阳极焙烧炉燃烧煤气和天然气的数值比较

针对燃烧低热值煤气的阳极焙烧炉炉内情况，采用数值模拟的方法和CFD软件进行了计算和分析，并探讨了将燃料改为高热值天然气的可行性．通过比较煤气和天然气的燃烧计算结果，指出燃烧煤气的阳极焙烧炉改为燃烧天然气，可以解决煤气燃烧速度过快导致的炉内温度分布不均匀的问题．     

高温空气燃烧燃气热态试验炉非稳态数值模拟

采用双方程湍流模型、概率密度函数(PDF)燃烧模型和离散坐标(DO)辐射模型，对采用高温空气燃烧技术的燃气热态试验炉炉内工况进行了非稳态数值模拟，预测热态试验炉运行时的炉内温度场、组分场和速度场，由数值模拟结果分析比较了不同喷口间距五喷口燃烧器对炉内工况的影响，为采用高温空气燃烧技术的燃气燃烧器设计提供参考。     

某钢厂连续退火炉燃烧状态的诊断及优化

针对连续退火炉辐射管加热段热处理温度偏低,达不到退火工艺要求的问题,对辐射管加热段供热系统燃烧状态进行诊断.发现该段供热系统的空煤气配比不合理、部分烧嘴的煤气压力偏低,从而引起燃烧状态不佳,炉温偏低等现象.从燃烧状况优化的角度出发,对辐射管烧嘴燃烧过程、燃料介质配比等进行了研究,分析烧嘴前煤气压力偏低的问题,发现煤气结焦和管道积灰导致堵塞,再利用烟气成分分析等手段确定辐射管烧嘴的最佳燃烧效率点,使各支烧嘴的燃烧状况趋于一致,空煤气配比合理,提高燃烧效率和加热质量.然后进行拖偶试验对退火炉的热处理温度进行考核验证.结果 表明,通过燃烧状况诊断和调试,使辐射管加热段热处理温度提高了100℃以上,达到热处理工艺要求.     

煤气化炉

<正>煤气化炉有两种概念。一种是煤产气炉即煤气发生炉,也叫煤气发生器,是将煤作为气化燃料进行可燃气体制造的炉子。另外一种概念是一种利用煤气进行燃烧的锅炉或各种加热燃烧炉称为煤气化炉。还有一种锅炉称为煤气一体化锅炉,是一种燃煤锅炉,利用煤气发生炉的特性将锅炉增加受热面积和燃烧室,除了燃煤层提供锅炉热源外其产生的可燃气通过特殊设计配风可在燃气室进行充分燃烧,实际上是锅炉和煤气     

煤气化炉

煤气化炉有两种概念。一种是煤产气炉即煤气发生炉,也叫煤气发生器,是将煤作为气化燃料进行可燃气体制造的炉子。另外一种概念是一种利用煤气进行燃烧的锅炉或各种加热燃烧炉称为煤气化炉。还有一种锅炉称为煤气一体化锅炉,是一种燃煤锅炉,利用煤气发生炉的特性将锅炉增加受热面积和燃烧室,除了燃煤层提供锅炉热源外其产生的可燃气通过特殊设计配风可在燃气室进行充分燃烧.     

辊道窑烧成带火焰空间在富氧气氛下NO_x生成的研究

采用FLUENT软件对气烧明焰陶瓷辊道窑烧成带的火焰空间进行数值模拟研究,对在富氧气氛下以天然气和炉煤气为燃料时辊道窑烧成带的NO_x生成进行分析,并与空气气氛下进行对比。数值模拟结果表明:当燃料种类和燃料量一定时,富氧燃烧可以提高燃烧的火焰温度,w(O_2)由23%升至35%时,各截面温度均升高200～250K,燃烧发生炉煤气时比天然气平均温度高、增幅大。随w(O_2)增加,以发生炉煤气为燃料时炉内NO生成先增后减然后缓慢回升,燃用天然气时,NO持续缓慢增加,但两者w(NO)均持续增大,相比于空气气氛下,分别增长了141.48%和107.73%。以天然气为燃料时炉内NO生成以快速型为主导,以发生炉煤气为燃料时以热力型为主导;富氧燃烧时气氛中的w(NO_x)增加而烟气量减少,采用不同燃料时出口处NO_x生成速率有不同变化。     

W型辐射管烧嘴温度均匀性试验

通过对比试验分析了同轴平行射流烧嘴喷头结构对辐射管管温分布的影响规律,结果显示空气出口速度和煤气出口速度以及一二次进风比例的选择对管温分布的影响最大。随着烧嘴空气出口速度的增加,辐射管前部段温度上升,尾部段温度下降。随着烧嘴煤气出口速度的降低,辐射管前部段温度上升,辐射管尾端变化情况不大。烧嘴空气和煤气出口速度相近时,燃烧火焰拉长。烧嘴二次风比例增加,辐射管管温存在下降趋势,烧嘴一二次煤气比例对辐射管表面温度均匀性影响较小。     

油压──集成微机煤气发生炉操纵系统

油压──集成微机煤气发生炉操纵系统我厂将三台煤气发生炉自动机改用油压──集成微机操纵，经过一年时间的运行，取得了令人满意的效果。使ＵＧＩ煤气发生炉操纵机构几十年来沿用的自动机得以彻底革新，摆脱了齿轮与凸轮纯机械控制方式束缚，实现了在一年时间中基本无检...     

燃尽风对炉内流动和燃烧过程影响的数值模拟

燃尽风作为降低锅炉NOx排放浓度的一个措施已在我国得到逐步推广应用。应用数值模拟方法，对1台600MW对冲燃烧煤粉锅炉，在满负荷下燃尽风对炉内流动、燃烧和传热过程的影响开展了研究工作。应用混合分数／概率密度函数法模拟湍流燃烧，用P-1辐射模型开展辐射传热模拟，利用拉格朗日／欧拉法处理气固两相间的动量、质量和能量交换，对挥发份的析出采用单步反应模型，采用动力／扩散反应速率模型模拟煤粉颗粒的表面燃烧。研究发现：一方面，燃尽风的应用改善了炉内气流的充满情况，延迟了煤粉燃烧过程氧气的供应，加强了炉内的还原性气氛，降低了炉内最高火焰温度，有利于降低NOx排放浓度；但另一方面。燃尽风的应用将导致煤粉燃烧效率下降。     

煤气发生炉水夹套鼓包原因分析

笔者单位自2008年底以来，经对三水区使用煤气发生炉的26家陶瓷生产企业的48台承压的煤气发生炉进行全面检验，共发现9家企业共20台煤气发生炉承压的夹套内简发生鼓包，占检验总数量的40％，其中有2台因鼓包严重而导致报废。虽然每台煤气发生炉结构、大小有所不同，每个企业使用设备的负荷及操作流程有所差别，但设备运行机理、     

辐射管对加热炉内部燃烧影响的数值模拟与试验研究

以大庆油田火筒式加热炉为研究对象,利用试验测试和数值模拟方法,分析加热炉内增加辐射管对火筒壁面温度场的影响。试验中采用的是大气式燃烧器,燃烧功率为400 k W。研究结果表明:数值模拟结果与试验测试基本一致;安装辐射管后,火筒壁面整体温度有所降低,但分布更加均匀;火筒上部、中部和下部非均匀温度系数ε分别降低36%、26%和32%;热烟气向上流动导致火筒壁面下部的非均匀温度系数比中、上部大。     

Assessment of natural gas/hydrogen blends as an alternative fuel for industrial heat treatment furnaces

The present study investigates the application of natural gas/hydrogen blends as an alternative fuel for industrial heat treatment furnaces and their economic potential for decreasing carbon dioxide emissions in this field of application. Doing so, a detailed technological analysis of several influencing parameters on the heating system was performed as well as a consideration of furnace heating technology challenges. Starting with an evaluation of the main thermophysical properties of the blends and their corresponding flue gases, requirements for the heating systems were identified. Potential ways of decreasing flue gas losses and increasing the heat transfer are shown. In the radiant tube application, an increased overall combustion efficiency of about 1.2% was measured at 40 vol% hydrogen in the fuel gas. Influences on the air to gas ratio control system of the furnace is a further important point, which was considered in this study. Two commonly used control systems were evaluated concerning their capabilities to regulate the gas flow rates of blends with varying hydrogen contents and combustion properties, such as Wobbe Index. This is important, since it shows the capability to retrofit existing furnaces. Two types of burners were tested with different natural gas/hydrogen blends. This includes an open jet burner with air-staged and flameless combustion operation modes. A recuperative burner for radiant tube application was considered as well in these tests. Doing so, the nitrogen oxide formation of both systems under different operating conditions and different fuel blends were evaluated. An increase by about 10% at air-staged combustion and about 100% at flameless combustion was measured by a hydrogen content of 40 vol% in comparison to pure natural gas firing. Finally, the additional fuel costs of natural gas hydrogen blends and different cases are presented in an economic analysis. The driving force for the use of hydrogen as a fuel is the price of the CO2 certificates, which are considered in the analysis at a current price of 25.2 €/t CO2.     

Utilization of combustible waste gas as a supplementary fuel in coal‐fired boilers

A system is proposed to use the combustible waste gas as a supplementary fuel in coal‐fired boilers. The combustion air can be partially or fully substituted by ventilation air methane or diluted combustible waste gases. The recommended volume fraction of combustible waste gas in combustion air is no more than 1.0%. The effect of waste gas introduction on thermodynamic parameters of boiler is evaluated through thermal calculation based on material balance, heat balance, and heat transfer principles. A case study is conducted by referring to a 600 MW supercritical pressure boiler. The results show that no retrofit of boiler is required. The operation of boiler is scarcely influenced, and the original forced and induced draft fans can meet the requirement. With increasing volume fraction of combustible waste gas, the flue gas temperature at the furnace exit decreases monotonically, resulting in an increment of heat absorption in furnace and a decrement of heat transferred in convective heating surfaces. When 1.0% volume fraction of hydrocarbon gas is introduced, the thermal efficiency of boiler is increased by 0.5%, and the coal consumption rate is reduced by 25.4%. The cost analysis of the proposed system is conducted, and break‐even curves are given as references for the utilization of waste gas as a supplementary fuel. The economic velocity of the combustion air is suggested to be 18.2 m s^?1.     

超超临界锅炉的设计特点

哈尔滨锅炉厂有限责任公司超超临界变压运行直流锅炉,采用Ⅱ型布置、单炉膛、改进型低NOxPM燃烧器和分级送风燃烧系统、反向双切园燃烧方式,炉膛采用内螺纹管垂直上升膜式水冷壁、带再循环泵启动系统、一次中间再热、过热器调温方式采用煤/水比和三级喷水;再热器调温方式主要采用烟气分配挡板,并辅以燃烧器摆动,同时设置事故喷水减温器...     

煤粉工业锅炉及其发展前景

介绍了煤粉工业锅炉国内外发展现状,着重分析了煤粉工业锅炉炉膛本身所具有的低温运行优势;同时指出,通过采用低氮燃烧技术,无需烟气净化措施就可实现低氮排放。最后,分析并肯定了煤粉工业锅炉有限的发展前景。     

延迟焦化加热炉存在问题分析与整改

惠州炼油420×104t/a延迟焦化装置加热炉采用美国FW公司双面辐射斜面阶梯炉,每台加热炉由6个辐射室、1个对流室组成。每个辐射管程设置单独的一个炉膛。共用的对流室安装在辐射室上,用于原料预热和蒸汽过热。该加热炉运行16月后,出现对流炉管结焦、排烟温度上升、部分炉管堵塞等问题。造成对流段结焦的主要影响因素,是回炼催化油浆以及注水温度相对偏低,导致渣油中沥青质析出;排烟温度高的主要影响因素是炉管结焦与对流段取热不足。对此,增加两排对流管、一排注水管、一排低低压蒸汽过热管。操作方面,主要优化措施有:停止催化油浆进焦化回炼,提高注水温度,注水方式从单点注水改为两点注水;同时平稳操作,减少焦粉携带。通过技术改造与操作优化,加热炉运行平稳,排烟温度显著降低,基本消除了加热炉对流段的结焦因素,加热炉在线清焦周期明显延长。     

运行参数对锅炉煤粉着火燃烧和飞灰含碳量影响的数值研究

为了达到锅炉的优化运行以保证煤粉气流及时着火和充分燃尽，采用IPSA两相流动模型和煤粉燃烧综合模型，在不同的一次风率和煤粉细度的工况下，对1台350MW锅炉煤粉燃烧过程进行了数值模拟，得出了炉内燃烧器区域以及出口处烟气温度场和燃烧产物的组分浓度分布。分析了一次风率和煤粉细度对煤粉着火燃烧和飞灰含碳量的影响规律，并确定了优化的运行参数。结果表明：一次风率对煤粉气流的着火影响较大，而对出口处烟气温度、氧量以及飞灰含碳量影响较小。煤粉细度对煤粉气流的着火、燃烧以及燃尽均有较大影响。图8表2参9     

基于正交设计的分级分区头部流动特性研究

针对某650 MW超超临界燃煤锅炉在深度调峰过程中燃用大同烟煤时无法稳定燃烧的情况开展研究,就如何提高锅炉在低负荷运行中稳燃性的问题,对原煤种进行掺混改良,改变不同富氧燃烧配风方式,利用计算流体力学模拟软件模拟了不同工况的炉内燃烧情况。模拟结果表明：由于锅炉降低负荷运行增加了原煤种的着火难度,固定碳含量低且挥发分高的煤种可以较好适应锅炉运行调整;富氧燃烧可以提高锅炉低负荷运行时的出口烟温,能满足后续脱硝处理的要求;随着富氧燃烧程度的增大,煤粉燃烧耗氧量增加,每秒燃烧的煤粉颗粒数增加,加剧了炉内的燃烧,使燃烧更稳定;当富氧浓度大于27%时,不能高效提高炉内温度,NOx排放量增多;当富氧浓度为27%时,炉膛出口NOx排放量按6%O2折算为负增长的最小值,是该锅炉低负荷投运较为理想的工况。     

Development of a high efficiency radiation converter using a spiral heat exchanger

Heating by radiation is widely used for materials processing. Electrical radiant heaters are the most commonly used heaters. Electricity is expensive and the combustion of fossils fuels for electricity production emits CO₂. In order to convert the energy from the fuel to radiation energy directly and efficiently, our group has developed a compact, high efficiency, radiation converter using a spiral heat exchanger to recover the energy from high-temperature exhaust gas. The spiral heat exchanger has a weld-free construction to prevent cyclic thermal stress, and is constructed from inexpensive ferrite steel plates. The combustion chamber, equipped with a swirler to mix the gas fuel and air, can achieve stable combustion. The distribution of the surface temperature on the radiant tube was measured by a radiation thermometer, called a thermo viewer, and then the radiant energy emitted from the radiant tube was estimated. The efficiency of the spiral heat exchanger was measured from the temperature of the inlet air and exhaust gas. The heat exchanger achieved a high effectiveness, and heat loss from the exhaust gas was minimized. Consequently, a highly efficient radiation converter was produced to convert the fuel energy to radiation energy.