水试验、浅井注水试验、渗坑注水试验、农田灌溉试验等人工补源试验研究。结果表明,在水源地开展人工补给对地下水持续开发利用具有重要意义。     

黄土地基水分入渗分析及增湿变形计算

黄土地基因渗漏水导致局部地基增湿从而引起的工程事故时有发生，但目前对渗水增湿过程及增湿变形尚难预测．首先对渗水量已知情况下的黄土地基渗水增湿过程进行理论分析，建立了二维湿陷性黄土地基线源入渗增湿计算模型，该模型揭示出黄土地基非饱和增湿过程，这与实际是相符的．入渗增湿计算得到黄土地基含水量变化后，进一步根据含水量确定模量，采用分层总和法计算黄土地基增湿前后的沉降量，前后的沉降量之差即为增湿变形，并经实例计算验证了该入渗增湿计算模型及增湿变形计算方法的合理性．     

渗漏对非饱和膨胀土地基变形的影响

渗漏会引起非饱和膨胀土地基中的水分迁移,由此导致工程病害。目前对渗水增湿过程及增湿变形尚难预测。首先对膨胀土地基渗水增湿过程进行理论分析,针对地基渗水增湿的变形过程,建立了二维膨胀土积水入渗模型,该模型揭示了膨胀土地基非饱和增湿过程。经计算得到膨胀土地基含水量变化后,根据含水量的变化,选择分层总和法计算膨胀土增湿变形量。通过分析增湿过程中膨胀土的变形特性,得到了膨胀土在逐级增湿时的变形发展过程。并经实例计算,验证了入渗增湿计算模型及增湿变形计算方法的可行性和合理性。     

渗流作用下粉土质砂潜蚀演化特征与预测模型

长期渗流作用下,土体发生内部潜蚀常会诱发结构变形甚至破坏。利用自主研发的渗流装置开展砂土潜蚀试验,研究渗流作用下不同初始孔隙比粉土质砂的颗粒流失过程及潜蚀演变特征,并阐明各影响因素的作用机制,建立颗粒流失量随水力梯度和时间增长的预测模型,继而基于颗粒级配试验和三相关系推演,揭示粒度分布与孔隙比的变化规律。结果表明：渗流作用易导致砂土内部细颗粒和砂粒流失并逐渐形成优势渗流通道,诱发砂土局部坍塌并在持续潜蚀后呈整体不均匀沉降变形,直至水压主要沿优势通道消散时,达到潜蚀稳定;初始孔隙比或密实度是影响土体潜蚀程度的主要内部因素,直接改变了颗粒移动的起动水力梯度、流失速率、累积总质量及土样沉降变形量,水力梯度增大会加快颗粒流失、通道形成和潜蚀稳定;建立的预测模型拟合度高,能较好地反映上述演化特征以及初始孔隙比和水力梯度对颗粒流失发展规律及稳定时间的影响;潜蚀对粉土质砂物理状态的影响主要表现在孔隙比总体增大而颗粒粒径的不均匀性降低。     

Risk assessment of fault water inrush during deep mining

With the gradual depletion of shallow coal resources, the Yanzhou mine in China will enter the lower coal seam mining phase. However, as mining depth increases, lower coal seam mining in Yanzhou is threatened by water inrush in the Benxi Formation limestone and Ordovician limestone. The existing prediction models for the water burst at the bottom of the coal seam are less accurate than expected owing to various controlling factors and their intrinsic links. By analyzing the hydrogeological exploration data of the Baodian lower seam and combining the results of the water inrush coefficient method and the Yanzhou mine pressure seepage test, an evaluation model of the seepage barrier capacity of the fault was established. The evaluation results show the water of the underlying limestone aquifer in the Baodian mine area mainly threatens the lower coal mining through the fault fracture zone. The security of mining above confined aquifer in the Baodian mine area gradually decreases from southwest to northeast. By comparing the water inrush coefficient method and the evaluation model of fault impermeability, the results show the evaluation model based on seepage barrier conditions is closer to the actual situation when analyzing the water breakout situation at the working face.     

CFD simulations for longwall gas drainage design optimisation

Computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulation is an effective approach to develop and optimise gas drainage design for underground longwall coal mining. As part of the project supported by the Australian Government Coal Mining Abatement Technology Support Package(CMATSP), threedimensional CFD simulations were conducted to test and optimise a conceptual design which proposes using horizontal boreholes to replace vertical boreholes at an underground coal mine in Australia.Drainage performance between a vertical borehole and a horizontal borehole was first carried out to compare their capacity and effectiveness. Then a series of cases with different horizontal borehole designs were simulated to optimise borehole configuration parameters such as location, diameter, and number of boreholes. The study shows that the horizontal borehole is able to create low pressure sinks that protect the workings from goaf gas ingresses by changing goaf gas flow directions, and that it has the advantage to continuously maintain such low pressure sinks near the tailgate as the longwall advances. An example of optimising horizontal borehole locations in the longwall lateral direction is also given in this paper.