污水处理厂运营管理信息系统架构的设计

针对北京建工环境发展有限责任公司旗下的24家污水处理厂,重点研究确定污水处理厂运营管理信息系统的基本要求与组织架构,开发完成污水处理厂运营管理信息系统软件,并通过系统软件在北京建工环境旗下污水处理厂的推广应用,达到提高运营管理水平、节本增效的目的.     

我国城镇污水处理厂环境绩效评价研究

城镇污水处理厂的运行效果直接影响工业和生活污染源的污染物排放削减控制水平,根据《城镇污水处理厂运营质量评价标准》,从污水处理厂运行、污染物削减、能源消耗和资源利用情况4个方面探讨了全国城镇污水处理厂环境绩效评价方法,并结合第二次全国污染源普查结果,对全国城镇污水处理厂环境绩效进行了评价.结果表明:2017年全国8 550家城镇污水处理厂环境绩效平均得分为60.6分,有45.4%的城镇污水处理厂等级评价为较差,有50.9%在一般和较好等级范围内,仅有3.6%的城镇污水处理厂为良好和优秀等级.采用活性污泥法处理工艺、设计处理规模大以及位于华北、东北地区的城镇污水处理厂的环境绩效总体表现较好.59.3%、60.8%的城镇污水处理厂分别在污水处理厂运行和污染物削减情况的得分高于全国平均值,52.4%、81.6%的城镇污水处理厂在污水处理能耗和资源再生利用情况的得分均低于全国平均值.研究显示,相较于污水处理厂运行情况、污染物削减情况,全国城镇污水处理厂的环境绩效水平受能源消耗和资源利用情况的影响较大,建议从提高化学需氧量的进水浓度、实施工艺升级改造、加强再生水利用等方面入手,以提升城镇污水处理厂的环境绩效.      

如何优化污水处理厂运营管理

党的十七届四中全会明确提出把全面推进生态文明建设作为加强和改进新形势下党的建设若干重大问题之一。在这个要求下,优化污水处理厂运营管理就显得尤为重要。文章首先分析了污水处理厂运营管理存在的一些问题,其次,从城市污水处理厂运营管理需要市场化;要加大监管力度,强化内部管理,在运行质量上严把关;要强化工作人员的专业素质,确保治污设施平稳运行;要精心组织,强化技术管理,确保安全生产等方面,就如何优化污水处理厂运营管理的问题进行了深入的探讨。     

未确知测度模型在污水处理厂评价中的应用

污水处理厂的运行管理效果涉及到污水处理厂的处理水量、水质和能耗等诸多项指标,是多指标综合评价问题。文中将未确知测度综合评价模型应用于污水处理厂运行效果评价中。鉴于在多指标识别问题中,专家难以凭借个人经验确定客观型指标权重,文中采用了信息论中熵的概念来确定评价指标权重,使评价结果更加客观合理。未确知测度模型对评价空间实现了有序分割,提高了分辨率,评价效果可靠,是一种实用模型。     

基于未确知测度识别模型在污水处理厂运行效率评价中的应用

污水处理厂运行效率定量评价是当前污水处理行业管理与研究需要解决的问题,运行效率涉及到污水处理水量、水质和污染物的去除率、能耗和药荆消耗等方面诸多项指标。是多指标综合评价问题。文章借助未确知测度识别数学理论．构造了污水处理厂运行效率定量评价模型。并应用于某污水处理厂的运行效率评价,取得了较满意的效果。     

温岭市城镇污水处理厂建设进展及推进机制探讨

为改善城乡水环境质量,促进社会经济协调发展,温岭市政府计划用3年时间实现镇镇都有污水处理厂的目标。经过三年的全力推进,各镇的污水处理工程建设均已经启动,但进展十分缓慢,离目标要求差距很大。本文深入调查了温岭市城镇污水处理厂的建设背景和建设现状,重点分析了城镇污水处理厂建设、运营过程中存在的主要问题,对污水处理厂的规划规模、工艺方案选择、管理体制创新以及如何保障污水处理厂正常运营等问题提出了相关的对策建议。     

县域内乡镇污水处理厂集约化管理的实践

介绍了湖北省某县域乡镇污水处理厂的建设及运营采取PPP模式,从设计、建设及运营实现集约化管理。实践表明:污水处理厂出水水质稳定,满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)中的一级A排放标准。运营管理设中心厂,实现厂站远程控制、污泥集中处理、管网维护区域管理,运营成本为0.58元/m3,为其他县域乡镇污水处理厂的建设及运营提供参考。     

海南省城镇污泥处理处置对策建议

为了便于海南省实现污泥的有效处置,研究组对海南省全部污水处理厂相关运营数据进行了系统分析,基于前期资料分析、实地调查及典型污水处理厂污泥采样分析结果,本研究明确了污水收集管网覆盖面低、雨污不分流等海南省城镇污水处理厂运营现状,同时提出污泥产量低、污泥处理后部分指标不达标、现有处置方式单一、不尽合理等污泥处理处置现状及存在问题。最后,提出了加快城镇污水收集管网建设、强化污泥处理工作及加强投资与管理等建议。     

城镇污水处理厂清洁生产等级评价二元语义模型与方法

为解决城镇污水处理厂清洁生产等级评价问题,采用定性分析与定量计算相结合的方法,着重构建了城镇污水处理厂清洁生产等级评价指标体系及其权重确定方法;利用线性加权综合评价方法、模糊数学和二元语义概念,建立了城镇污水处理厂清洁生产等级评价模糊综合模型,并据此提出级别特征值概念,进而建立城镇污水处理厂清洁生产等级评价的二元语义模型与方法.实例计算分析说明,文中建立的清洁生产等级评价二元语义模型与方法可操作性强,等级评定结果比采用隶属度最大原则更直观、更便于解释,具有很好的应用与推广价值.     

借鉴国际经验推进我国污水处理节能发展

西方发达国家污水处理厂的出水质量高且达标稳定,总体运营水平较高,本文通过分析发达国家污水处理厂先进的运营技术经验和我国污水处理厂的运营状况,识别出污水处理厂的关键运营问题。通过分析我国污水处理厂运营优化的污染物减排潜力,提出污染物减排和节能减耗的技术对策。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.