A356铝合金中裂纹的萌生及其扩展

研究了A356铝合金在冲击载荷作用下的裂纹萌生及其扩展过程。结果表明：α-Al枝晶二次枝晶臂间板片状共晶体是材料中最薄弱的区域。该区域中尺寸最大的Si颗粒首先发生断裂形成裂纹源，而枝晶与枝晶间体积较大的块状共晶体强度相对较高，裂纹源不会首先在该区域;正确性同裂纹优先在板片状共晶体中传播，而块状共晶体对裂纹的传播有一定阻碍作用，要提高合金的力学性能就必须设法减少或消除薄弱的板片状共晶体的相对数量。建立了A356合金在啊大；和作用理生、长大及传播的模型，用这个模型解释了提高冷却速度以获得细晶粒的方法并不一定能提高合金的抗拉强度；相反，使用高效的晶粒细化剂能够减少或消除板片状共晶体，从而可能会提高合金的性能。     

汽车发动机用A356合金的热疲劳行为

研究了温度幅分别为25~300℃、25~350℃和25~400℃时,铸态A356合金、细化变质A356合金、微合金化A356合金和T6态微合金化A356合金的热疲劳行为;分析了热裂纹萌生和生长的机理。结果表明,在相同温度幅下,热疲劳裂纹萌生寿命从大至小的顺序为:T6态微合金化A356合金、微合金化A356合金、细化变质A356合金、铸态A356合金;在热疲劳裂纹形成后,裂纹扩展早期阶段的裂纹生长速度要高于扩展后期;铸态A356合金和细化变质A356合金的热疲劳裂纹呈弯曲状且主要以沿晶方式扩展;微合金化A356合金和T6态微合金化A356合金的热疲劳裂纹更加平直和细小,且以穿晶-沿晶的混合方式扩展;T6态微合金化A356合金具有最佳的抗热疲劳性能。     

A356铸造铝合金的疲劳裂纹萌生及短裂纹扩展研究

研究了A356-T6铸造铝合金的缺口疲劳裂纹萌生与早期扩展行为及机制.结果表明,热等静压试样的疲劳抗力优于非热等静压试样.对于钝缺口试样,疲劳裂纹萌生于缺口根部附近的多个平面,最终哪个裂纹源扩展成主裂纹取决于局部微观组织.对于缺口几何形状不同的热等静压和非热等静压疲劳试样,在疲劳过程中,不管是在高应力状态下,还是在低应力状态下,都出现了铝基体的循环塑性变形和共晶硅粒子断裂导致疲劳裂纹萌生.对于非热等静压试样,铸造缩孔在构件的疲劳过程中起着重要作用,但即使缺口根部存在较大尺度的铸造缩孔,导致了疲劳裂纹萌生,但也同时观察到疲劳裂纹从共晶硅粒子、金属间化合物、铝基体的滑移带和铁基金属间化合物等处萌生.对于脆性的A356铸造铝合金可采用修正的断裂力学参量ΔKn、局部应力范围Δσ或局部应变幅Δε/2作为控制参量来表征疲劳裂纹萌生行为,而缺口有效应力强度因子范围ΔKneff和ΔJs参量可用来表征缺口场中短裂纹扩展行为.     

原位观察共晶硅对Al-20%Si合金裂纹形成与扩展的影响

采用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜原位观察了Al-20%Si合金在拉伸过程中裂纹形成与扩展过程,研究了共晶硅对Al-20%Si合金裂纹形成、扩展的影响。结果发现:随固溶温度升高,Al-20%Si合金共晶硅粒化效果显著。铸态Al-20%Si合金拉伸过程中在针状共晶硅处容易产生裂纹,且裂纹主要在共晶硅之间扩展。经560 ℃固溶6 h,190 ℃时效10 h后,合金中针状共晶硅完全转变为颗粒状,有效降低了裂纹扩展速度,合金的抗拉强度和塑性明显提高。     

铸造铝合金轮毂的热处理工艺与组织性能研究

研究了固溶和时效热处理以及涂装对A356合金轮毂的力学性能和显微组织的影响,并对拉伸断口形貌进行了观察。结果表明,A356合金轮毂适宜的热处理工艺为:固溶温度为530℃、固溶时间为3 h、淬火温度为60℃、淬火时间为120 min、时效温度为160℃和时效时间3 h;铸态A356合金轮毂由初生α-Al枝晶和不均匀分布的共晶硅相组成,T6和T6+涂装态A356合金中的共晶硅相发生球化,尺寸相对较小且分布更加均匀;A356合金轮毂的抗拉强度和断后伸长率从高至低依次为T6+涂装态、T6态、铸态。     

淬火条件对砂铸A356合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响

在相同固溶和时效条件下，选择3种不同温度的水对砂铸A356合金进行了淬火处理，并对这3种不同淬火态下的合金进行了拉伸及疲劳裂纹扩展性能研究。结果表明，随淬火介质温度的降低，淬火冷却速率提高，合金的强度增加，塑性下降；当应力比R较低时，淬火条件对合金门槛区的裂纹扩展有明显影响，降低淬火介质温度可以提高合金的疲劳裂纹扩展阻力。此外，不同淬火态合金的疲劳扩展均明显地表现出与应力比R的相关性，这种相关性可以用裂纹闭合来说明。     

2197(Al-Li)-T851合金的疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展行为研究

研究了2197-T851合金的疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展特性。结果表明,2197铝锂合金的疲劳裂纹萌生与应力水平有关,在较低应力下,主要萌生在第二相粒子、第二相粒子/基体界面以及表面缺陷处,而在较高应力水平下,还出现沿滑移带和晶界处萌生。裂纹的扩展优先沿有利滑移面,在晶粒间的扩展以沿{111}面的穿晶扩展为主,也有沿小角度晶界扩展的情况,合金具有很好的平面滑移性。裂纹在晶粒内的扩展并非沿一个滑移系的直线扩展而是频繁发生偏折,却始终沿{111}面,可剪切共格相δ’粒子造成晶内扩展路径曲折。     

细化变质处理对铸造A356铝合金组织性能及共晶硅生长机制的影响

研究了采用新型Al-5Ti-1B-1RE中间合金和Al-10Sr中间合金对A356铝合金进行单一或复合细化变质处理后的组织、力学性能和共晶硅生长机制的影响。结果表明：单一细化变质处理中Al-5Ti-1B-1RE中间合金对A356铝合金中α-Al相有明显的细化作用,合金的强度和维氏硬度显著提高;Al-10Sr 中间合金对共晶硅有强的变质作用,合金的伸长率明显提高;而经复合细化变质处理后α-Al相形状和尺寸变得更均匀细小,晶界更清晰,共晶硅相几乎都转变成更弥散、更细小的纤维状,片层状共晶硅也几乎完全消失,共晶硅长度由铸态40-60 μm降低到1-2 μm之间,达到完全变质效果,其力学性能显著高于铸态、单一细化变质剂处理的A356铝合金。未细化变质的A356铝合金中的共晶Si的生长方式为典型的小平面台阶生长,复合细化变质处理的共晶硅以孪晶凹槽机制生长为主,小平面生长特征逐渐减弱直至消失。     

工业铸造A357铝合金SEM原位拉伸实验

通过场发射扫描电镜装载原位拉伸台,对不同凝固条件下工业铸造A357铝合金进行原位拉伸试验。结果表明,裂纹微裂纹首先萌生于组织中破裂的共晶硅处,近邻的微裂纹连接形成小裂纹;多处形成的小裂纹彼此连接并形成较长裂纹,沿共晶区深化和扩展,逐渐发展为主裂纹;当主裂纹遇到铝基体时,扩展受阻,裂纹发生钝化并在其前沿区域形成剪切带;剪切带深化并开裂,主裂纹沿着深化的剪切带穿过基体继续扩展,最终导致试样断裂。A357铝合金的断裂方式为兼具韧性断裂和解理断裂的混合断裂。反重力铸造有效地改善合金微观组织形态,提高了合金的力学性能。     

锆合金Cr涂层包壳管在环向压缩作用下的裂纹行为EI北大核心CSCD

金属Cr涂层是事故容错燃料(ATF)包壳候选涂层之一,在各方面具有优异的性能。在实际工况下,包壳管会受到环向外压力的作用而导致涂层破裂,研究锆合金Cr涂层膜基界面裂纹萌生和扩展行为很有意义。使用多弧离子镀技术在锆合金基体表面制备Cr涂层,利用电子力学试验机对锆合金Cr涂层包壳管进行不同变形量的环向压缩试验。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDX)、XRD和纳米压痕仪等测试设备对锆合金Cr涂层试样的微观组织进行表征,研究并分析Cr涂层表截面裂纹的微观行为。结果表明,试样的变形分为弹性变形-裂纹萌生阶段和塑性变形-裂纹扩展阶段两个阶段,发现锆合金Cr试样界面裂纹的产生有两种形式:①裂纹从膜基界面处萌生,原因是Cr涂层和锆合金基体材料的不同使得膜基界面发生涂层应力集中;②表面萌生裂纹,由于Cr涂层存在微缺陷。没有发现涂层的剥落现象,说明其界面结合性能较佳。采用多个变形量研究锆合金Cr涂层包壳管膜基界面裂纹的萌生与扩展过程,为ATF包壳涂层结构完整性和稳定性提供试验依据。     

Fatigue crack growth and wear behaviors in rheocast Al−Si−Mg alloys

Rheocast aluminum alloys, which consist of globular α-Al cells, refined grains and eutectic Si particle, were used to investigate fatigue crack growth and wear characteristics. The Si particles were systematically varied from coarse and acicular shapes to small and globular ones. At low ΔK fatigue crack growth rates decreased in samples consisting of acicular Si particles of large grain size, which induced a large amount of crack closure. Large and acicular Si particles were easily cracked and separated the particle/matrix interface, which promoted to fracture at smaller ΔK. On the other hand, small Si particles made fatigue crack grow, even at a high ΔK region, and increased the fracture toughness of the alloy. However, in the wear test, small eutectic Si particles were pulled out by friction force during sliding wear and the wear loss amount increased with increase in sliding distance.     

ZL101铝合金低周疲劳行为研究

研究了ZL101-T6铝合金的拉压低周疲劳行为,并重点分析了疲劳裂纹在材料中萌生与扩展的过程。通过扫描电镜和金相显微镜的观察分析表明:共晶硅相的断裂是材料低周疲劳裂纹萌生的主要方式,硅颗粒断裂的数量随疲劳循环周次的增加而增加,应变幅值的增加加快了硅颗粒的断裂速率,使疲劳裂纹的萌生速率加快;疲劳裂纹在循环初期主要通过断裂硅颗粒的互相连接进行扩展,随疲劳裂纹的长大,裂纹可穿过铝基体连接形成主裂纹并导致材料破坏,穿晶断裂为最终断裂的主要特征。     

Effect of silicon content and pouring temperature on the shape of eutectic silicon in strip-cast hypoeutectic Al-Si alloys

This study investigated the influence of silicon content and pouring temperature on the shape of eutectic silicon in the hypoeutectic Al-Si strips produced by an unequal-diameter twin-roller strip caster. The strips had three different silicon contents; 6.35wt%, 8.89wt% and 10.67wt%. They were poured at various temperatures from 600 °C to 650 °C.

The results indicate equiaxed cells in the central zone of the strips. While both acicular and granular eutectic silicon can be observed in this equiaxed-cell zone, the area of the zone with granular particles increases with decreasing pouring temperature in the strips of higher silicon content. Al-10.67wt% Si strip, having the highest silicon content, can obtain completely granular particles when poured at the lowest temperature of 600 °C.

Acicular eutectic silicon particles which lead to crack initiation largely account for the elongation deterioration. Nonetheless, if the particles in the equiaxed-cell zone are partly or all granular, the elongation can be enhanced. Hence, increasing silicon content and lowering pouring temperature to modify the eutectic silicon in the equiaxed-cell zone from acicular to granular can improve the ductility.     

Ti—Cr—Si硅化物涂层结构及裂纹扩展

分析研究了Ｃ－１０３铌合金改性Ｔｉ－Ｃｒ－Ｓｉ保护涂层氧化过程中结构的变化以及裂纹扩展过程。结果表明,涂层表面玻璃态氧化物性质、涂层主体中硅含量以及低硅化物的生长和其力学性能决定了涂层中裂纹的扩展行为。     

Role of decomposition of AlMgFeSi phase in mechanical properties and fracture behaviour of 357 alloys

Abstract

The π-AlFeMgSi iron intermetallic phase in Al–Si–Mg alloys is known for its detrimental effect on ductility and strength. An attempt was made to correlate the impact and tensile properties of heat treated Al–7Si–0·55Mg–0·1Fe alloy samples with the changes that occur in the microconstituents such as the eutectic Si and π phase with prolonged solution treatment. Impact and tensile tests showed that the first 20 h of solution treatment is more sensitive to the changes occurring in the Si particle morphology than that in the π phase. Decomposition of the π phase significantly reduces the impact properties after prolonged solution times. Fracture behaviour is controlled mainly by the eutectic silicon morphology. The π phase particles act as crack initiation sites and facilitate crack propagation in as cast and heat treated alloys. Quality index values show that optimum solution time for Sr modified alloys is 12 h. Impact properties are more sensitive to changes in the π phase during solution treatment than tensile properties.     

Effects of individual and combined additions of phosphorus, boron and cerium on primary and eutectic silicon in an Al-30Si alloy

The modification of silicon in an Al-30Si alloy was studied using optical microscopy, electron probe micro-analysis, transmission electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. It is found that phosphorus master alloys combined with boron master alloys have good modification effect on primary silicon but no evident modification effect on eutectic silicon, while boron combined with cerium has good modification effect on eutectic silicon. The results of differential scanning calorimetry show that phosphorus, boron or cerium addition and their combined addition have different undercooling effects on eutectic silicon. Many scholars thought that AlP particles were the nuclei of eutectic silicon when phosphorus was enough in the alloy. Our results show that β-(Al,Si,Fe) can still be the nucleus of plate-like eutectic silicon while AlP is the nucleus of primary silicon when there is enough phosphorus in the melt. In addition, the mechanism about the modification was also discussed.     

Combined effect of melt thermal treatment and solution heat treatment on eutectic Si particles in cast Al–Si alloys

The present results showed that in Al&hyphen ;Si alloys, Sr modified (SrM), superheat (SH) and SrM melt thermal treatment (SrMTT) processed castings provide fine eutectic Si particles, with the SrMTT process giving the best modification results. Both size and morphology of the eutectic silicon particles are affected by the modification process used. The SrM, SH and SrMTT castings show well modified fibrous Si particles, whereas the melt thermal treatment (MTT) casting exhibits Si particles that, although refined to a certain extent, still retain their acicular morphology. Cooling rate affects the eutectic Si particle size in that a higher cooling rate produces finer Si particles. However, within the range of cooling rates provided by the end chill mould used in this work, the cooling rate does not affect the morphology of the Si particles. During solution heat treatment at 540°C, the eutectic Si particles undergo fragmentation, spheroidisation and coarsening, affecting the Si particle morphology. The spheroidisation process is determined by the size and morphology of the Si particles in the as cast condition. The SrM, SH and SrMTT processed castings with their refined Si particles require much less solution treatment time for the spheroidisation process to take place than do the non-modified and MTT castings.     

铸态亚共晶Al-Si合金中初生硅的生长机制(英文)

利用光学显微镜和电子背散射衍射技术观察亚共晶Al-10%Si合金的微观结构特征。结果表明,在亚共晶合金内很容易发现初生硅颗粒。研究亚共晶Al-10%Si合金溶液中初生硅析出过程中的晶核形成和生长机制,发现硅原子容易偏析并形成Si-Si簇,即使在共晶和亚共晶合金内,这一现象也会导致初生硅的形成。另外,由化学驱动力和较大的堆积碰撞或溶质的凝固偏析等原因引起的溶质再分配在初生硅的形成过程中也起着重要的作用,其中溶质再分配方程由Jackson-Chalmers方程推导而出。一旦硅溶质浓度超过共晶成分,在固/液界面的前端就会析出初生硅。     

喷射沉积SiC_P／Al-7Si复合材料的疲劳裂纹扩展

采用紧凑拉伸试样进行恒载和降K控制的拉--拉疲劳实验, 研究了喷射沉积SiC_p/Al-7Si复合材料及其基体的疲劳裂纹扩展行为. 通过金相显微镜和扫描电镜观察了复合材料及其基体的组织和疲劳裂纹扩展形貌, 研究了SiC颗粒对复合材料疲劳裂纹扩展机制的影响. 结果表明: 复合材料在任何相同的ΔK水平下其抗疲劳裂纹扩展能力优于基体材料, 并表现出较高的疲劳门槛值. 其原因是复合材料中裂纹裂尖遇到增强颗粒时, 裂纹发生偏转, 特别是SiC颗粒自身微裂纹萌生有效降低了裂纹尖端的应力强度因子, 复合材料的裂纹闭合效应也随之增大. 去除裂纹闭合效应的影响, 当有效应力因子ΔK_eff作为裂纹扩展的驱动力时, 复合材料的裂纹扩展速率却高于基体.