3个生长温度的家蝇幼虫转录组和表达谱分析

目的:通过3个不同生长温度的家蝇幼虫表达谱差异分析,为进一步探究温度引起的家蝇幼虫转录组变化提供实验数据。方法:提取3个生长温度(18℃、28℃、38℃)4龄期家蝇幼虫总RNA,反转录成cDNA,进行Illumina测序、de novo组装及生物信息学分析。结果:对3个不同生长温度的家蝇幼虫转录组测序组装共得到43,570个Unigene,分别将18℃和38℃培养的家蝇幼虫转录组与28℃培养的家蝇幼虫转录组进行比较,筛选到10,863个和11,606个差异表达基因,其中共同上调的差异表达基因有1,994个,共同下调的差异表达基因有3,640个。对差异基因进一步GO功能显著性富集分析和KEGG通路分析显示,这些差异表达基因主要细胞、细胞组分、代谢过程有关。     

营养元素对三角褐指藻生长和脂类积累的影响

研究了不同营养元素(氮、磷、硅、铁)在不同培养浓度条件下,对三角褐指藻生长以及细胞脂类积累的影响作用。结果显示:藻细胞生长随氮含量的增加而增加,但超过一定浓度后作用不明显,最适合三角褐指藻生长的氮含量为 1.76 mmol/L。缺氮和低氮(0.22~0.44 mmol/L)培养能够明显提高藻细胞脂类含量。缺磷培养能有效促进藻株脂类积累,但是藻细胞生长受到明显抑制。缺硅导致藻细胞的生长减缓,但是对藻细胞的油脂积累影响不显著。在缺铁和高铁(0.048 mmol/L)条件下,藻的总脂含量均高于正常的培养条件。实验证明通过两步培养的方法,先在营养充足的培养基中进行藻细胞生长,然后将藻细胞转移到海水中培养,可以明显提高藻细胞的油脂含量。最终本实验确定海水为诱导三角褐指藻脂类积累的最佳诱导培养基。     

模拟微重力下影响重组Escherichia coli外源蛋白质表达途径分析

空间微重力对航天医学、材料学等领域发展起到极其重要的推动作用,然而在生物化工领域的研究尚处于起步阶段。微生物在微重力环境中培养时,其生长代谢和基因转录表达都与地球重力场中截然不同。前期研究表明表达重组β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶的大肠杆菌在模拟微重力(simulated microgravity,SMG)环境中菌体生长和外源蛋白质表达量均比正常重力对照(normal gravity,NG)环境要高。为深入分析SMG环境效应对菌株在外源蛋白质表达过程中的影响,对该重组大肠杆菌菌株在SMG和NG培养过程中加入IPTG诱导外源蛋白质表达4 h 后的全细胞蛋白质酶解产物, 通过三重稳定同位素二甲基标记方法并结合质谱分离鉴定技术,在肽段水平上标记后进行差异定量蛋白质组学分析。结果表明:与NG对照相比,SMG条件下共有124个蛋白质表达水平发生显著变化,其中92个蛋白质上调,6个蛋白质下调。上调蛋白质集中在细胞压力胁迫、氨基酸代谢、翻译转录和碳代谢等途径,这些相关途径的蛋白质表达水平变化可以影响大肠杆菌生理代谢及外源蛋白质表达效率。     

Axin2基因对肝癌细胞中Wnt/β-catenin信号通路相关分子表达的调控及机制

目的探讨Axin2基因对肝癌细胞中Wnt/β-catenin信号通路相关分子表达的调控及其机制。方法通过TOPflash试验检测Axin2基因对Wnt/β-catenin信号通路的影响;荧光定量PCR(Quantitative Real-time PCR,QPCR)法检测Axin2基因在正常肝细胞LO2及3种肝癌细胞HepG2、HHCC、HB611中的表达水平;对肝癌细胞HepG2中Axin2的表达进行干扰,并检测Wnt/β-catenin信号通路相关基因(β-catenin、Cyclin A、CDK2、Wnt5a、STAT3、EGFR、APC)mRNA转录水平及相关蛋白(β-catenin、Cyclin A、CDK2、APC)的表达量。结果 Axin2对Wnt/β-catenin信号通路有显著抑制作用,且呈剂量依赖性(P 0. 05);3种肝癌细胞Axin2的表达水平显著低于正常肝细胞LO2(P 0. 05);干扰HepG2细胞中Axin2基因表达后,Axin2基因m RNA转录及蛋白表达水平降低,Wnt信号通路下游基因β-catenin、Cyclin A、CDK2、Wnt5a、STAT3和EGFR基因mRNA转录水平及β-catenin、Cyclin A、CDK2蛋白表达量均上升,而APC基因mRNA转录水平及蛋白表达量降低。结论 Axin2基因通过调控Wnt/β-catenin信号通路相关基因的表达抑制肝癌细胞的生成,本研究为寻找新的肝癌治疗靶点及防治药物提供了实验依据。     

动态转录调控微生物代谢途径研究进展

传统的微生物代谢工程主要是通过过表达或敲除关键基因来实现产物产量最大化,但会造成代谢流失衡,生产效能降低。而对微生物代谢途径进行动态调控可维持细胞生长,平衡代谢流,提高生产效率。本文根据信号分子的来源不同,将微生物在转录水平的动态调控分为两种：一种是在光、温度、化学诱导剂的外源信号刺激下,利用响应该信号的启动子等元件调控下游代谢途径的人工诱导动态调控;另一种为在胞内代谢物水平或细胞密度改变的内源信号感应下,利用启动子、转录因子、核糖核酸开关调节关键基因的细胞自主诱导动态调控。本文同时介绍了转录水平动态调控策略在微生物代谢工程中的应用实例,以期对代谢途径的多个基因实现连续动态表达以及适配表达,有效提高目标产物的产量。     

核糖核酸开关用于微生物细胞工厂的智能与精细调控

利用代谢工程与合成生物技术对细胞内复杂的代谢网络和调控网络进行重构和改造,以建立合成新化合物或提高目标产物产量的微生物细胞工厂是当今绿色化工技术发展的方向之一。微生物代谢途径的调控受环境和遗传的双重影响,细胞通过全局转录因子、信使分子和反馈抑制等方式响应环境变化来维持细胞的内稳态;同时细胞还受自身遗传基因线路的调控,在转录、翻译以及翻译后修饰过程中调控特定基因的表达。核糖核酸开关是一类调控基因线路表达的RNA元件,通过与金属离子、糖类衍生物、氨基酸、核酸衍生物以及辅酶等特异性配体结合发生的构象变化,从而启动或阻断mRNA的转录、翻译、拼接等过程来调控基因的表达。核糖核酸开关作为天然的生物感受器和效应器通过人工设计可成为微生物细胞工厂智能化和精细化调控的分子工具,并在化工、医药、环保、食品等领域得到广泛应用。     

冷应激大鼠体内miR-383-5p表达的变化及其功能的预测分析

目的探讨冷应激大鼠体内miR-383-5p表达的变化,并对其功能进行预测分析。方法将大鼠置(4±0. 05)℃冷暴露12 h,同时设对照组(24℃常温饲养),qRT-PCR法检测miR-383-5p在血清和肝脏中的表达水平。应用miRanda、TargetScan和miRDB 3种软件同时对miR-383-5p进行靶基因预测,并通过DAVID 6. 8软件对miR-383-5p肝脏靶基因进行GO和KEGG分析。qRT-PCR和Western blot法检测下调BRL-3A细胞中miR-383-5p表达对部分代谢相关靶基因mRNA转录及蛋白表达的影响。结果冷应激后小鼠血清及肝脏中的miR-383-5p相对表达量均显著下降(P 0. 05)。生物信息学方法预测出733个在大鼠肝脏表达的靶基因,GO富集分析结果显示这些靶基因主要与细胞氧化还原过程、增殖和凋亡相关,KEGG分析结果显示富集靶基因最多的信号通路是代谢通路。下调miR-383-5p表达使BRL-3A细胞中Mtor、Pfkfb1和Apbb3基因的mRNA的转录水平显著升高(P 0. 05),Pfkfb1蛋白的表达量显著升高(P 0. 05)。结论冷应激可降低大鼠肝脏中miR-383-5p的表达量,进而通过调节Pfkfb1等靶基因的表达参与细胞的代谢、增殖和凋亡。     

基于网络药理学和分子对接探讨莳萝子油脂抗肿瘤的生物活性

中药莳萝子油脂含有多种脂肪酸，本文旨基于网络药理学揭示抗肿瘤的关键基因，并基于分子对接技术识别并探讨莳萝子油脂中脂肪酸成分对肿瘤的作用机制，为其药效物质基础研究提供参考。本研究通过定性分析和筛选获得15个活性成分，结合SwissTargetPrediction数据库和TCMSP数据库预测靶点获得相关基因，疾病基因和成分靶点基因交集得到164个基因，用Cytoscope筛选出10个关键基因，通过David数据库导入微生信得到KEGG通路15条，GO分析条目45条。运用autodock分子对接技术发现莳萝子油脂中的4种活性成分与关键基因的结合能力较好。本实验揭示了肿瘤的关键基因，初步揭示莳萝子脂肪酸抗肿瘤的有效成分及潜在靶点。     

动态调控元件及其在微生物代谢工程中的应用

代谢工程是通过对代谢途径的设计、构建与优化,进行营养品、药品、生物燃料以及化工产品等各种生物基产品合成的关键技术。传统的改造策略如基因的敲除、弱化与过表达会造成代谢流的失衡,而利用微生物自身的调控方式和调控元件,构建合成调控元件,对代谢途径进行动态调控,可以平衡细胞生长与产物合成,从而实现高产量、高底物转化率与高生产强度的统一。利用微生物在转录水平对于外界环境以及胞内代谢物浓度的变化的响应机制,以及在转录后水平通过顺式及反式作用元件的调控,和在蛋白质水平通过途径酶的别构调节以及对蛋白质降解速率的调节,都能开发出相应的动态调控元件并对微生物的代谢进行动态调控。本文分别从转录水平、转录后水平及蛋白质水平3个层次总结了目前常见的一些动态调控元件,并对其在微生物代谢工程中的应用进行了介绍。     

动态调控元件及其在微生物代谢工程中的应用

代谢工程是通过对代谢途径的设计、构建与优化,进行营养品、药品、生物燃料以及化工产品等各种生物基产品合成的关键技术。传统的改造策略如基因的敲除、弱化与过表达会造成代谢流的失衡,而利用微生物自身的调控方式和调控元件,构建合成调控元件,对代谢途径进行动态调控,可以平衡细胞生长与产物合成,从而实现高产量、高底物转化率与高生产强度的统一。利用微生物在转录水平对于外界环境以及胞内代谢物浓度的变化的响应机制,以及在转录后水平通过顺式及反式作用元件的调控,和在蛋白质水平通过途径酶的别构调节以及对蛋白质降解速率的调节,都能开发出相应的动态调控元件并对微生物的代谢进行动态调控。本文分别从转录水平、转录后水平及蛋白质水平3个层次总结了目前常见的一些动态调控元件,并对其在微生物代谢工程中的应用进行了介绍。     

Acute β-Hydroxy-β-Methyl Butyrate Suppresses Regulators of Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Lipid Oxidation While Increasing Lipid Content in Myotubes

Leucine modulates synthetic and degradative pathways in muscle, possibly providing metabolic benefits for both athletes and diseased populations. Leucine has become popular among athletes for improving performance and body composition, however little is known about the metabolic effects of the commonly consumed leucine‐derived metabolite β‐hydroxy‐β‐methyl butyrate (HMB). Our work measured the effects of HMB on metabolic protein expression, mitochondrial content and metabolism, as well as lipid content in skeletal muscle cells. Specifically, cultured C2C12 myotubes were treated with either a control or HMB ranging from 6.25 to 25 μM for 24 h and mRNA and/or protein expression, oxygen consumption, glucose uptake, and lipid content were measured. Contrary to leucine's stimulatory effect on metabolism, HMB‐treated cells exhibited significantly reduced regulators of lipid oxidation including peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and PPARβ/δ, as well as downstream target carnitine palmitoyl transferase, without alterations in glucose or palmitate oxidation. Furthermore, HMB significantly inhibited activation of the master regulator of energetics, AMP‐activated protein kinase. As a result, HMB‐treated cells also displayed reduced total mitochondrial content compared with true control or cells equivocally treated with leucine. Additionally, HMB treatment amplified markers of lipid biosynthesis (PPARγ and fatty acid synthase) as well as consistently promoted elevated total lipid content versus control cells. Collectively, our results demonstrate that HMB did not improve mitochondrial metabolism or content, and may promote elevated cellular lipid content possibly through heightened PPARγ expression. These observations suggest that HMB may be most beneficial for populations interested in stimulating anabolic cellular processes.     

Cyclopropaneoctanoic Acid 2‐Hexyl Upregulates the Expression of Genes Responsible for Lipid Synthesis and Release in Human Hepatic HepG2 Cells

Recently we have found cyclopropaneoctanoic acid 2‐hexyl (CPOA2H) in humans and demonstrated its elevated levels in patients with metabolic diseases associated with hypertriglyceridemia. However, it is still unclear whether CPOA2H may influence lipid metabolism in lipogenic tissues. To verify this, HepG2 hepatocytes and 3T3‐L1 adipocytes were cultured with various concentrations of CPOA2H, and then the expressions of genes associated with lipid metabolism were determined. Incubation with CPOA2H at concentrations found in patients with metabolic diseases enhanced the expression of hepatocyte genes associated with lipid synthesis and release, in particular, the fatty acid synthase gene (nearly 20‐fold increase in the mRNA level). In contrast, incubation with CPOA2H caused the downregulation of most adipocyte genes associated with lipid synthesis, whereas the level of leptin mRNA was increased. These findings suggest that CPOA2H may contribute to hypertriglyceridemia in patients with metabolic diseases, upregulating the expression of hepatocyte genes responsible for lipid synthesis and release.     

Fatty Acid Metabolism in Ovarian Cancer: Therapeutic Implications

Ovarian cancer is the most malignant gynecological tumor. Previous studies have reported that metabolic alterations resulting from deregulated lipid metabolism promote ovarian cancer aggressiveness. Lipid metabolism involves the oxidation of fatty acids, which leads to energy generation or new lipid metabolite synthesis. The upregulation of fatty acid synthesis and related signaling promote tumor cell proliferation and migration, and, consequently, lead to poor prognosis. Fatty acid-mediated lipid metabolism in the tumor microenvironment (TME) modulates tumor cell immunity by regulating immune cells, including T cells, B cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells, which play essential roles in ovarian cancer cell survival. Here, the types and sources of fatty acids and their interactions with the TME of ovarian cancer have been reviewed. Additionally, this review focuses on the role of fatty acid metabolism in tumor immunity and suggests that fatty acid and related lipid metabolic pathways are potential therapeutic targets for ovarian cancer.     

Alpha-Lipoic Acid Alleviates Acute Inflammation and Promotes Lipid Mobilization During the Inflammatory Response in White Adipose Tissue of Mice

Recently, white adipose tissue has been shown to exhibit immunological activity, and may play an important role in host defense and protection against bacterial infection. Αlpha‐lipoic acid (α‐LA) has been demonstrated to function as an anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidant agent. However, its influence on the inflammatory response and metabolic changes in white adipose tissue remains unknown. We used male C57BL/6 mice as models to study the effect of α‐LA on the inflammatory response and metabolic changes in white adipose tissue after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The non‐esterified fatty acid content was measured by an automatic biochemical analyzer. The expression of inflammation‐, lipid‐ and energy metabolism‐related genes and proteins was determined by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The results indicated that α‐LA significantly decreased the epididymis fat weight index and the non‐esterified fatty acid content in plasma compared with the control group. LPS significantly increased the expression of inflammation genes and α‐LA reduced their expression. The LPS‐induced expression of nuclear factor‐κB protein was decreased by α‐LA. Regarding lipid metabolism, α‐LA significantly counteracted the inhibitory effects of LPS on the expression of hormone‐sensitive lipase gene and protein. α‐LA evidently increased the gene expression of fatty acid transport protein 1 and cluster of differentiation 36. Regarding energy metabolism, α‐LA significantly increased the expression of most of mitochondrial DNA‐encoded genes compared with the control and LPS group. Accordingly, α‐LA can alleviate acute inflammatory response and this action may be related with the promotion of lipid mobilization in white adipose tissue.     

重组大肠杆菌1,2,4-丁三醇合成途径的平衡优化

1,2,4-丁三醇(1,2,4-butantriol,BT)属于非天然化学品,是军工材料1,2,4-丁三醇三硝酸酯的前体。在重组大肠杆菌中,木糖经脱氢、脱水、脱羧和还原合成BT。但途径各反应不平衡使得中间代谢物积累限制菌体生长和产物合成。本研究首先通过CRISPR/Cas9敲除基因yjh G和yqh D构建无本底表达宿主菌,随后利用不同启动子组合调节BT合成途径中基因xdh、yjh G和yqh D的表达。结果发现,以P_inv表达醇脱氢酶基因yqh D使BT产量达到14.4g/L;以P_tac表达脱氢酶基因xdh和P_{rrn HP1}表达脱水酶基因yjh G的组合方式,BT产量达到15.6g/L,比对照菌株KXW3009分别增加5.9%和14.7%。本研究通过对中间代谢物木糖酸合成和代谢的组合优化,促进了BT的合成,为后续研究提供了借鉴。     

Comparing the effects of palmitate,insulin, and palmitate-insulin co-treatment on myotube metabolism and insulin resistance

Previous studies have shown various metabolic stressors such as saturated fatty acids (SFA) and excess insulin promote insulin resistance in metabolically meaningful cell types (such as skeletal muscle). Additionally, these stressors have been linked with suppressed mitochondrial metabolism, which is also a common characteristic of skeletal muscle of diabetics. This study characterized the individual and combined effects of excess lipid and excess insulin on myotube metabolism and related metabolic gene and protein expression. C2C12 myotubes were treated with either 500 μM palmitate (PAM), 100 nM insulin (IR), or both (PAM-IR). qRT-PCR and western blot were used to measure metabolic gene and protein expression, respectively. Oxygen consumption was used to measure mitochondrial metabolism. Glycolytic metabolism and insulin-mediated glucose uptake were measured via extracellular acidification rate. Cellular lipid and mitochondrial content were measured using Nile Red and NAO staining, respectively. IR and PAM-IR treatments led to reductions in p-Akt expression. IR treatment reduced insulin mediated glucose metabolism while PAM and PAM-IR treatment showed increases with concurrent reductions in mitochondrial metabolism. All three treatments showed suppression in mitochondrial metabolism. PAM and PAM-IR also showed increases in glycolytic metabolism. While PAM and PAM-IR significantly increased lipid content, expression of inflammatory and lipogenic proteins were unaltered. Lastly, PAM-IR reduced BCAT2 protein expression, a regulator of BCAA metabolism. Both stressors independently reduced insulin signaling, mitochondrial function, and cell metabolism, however, only PAM-IR co-treatment significantly reduced the expression of regulators of metabolism not seen with individual stressors, suggesting an additive effect of stressors on metabolic programming.     

Supplementing with L-Tryptophan Increases Medium Protein and Alters Expression of Genes and Proteins Involved in Milk Protein Synthesis and Energy Metabolism in Bovine Mammary Cells

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementing with L-tryptophan (L-Trp) on milk protein synthesis using an immortalized bovine mammary epithelial (MAC-T) cell line. Cells were treated with 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 mM of supplemental L-Trp, and the most efficient time for protein synthesis was determined by measuring cell, medium, and total protein at 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. Time and dose tests showed that the 48 h incubation time and a 0.9 mM dose of L-Trp were the optimal values. The mechanism of milk protein synthesis was elucidated through proteomic analysis to identify the metabolic pathway involved. When L-Trp was supplemented, extracellular protein (medium protein) reached its peak at 48 h, whereas intracellular cell protein reached its peak at 96 h with all L-Trp doses. β-casein mRNA gene expression and genes related to milk protein synthesis, such as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and ribosomal protein 6 (RPS6) genes, were also stimulated (p < 0.05). Overall, there were 51 upregulated and 59 downregulated proteins, many of which are involved in protein synthesis. The results of protein pathway analysis showed that L-Trp stimulated glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and ATP synthesis, which are pathways involved in energy metabolism. Together, these results demonstrate that L-Trp supplementation, particularly at 0.9 mM, is an effective stimulus in β-casein synthesis by stimulating genes, proteins, and pathways related to protein and energy metabolism.     

烯酰还原酶基因的替换对裂殖壶菌合成二十碳五烯酸的影响

二十碳五烯酸（eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA）因具有调节血脂、降低纤维蛋白、预防心血管疾病以及抗炎抗过敏的生理功能,被广泛应用于食品、医疗、化妆品以及饲料添加等领域。目前,EPA的需求日益增加,但是富含多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFAs）的鱼油等自然资源逐渐匮乏,利用改造的微生物菌种发酵生产EPA的方式成为主要趋势。本研究利用同源重组技术将Shewanella sp. SCRC2738的烯酰还原酶基因（enoyl-reductase,sh-ER）分别敲入Schizochytrium limacinum SR21的ORFB-ER和ORFC-ER基因中,调控多不饱和脂肪酸合成的偏好性以提高EPA的产量。研究表明,sh-ER替换ORFB-ER基因的重组菌株（B-sh-ER）中EPA含量提高了85.7%,聚酮合酶（polyketide synthases,PKS）途径相关基因转录水平明显上调。而sh-ER替换ORFC-ER基因的重组菌株（C-sh-ER）中PUFAs合成基本不变。在5 L发酵罐中放大培养后,B-sh-ER重组菌株总油脂提高28.7%,达到73.2 g/L;EPA产量提高71.6%,达到732.4 mg/L。本研究为促进裂殖壶菌PUFAs高产提供了新的策略,同时也为调控裂殖壶菌合成EPA提供了新的视角。