Reliability assessment of excavation systems considering both stability and serviceability performance

Excavation projects related to urban redevelopment and infrastructure improvement are often governed by serviceability-based design, rather than failure prevention criteria. Deformation tolerance specifications are often prescribed based on minimizing potential damage to adjacent structures. A risk-based approach to serviceability performance that systematically incorporates design parameter uncertainty will allow engineers to address soil uncertainty in performance-based design. This paper demonstrates the use of various kinds of reliability methods, such as response surface method (RSM), first-order reliability method (FORM), second-order reliability method (SORM), adaptive importance sampling (AIS), Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) and system reliability, to assess the risk of stability and/or serviceability failure of an entire excavation support system throughout the entire construction process. By considering multiple failure modes (including serviceability criteria) of an excavation, the component and system reliability indices for each excavation step are assessed during the entire excavation process. Sensitivity analyses are conducted for the system reliability calculations, which demonstrate that the adjacent structure damage potential limit state function is the dominant factor for determining excavation system reliability. An example is presented to show how the serviceability performance for braced excavation problems can be assessed based on the system reliability index.     

Finite element reliability analysis of reinforced retaining walls

This paper presents the reliability analysis of reinforced retaining wall using finite element method. Response surface approach is used to approximate the performance function and a first-order reliability method (FORM) is used to evaluate the reliability index. In the analysis, displacement response of the reinforced retaining wall is considered as performance function and the corresponding reliability index is evaluated with the aid of a spreadsheet. Uncertainties associated with the soil and reinforcement properties are explicitly taken into account in the analysis. A parametric sensitivity analysis has been performed to bring out the effect of important uncertain parameters by evaluating the sensitivity of the reliability index with respect to each of the uncertain parameters. Results of the response surface method coupled with finite element analysis show the ease and successful implementation of the reliability analysis procedure for the reinforced retaining walls.     

不同面板形式加筋土挡墙结构特性现场试验研究

以成昆铁路复线加筋土挡墙为工程依托进行现场原位试验,对比分析工后9个月内新型整体式面板、内嵌返包结构的模块式面板和模块式面板3类加筋土挡墙的结构特性。在此期间发生两次地震,监测了震后挡墙变形及土压力变化。结果表明:整体式面板加筋土挡墙整体稳定性最好,具有良好的抗震性能,格栅应变变化率、墙体压缩量和墙面水平位移均最小。整体式面板和模块式面板加筋土挡墙墙背土压力沿墙高近似呈M型,内嵌返包结构的模块式面板加筋土挡墙墙背土压力沿墙高近似呈倒S型。整体式面板加筋土挡墙的侧向土压力系数沿墙高变化较小,小于美国联邦公路局(FHWA)加筋设计指南计算值;内嵌返包结构的模块式面板加筋土挡墙侧向土压力系数沿墙高呈增大的趋势,挡墙中、下部小于FHWA计算值,上部接近或大于静止土压力系数;模块式面板加筋土挡墙侧向土压力系数大部分处在FHWA计算值与静止土压力系数之间。3类挡墙土工格栅应变沿墙高均呈非线性变化。挡墙墙体压缩量随着时间的增加逐渐增加,在工后前50 d时间内增加速率较快,随后增加速率减缓,进入雨季之后增加速率再次增大。发生地震后,3类加筋土挡墙均出现不同程度的墙背土压力减小、格栅应变增大、墙体压缩量增加和墙面板外移的现象。     

狭窄基坑平动模式刚性挡墙被动土压力分析

对于地铁车站、地下管道沟槽等狭窄基坑,其被动区土体宽度有限,不满足半无限体的假定,采用经典的库仑、朗肯土压力理论计算挡墙被动土压力是不合适的。首先建立了无黏性土中狭窄基坑刚性挡墙的有限元分析模型,研究了挡墙相对平移时不同宽度土体的被动滑裂面的分布规律;借鉴库仑平面土楔假定,建立了狭窄基坑刚性平动挡墙被动土压力的理论计算模型,推导了被动极限状态下滑裂面倾角及被动土压力系数的解析公式;再采用水平薄层单元法,得到了被动土压力分布、土压力合力作用点高度的理论公式。结合算例,深入研究了这种工程背景下挡墙被动滑裂面倾角的影响因素,以及被动土压力合力、土压力分布及合力作用点位置与经典库仑土压力理论的差别,与数值计算结果的对比验证了该理论方法的合理性。研究发现,当被动区土体宽度小于满足半无限体的临界值、且墙土摩擦角大于0时,被动滑裂面倾角大于传统库仑被动滑裂面倾角,被动土压力大于经典库仑解,合力作用点高度则小于库仑解,且基坑越窄,墙土摩擦角越大,其差别越大。     

砂土加筋挡墙筋条临界长度的神经网络预测

对于加筋支挡结构的设计,神经网络模型不同于基于凝聚力基础之上的半经验公式,它不需要主观的人为假设,而是模拟人脑思维,通过数据样本的学习来获得预测结果.BP神经网络是对非线性可微分函数进行权值训练的分层网络.文中采用BP网络对给定极限荷载下砂土挡墙筋条的临界长度进行预测,试验点几乎分布在预测曲线附近,说明网络学习是成功的.对不同筋材的极限荷载与临界长度的关系进行了对比分析,表明筋材的弹性模量及筋材与填料之间的摩擦系数对加筋性能有着重要的影响.     

基于二楔块法的加筋土挡墙屈服加速度及破坏模式极限分析

加筋土挡墙具有优越的抗震性能,并在土建工程中被广泛应用,因此,加筋土挡墙抗震设计方法的研究尤为重要。为了能够分析加筋体内部筋材布置方式、筋材抗拉强度等对屈服加速度的影响,假定破坏模式为双楔块模式,根据极限分析理论推导了加筋土挡墙屈服加速度系数表达式。与规范计算值相比,计算结果更接近模型测试值与数值模拟结果,同时计算方法可以反映模型的真实破坏模式。参数分析表明：屈服加速度随着筋材抗拉强度的增大而增大,特别是筋材长度较长时;随着筋材竖向间距的增大,屈服加速度逐渐减小;面板的宽度对屈服加速度几乎不产生影响;与面板宽度相比,筋材抗拉强度与竖向间距对加筋土挡墙破裂面形状的影响更大。     

考虑参数和模型不确定性的基桩正常使用极限状态可靠度分析

考虑承载力计算模型和荷载不确定性,利用可靠度分析方法和概率统计理论,推导出承载能力极限状态（ULS）和正常使用极限状态（SLS）下可靠度指标的计算公式,给出了两种极限状态下可靠度指标间的线性关系式,研究了桩顶容许沉降 随机性对正常使用极限状态可靠度分析结果的影响。研究结果表明,土体类别和桩型对正常使用极限状态模型因子影响很小;正常使用极限状态下基桩可靠度指标随承载力计算模型和荷载不确定性的增大而减小,但减小幅度逐渐降低,且可靠度指标总变化量不大,工程应用中可忽略承载力计算模型和荷载不确定性在可靠度分析中的影响; 随机性对正常使用极限状态可靠性分析结果的影响很大,随 的增加,正常使用极限状态模型因子和可靠度指标逐渐增大,而模型因子变异性逐渐减小,但桩本身性质并没有任何改变,只是所允许的沉降条件不同。研究结果可为规范修订和工程应用提供参考。     

一种考虑挡土墙变形的深基坑非线性土压力方法

基于深基坑墙后主动区土体应变状态模式的假定,采用反映墙后主动区土体应力-应变性状的卸荷应力路径试验确定的应力-应变关系,建立考虑挡土墙变形的非线性土压力的计算公式;就该公式的特点、参数的物理意义及其确定进行讨论;并对一简单算例进行计算,计算结果能反映土压力与挡墙位移的非线性关系以及土压力沿深度的非线性分布,得到墙后主动区土体达到主动极限状态所需的位移与深度的关系,计算结果比较满意.表明所建立的方法的合理性、可行性和适用性.     

Stability analysis of membrane‐reinforced curved earth retaining walls,using a multiphase approach

The stability analysis of curved earth retaining walls, stabilized by reinforcing membranes, is investigated by means of a multiphase model developed in the framework of the yield design approach. This model is an extension of that previously developed for soils reinforced by linear inclusions. It combines the advantage of a homogenization approach in terms of improved computational efficiency, with its capability to account for a specific soil–reinforcement failure condition, in a rational and systematic way. Application of this model is performed on the illustrative example of a cylindrical‐reinforced retaining wall by means of the kinematic approach of yield design, which provides upper bound estimates for the retaining wall stability factor. Nondimensional charts are finally presented assessing the influence of relevant parameters such as the curvature of the wall, the length of the reinforcing membranes or the reinforcement pull‐out resistance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

重力式挡土墙抗滑稳定分析安全判据和标准

探讨水利、交通等领域挡土墙设计规范中对抗滑稳定安全系数规定的允许值的合理性,认为其相应值与国外相关规定相比偏小。从理论上分析,使用抗力除以土压力的安全系数定义计算土压力相应的强度参数是标准值,而非经分项系数或安全系数折减后的标准值,其允许安全系数宜大于边坡等同类土方构筑物的相应值。认为建立在可靠度理论指导下的分项系数方法可以从根本上摆脱在安全判据方面存在的缺陷。在假定一级建筑物的允许可靠指标为3.7、土的黏聚力和摩擦系数变异系数分别为0.2和0.1的条件下,对一个特定的算例,填土的黏聚力、摩擦系数和基底的摩擦系数分项系数标定值分别为 1.301, 1.209和 1.170,应用提出的相对安全率判据,可以发现上述的分项系数标定值具有普适意义。该成果可以为相关规范的制订提供参考。     

Well-log correlation using a back-propagation neural network

We present a back-propagation neural network with an input layer in the form of a tapped delay line wich can be trained effectively on one or several well logs to recognize a particular geological marker. Subsequently, the neural network proposes locations of this marker on other wells in the field. Another neural network, similar in architecture to the first one, performs the same task for secondary markers using, in addition to the well logs, a depth reference function to the first marker. This method is shown to have better performance and better discrimination than standard cross-correlation techniques. It lends itself well for an interactive implementation on a workstation.     

深基坑开挖中桩墙体系支护的结构优化设计

针对桩墙加内支撑这种支护型式在常规支护结构设计中所存在的不足,提出了一种优化设计方法,通过决策变量、约束条件、目标函数、优化算法的确立以及计算机程序的编制,成功实现了桩墙体系支护结构的参数优化设计。     

L型挡土墙滑裂面确定方法与地震稳定性分析

提出了L型挡土墙两种破坏模式,即长踵板式和短踵板式,且破坏模式受几何参数和物理力学参数影响。研究了两种破坏模式下L型挡土墙滑裂面确定方法和地震稳定性问题,界定了两种破坏模式的临界条件。考虑第二、第三滑裂面产生条件,应用极限分析运动学原理,建立地震荷载作用下L型挡土墙临界状态方程,推导出地震加速度系数表达式。根据极值原理,给出最优解,从而计算得到临界屈服加速度系数及其对应的滑裂面倾角。通过算例分析可知：临界屈服加速度系数小于M-O公式法,长踵板式L型挡土墙滑裂面倾角与坦墙判别公式结果相同,且滑裂面之间的夹角等于90o-φ,即与滑移线场的结论相同。短踵板式L型挡土墙滑裂面夹角近似等于90o-φ。     

广义回归神经网络预测加筋土支挡结构高度

土工合成材料加筋支挡结构（Geosythetics-Reinforced Retaining Wall, 简称GRW）设计方法主要是建立在似粘聚力理论基础之上的半经验设计法。由于土性及加筋机理的复杂性，常常要对它们进行人为假定，导致计算结果差强人意。神经网络方法与传统方法的不同之处在于不需要主观假定，而是模拟人脑思维，通过数据样本的学习来获得预测结果。引入神经网络技术来预测加筋土支挡结构的设计高度是一种新尝试。由于本问题具有样本容量非常有限、影响因素复杂多样的特点。因此，采用适用于稀土样本数据的广义回归网络（General Regression Neural Network)来预测加筋土支挡结构设计高度。基于MATLAB神经网络工具箱及文献[1]的挡墙离心模型试验结果，建立了一个可用于加筋支挡结构设计高度预测的GRNN网络。通过对足尺试验，实际工程及模型试验结果的检验，表明网络的学习是成功的，具有一定指导意义。     

砂土地层中考虑基坑施工效应的柔性挡墙主动土压力研究

以基坑施工过程中柔性挡墙墙后主动土压力为研究对象,假定柔性围护结构最大变形位于开挖面处,墙后滑面为通过墙趾的平面,推导出考虑基坑开挖及支护的墙后滑面倾角一般表达式。采用水平层析法,研究墙体内凸型变形时的主动土压力分布、主动土压力合力及其作用点。研究表明,理论结果与实测结果规律一致,大小相近;随着基坑开挖深度的增加,滑面倾角减小,基坑开挖对周边环境的影响范围增大,土压力合力增大,对合力作用点位置的影响较小;当基坑开挖深度减小时土体内摩擦角和墙土间摩擦角增大时主动土压力非线性分布更加明显,主动土压力合力减小,合力作用点距墙趾的距离增大。     

挡墙水平变位诱发地表沉降的显式解析解

将基坑看作平面应变边值问题,借助挡墙刚性平移诱发地表沉降的基本解析解,利用微积分思想,推导得到挡墙刚性变位和柔性变位下的地表沉降显式解析解。其中,在挡墙刚性平移影响范围无穷大时,显示解析解与基本解析解形式一致。通过与挡墙刚性平移解析解和绕墙趾转动、绕墙顶转动、三角形变位、抛物线柔性变位模式等几种已有的积分形式解析解作对比,验证了显式解析解的正确性。将显式解析解应用于实际工程,通过与实测数据对比分析,对解析解的适用范围进行了探讨。当围护结构水平位移较小时,显式解析解可较好地预测墙后地表沉降;当围护结构水平位移较大时,由显式解析解计算得到的墙后地表沉降归一化曲线可偏安全地估计墙后地表沉降,说明了该显式解析解的工程实用性。     

Influence of spatially random soil on lateral thrust and failure surface in earth retaining walls

The present study investigates the influence of spatial variability of soil properties on the lateral thrust and failure surface of a 6?m high frictionless rigid earth retaining wall in active condition. The drained friction angle of the soil is modelled as a log-normal anisotropic random field in two dimensions, using the Cholesky decomposition technique. The effect of horizontal and vertical scale of fluctuation is observed on the lateral thrust. The failure surface in the backfill is found to be more or less similar for different combinations of spatial variability in vertical and horizontal directions. Monte-Carlo simulation technique is used to compute the probability of failure and to obtain the worst-case spatial variability configuration.     

基于耦合方法的挡土墙地震响应的数值模拟

为有效描述动力灾变过程中挡土墙附近土体的细观特性,并大量减小离散元模拟的颗粒数目,节省计算时间,利用离散-连续耦合动力数值模型,模拟了已有离心机试验中重力式挡土墙的地震响应。靠近挡土墙的土体区域用相互作用的离散颗粒模拟,远离挡土墙的土体采用连续模型模拟,编写结构的动力有限元程序并嵌入离散元软件中来模拟挡土墙。通过离散元软件PFC2D和有限差分软件FLAC2D的交互运算实现耦合过程。耦合方法的核心在于:①在离散-连续土体的交界面保证连续性;②模拟中离散区域土体的宏观性质与连续土体模型一致。为进一步满足以上两点,分别提出了新的边界耦合力提取方法和自振柱模拟方法。研究表明耦合方法可以从细观尺度上有效描述土体与结构的相互作用和关心区域的土体特性。     

挡土墙主动土压力的库仑统一解

基于极限平衡理论,视墙后填土为服从Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则的理想弹塑性材料,指出库仑土压力理论存在的一些缺陷,明确提出极限土压力是由墙后塑性土体产生,并假定塑性区的一族滑移线为直线,即平面滑裂面,建立了更为完善的滑楔分析模型,求解了在一般情况下考虑黏性土作用的挡土墙主动土压力、滑裂面土反力以及它们的分布,而经典库仑和朗肯主动土压力为其特例。     

Modeling the 2D behavior of dry‐stone retaining walls by a fully discrete element method

The dry‐stone retaining walls (DSRW) have been tipped as a promising solution for sustainable development. However, before recently, their behavior is relatively obscure. In this study, discrete element method (DEM) approach was applied to simulate the plane strain failure of these walls. A commercial DEM package (PFC2D™) was used throughout this study. The authors used a fully discrete approach; thus, both the wall and the backfill were modeled as discrete elements. The methodology for obtaining the micromechanical parameters was discussed in detail; this includes the three mechanical sub‐systems of DSRWs: wall, backfill and interface. The models were loaded progressively until failure, and then the results were compared with the full‐scale experimental results where the walls were loaded, respectively, with hydrostatic load and backfill. Despite its complexity and its intensive calculation time, DEM model can then be used to validate a more simplified approach. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.