胡敏酸-针铁矿复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附特征

采用批平衡试验法,研究了胡敏酸-针铁矿复合胶体对Pb2+的等温吸附特征及pH值、离子强度、温度及共存Cd2+对复合胶体吸附Pb2+的影响.结果表明:在相同离子强度和温度条件下,pH值升高,最大吸附量(Smax)和吸附平衡常数(k)均增大,有利于吸附反应的进行.等温吸附方程以Langmuir方程拟合效果最好.当Pb2+平衡浓度为124.7mg/L时,吸附量增幅最大,达35mg/g.复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附动力学方程以Elovich方程拟合效果最好.pH值增大,平衡吸附速率提高.在相同pH值和离子强度条件下,温度升高,最大吸附量、吸附平衡常数、自由能变△G°的绝对值均增加,表明升高温度有利于吸附反应的进行.在相同温度和pH值条件下,复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附量随着离子强度的增加而增加.当存在Cd2+时,复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附量有所降低,但Cd2+对Pb2+竞争吸附影响不大.     

针铁矿吸附诺氟沙星特征的研究

根据OECD Guideline 106批平衡实验.分别研究了pH值对针铁矿吸附诺氟沙星的动力学特征和吸附量的影响以及诺氟沙星的吸附热力学特征,并探讨了其可能吸附机理.结果表明,不同pH值(3.5,5.0,5.6和6.2)时,诺氟沙星在经历了约6h的快速吸附阶段后,均进入缓慢吸附阶段,吸附平衡时间为48h.伪二级动力学方程能够较好地描述不同pH值条件下诺氟沙星针铁矿上的吸附动力学特征. 影响吸附量大小的pH值依次为5.6>5.0>6.2>3.5,主要决定于诺氟沙星和针铁矿的不同形态间的乘积之和,针铁矿表面的吸附作用主要以诺氟沙星的兼性离子为主.吸附等温线较好地符合Freundlich方程,温度从15℃升高到35℃时,拟合系数1/n从0.43升至0.61,表明温度升高减弱了针铁矿对诺氟沙星的非线性吸附.ΔH0=-39.45kJ/mol和ΔG0<0表明吸附是自发进行的放热过程,且以离子交换为主,同时可能存在着偶极间作用力和氢键力等作用.ΔS0<0表明吸附过程中熵在减小.     

2种吸附剂对壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚吸附行为研究

该文研究了2种不同性质的吸附剂XAD-4大孔吸附树脂和活性炭对NPn EO的吸附行为。实验结果表明:2种吸附剂对NPn EO都具有一定的吸附作用,XAD-4对NPn EO的吸附效果好于活性炭。通过对2种吸附剂进行等温吸附研究发现,升高温度,XAD-4对NPn EO的吸附量增大;活性炭的吸附能力受温度影响不显著。采用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程对NPn EO在2种吸附剂上的吸附行为进行等温方程拟合,结果表明,吸附等温线都更加符合Langmuir方程,相关系数大于0.99,属于单层分子吸附。动力学研究结果表明:NPn EO在XAD-4和活性炭上的吸附符合准二级动力学方程,相关系数大于0.99。     

改性粒状凹凸棒石对Cu、Ni、Cd离子的吸附性能研究

研究造粒改性、酸改性凹凸棒石对Cu(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)的等温吸附、动力学、热力学特征,并研究不同pH值、溶液浓度、温度条件对改性粒状凹凸棒石吸附3种重金属的影响。用Langmuir、Freundlich等温式拟合,Langmuir效果最好,吸附属于单层吸附;准二级动力学方程能较好描述吸附过程,吸附作用主要受化学控制;热力学分析结果显示,吸附3种金属离子△G|T·△S|说明反应为焓驱动。在研究范围内,不同条件和分析模型中,吸附性能均为Ni>Cu>Cd。在pH>4时,吸附重金属效果良好;吸附性能随温度的升高,先升增强后降低,在20℃出现拐点。     

超细粉煤灰对甲基橙的吸附性能和机理研究

以粉煤灰为原料,通过球磨制得超细粉煤灰,研究了其对水中偶氮染料甲基橙的吸附性能和机理。结果表明,在25℃,pH值为2,投加量为0.7g,反应时间为120min时,粉煤灰对甲基橙的去除率为79.4%,超细粉煤灰对甲基橙的去除率可达93.8%。随温度升高,吸附量降低,证明该吸附为放热过程,并计算不同温度下各热力学参数△G,△H和△S。对实验数据运用相关数学模型拟合,显示等温吸附平衡符合Freundlich吸附等温式,吸附过程动力学更适合二级吸附动力学模型。     

无定形氧化铁-胡敏酸复合胶体对Cu2+的吸附特征

采用Cu2 选择电极研究了不同pH值条件下胡敏酸(HA)、无定形Fe2O3、HA-Fe2O3复合胶体对Cu2 的等温吸附规律.结果表明,随着pH值的升高,3种胶体饱和吸附量和吸附平衡常数均增大,有利于吸附的进行.HA和无定形Fe2O3等温吸附Cu2 的4种拟合方程中,Langmuir方程整体拟合效果最佳,其次为对数方程和Freundlich方程,Linear方程较差.HA-Fe2O3复合胶体等温吸附Cu2 的4种拟合方程均达到显著相关.在相同pH值条件下,无定形Fe2O3对Cu2 吸附量最小,复合胶体次之,HA胶体最大;而且,无定形Fe2O3和复合胶体的饱和吸附量之和小于HA胶体.     

小麦秸秆对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性及动力学、热力学分析

为实现农业废料资源化,解决含铬废水的污染问题,研究了小麦秸秆对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能.试验考察了pH,小麦秸秆投加量,温度和初始ρ〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕对吸附活性的影响,进而确定了小麦秸秆去除Cr(Ⅵ)的最优条件.结果表明:当pH=1.0,温度为50 ℃,固液比为40 g/L时,小麦秸秆对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附效果最佳.在pH=1.0,温度为30 ℃,固液比为4 g/L的条件下,初始ρ〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕分别为50,100和150 mg/L时,吸附6 h达到平衡,饱和吸附量分别为6.281,11.942 和13.981 mg/g.吸附动力学反应符合准二级动力学方程.吸附热力学反应符合Langmuir吸附等温方程.结合FTIR谱图和SEM结果,推断小麦秸秆对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程以化学吸附为主.      

土壤粗胡敏素对铜离子的吸附作用及其影响因素

以暗棕壤为供试土壤,应用批量平衡法,研究了不同pH、离子强度、温度、Cu2+浓度和反应时间条件下,粗胡敏素(CHM)对Cu2+的吸附作用,并与相应胡敏酸(HA)的吸附作用进行了比较.结果表明:pH为2～4时,CHM对Cu2+的吸附率较低;随着pH的提高,吸附率增大;pH=7时,吸附率接近100%.随离子强度(0.01～1.00mol·L-1)增加,CHM对Cu2+的吸附量下降,其对Cu2+的吸附包括电性和专性吸附2种作用.随温度(25～45℃)的升高和Cu2+浓度(0～1000mg·L-1)的增加,CHM对Cu2+的吸附量增加,并与Langmuir方程拟合程度最好,25℃和45℃时的最大吸附量分别为12.61mg·g-1和14.31mg·g-1.CHM对Cu2+的吸附动力学过程可划分为快速(0～120min)和慢速(120～1440min)反应阶段,抛物线扩散方程拟合效果最好,与HA相比,CHM对Cu2+的吸附规律与HA相似,但其吸附量低于HA;表观热力学参数(△G、△H、△S)表明,CHM对Cu2+的吸附是自发、吸热和熵增加的过程,Cu2+在CHM上的吸附力大、活动性小、不易解吸,而在HA上的吸附力小、活动性大、容易解吸;活化能(E)和活化热力学参数(△G#、△H#、△S#)表明,CHM对Cu2+吸附所需能量多、活化熵高、吸附速率小,而HA对Cu2+吸附所需能量少、活化熵低、吸附速率大.     

耐盐鲁氏酵母(Zygsoaccharomyces rouxii)CICC1379吸附水中重金属Cu~(2+)研究

为了研究耐盐鲁氏酵母(Zygosaccharomyces rouxii)CICC1379细胞冻干粉对重金属Cu2+的吸附作用及机理,对影响该酵母脱除水中Cu2+的主要因素(温度、初始pH和吸附时间等)进行了探讨,并对Cu2+的吸附动力学和吸附模型进行了研究.结果表明,温度(25～40℃)对耐盐鲁氏酵母粉吸附Cu2+的影响不大;初始pH(2～7)对Cu2+脱除率影响较大,最适pH值在4～6之间,而pH=2时的吸附效果较差.经耐盐鲁氏酵母处理后,溶液pH发生了变化,基本维持在4.00～6.99之间,且均趋向于相同质量氯化铜溶于水后的自然pH值(5.2).耐盐鲁氏酵母粉在5min内对Cu2+的吸附量可达到其最大吸附量的89.2%,30min可达到吸附平衡,其吸附动力学适合采用准二级动力学方程描述.与Langmuir方程相比,耐盐鲁氏酵母对Cu2+的吸附过程更适合采用Freundlich方程描述.     

草甘膦在高指{201}二氧化钛表面的吸附去除

有机磷农药草甘膦(PMG)的广泛使用和环境残留严重威胁人体健康,其去除治理是环境领域面临的一大挑战.本文研究了草甘膦在高指{201}晶面二氧化钛(TiO_2)上的吸附行为,探讨了吸附时间、溶液pH和草甘膦浓度对吸附效率的影响,并通过Zeta电位表征和电荷分布多位点络合(CD-MUSIC)模型考察了草甘膦在二氧化钛上的络合结构.结果表明,{201}TiO_2对草甘膦的吸附在40 min内即可达到吸附平衡,吸附动力学符合准二级动力学方程.吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程,说明其吸附过程主要是近似单分子层的化学吸附.pH对吸附效率影响较大,酸性条件有利于草甘膦的吸附去除.Zeta电位的表征结果表明,草甘膦吸附后TiO_2表面等电点从5.6向左偏移至4.2,说明形成带负电的内层配合物,进一步的红外光谱结果表明草甘膦以P—O—Ti的络合形式与TiO_2表面结合.CD-MUSIC模型拟合结果表明草甘膦与TiO_2表面可能形成单齿单核或双齿双核的内层络合结构.本研究结果对深入理解草甘膦的微观界面行为及去除具有重要意义.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.