冠周脂肪影像组学鉴别冠状动脉狭窄程度初探

目的 初步探讨基于冠脉CTA(CCTA)图像上冠状动脉周围脂肪(PCAT)的影像组学模型对冠状动脉狭窄程度的鉴别诊断.方法 回顾性分析319例接受CCTA检查者的临床、影像资料,分为三组,包括正常组(101例202支经CCTA评估为正常者),轻中度组[74例74支经数字减影血管造影(DSA)评估为轻中度狭窄者],重度组...     

对比单次屏气与两次屏气法减影冠状动脉CT血管造影评估严重钙化冠状动脉狭窄

目的 对比分析单次屏气与两次屏气方法获得减影冠状动脉CT血管造影(sub-CCTA)对评估严重钙化(Agatston钙化积分＞400)冠状动脉狭窄的价值。方法 回顾性分析60例疑诊冠心病患者CCTA及侵入性冠状动脉造影(ICA)资料,根据扫描方法分为单次屏气组(n=32)及两次屏气组(n=28)。针对CCTA显示严重钙化节段,对比2组常规CCTA(con-CCTA)和sub-CCTA图像质量评分;以ICA结果为标准,绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,计算曲线下面积(AUC),评估CCTA诊断目标节段狭窄率≥50%的效能。结果 单次屏气组中,CCTA共检出134个冠状动脉节段存在严重钙化,其中78个节段ICA显示狭窄率≥50%;con-CCTA图像质量评分为3.0(2.0,3.0),低于sub-CCTA 。两次屏气组中,CCTA共检出127个冠状动脉节段存在严重钙化,其中74个节段ICA显示狭窄率≥50%;con-CCTA图像质量评分为3.0(2.0,3.0),低于sub-CCTA 。con-CCTA评估单次、两次屏气组目标节段狭窄率≥50%的AUC(0.780、0.767)均低于sub-CCTA(AUC=0.903、0.898,Z=4.198、3.470,P均＜0.010)。单次屏气sub-CCTA图像质量评分高于两次屏气sub-CCTA(Z=－2.954,P=0.030),而诊断目标节段狭窄率≥50%的准确率差异无统计学意义(Z=0.129,P=0.900)。结论 单次与两次屏气法sub-CCTA评估严重钙化冠状动脉节段狭窄程度效能相仿,但前者图像质量更佳。     

改良单次短时屏气法用于血管减影冠状动脉CT成像

目的 观察改良单次短时屏气法用于血管减影冠状动脉CT成像（S-CCTA）的价值。方法 收集21例冠状动脉钙化复查（n=18）或冠状动脉支架植入术后（n=3）患者,采用改良单次短时屏气法行S-CCTA扫描,获得两次扫描图像和减影后图像后进行处理,采用4分制评价冠状动脉CT血管成像（CCTA）及S-CCTA图像质量,观察以严重钙化节段评估管腔狭窄程度的能力,并计算有效辐射剂量（ED）。结果 21例患者屏气时间为（10.34±1.07）s,辐射ED为（3.43±1.04）mSv。18例冠状动脉钙化复查患者共90个钙化斑块,S-CCTA图像质量[（3.47±0.69）分]明显高于CCTA[（2.48±0.70）分,P<0.001）,且S-CCTA图像所示可用于评估管腔狭窄程度的严重钙化冠状动脉节段（88.89%）明显多于CCTA图像（66.67%,P<0.001）;3例冠状动脉支架植入术后患者共植入5枚支架,其S-CCTA图像质量[（2.75±0.29）分]明显高于CCTA[（1.84±0.23）分,P<0.05]。结论 改良单次短时屏气S-CCTA可有效缩短屏气时间、减少辐射剂量并提高冠状动脉图像质量。     

64-SCTCA与CCA对钙化及非钙化性冠状动脉狭窄程度评估的一致性分析

目的64层螺旋CT冠状动脉血管成像（64-SCTCA）对钙化及非钙化冠状动脉狭窄程度的评估与选择性X线冠状动脉成像（CCA）比较,两者进行一致性分析。方法搜集67例患者64-SCTCA及近期CCA资料,根据冠状动脉钙化积分的扫描结果将冠状动脉分为非钙化组和钙化组,按管径无狭窄,轻度狭窄（≤50%）,中度狭窄（51%～75%）,重度狭窄或闭塞（76%～100%）4个等级分别比较两组的64-SCTCA与CCA评估狭窄程度的一致性。统计学分析采用Kappa评价方法。结果67例患者共评价分析冠状动脉804段血管,其中非钙化组冠状动脉714段,钙化组冠状动脉90段;在非钙化组64SCTCA和CCA一致性分析显示Kappa值=0.643,二者对冠状动脉狭窄程度评估一致性好;在钙化组64-SCTCA和CCA一致性分析显示Kappa值=0.145,二者对冠状动脉狭窄程度评估一致性差,有55（55/90）段钙化冠状动脉血管64-SCTCA评估狭窄程度高于CCA。结论64-SCTCA对非钙化冠状动脉有无狭窄及狭窄程度显示准确性高,对管壁斑块显示好;对有钙化斑块的冠状动脉狭窄评估与CCA的一致性差,64-SCTCA常常会高估狭窄程度。     

128层双源CT冠状动脉成像与冠状动脉造影的对照研究

目的:探讨128层双源CT冠状动脉成像(CCTA)对冠状动脉狭窄诊断的准确性及其对斑块性质判断的临床应用价值。材料与方法:60例患者行双源CT冠状动脉成像(CCTA)后进行冠状动脉造影术(CCA)检查。以冠状动脉造影术结果作为金标准,统计双源CCTA显示冠脉病变的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确率,统计冠状动脉斑块性质。结果:1准确性评价:基于节段水平分析,敏感性93.9%,特异性96.5%,阳性预测值89.1%,阴性预测值96.5%,准确率91.9%。CCTA显示冠状动脉狭窄结果与CCA一致。2斑块性质:共检出斑块236个,其中脂质斑块67个,纤维斑块74个,钙化斑块95个,钙化斑块比例较高。结论:双源CCTA评价冠状动脉狭窄的准确性高,对斑块性质判断上有一定的优势,对冠心病的筛查有很好的帮助。     

多层螺旋CT前瞻性心电门控技术在冠状动脉成像中的应用研究

目的:评估多层螺旋CT(MSCT)前瞻性心电门控冠脉扫描模式对冠状动脉狭窄程度显示的价值及图像质量,并评估患者接受的辐射剂量。材料与方法:将104例拟诊冠心病患者分两组分别行前瞻性和回顾性心电门控冠状动脉CTA扫描,采用容积再现技术重建(VR)、最大密度投影(MIP)、多层面重组(MPR)和二维曲面重建(CPR)等多种重组技术显示各节段冠状动脉,评价其图像质量,并分别计算有效辐射剂量。结果:两组患者(除回顾组平均心率较前瞻组略高)临床资料匹配性、图像质量的评价一致性良好,差异无统计学意义。前瞻组符合诊断要求的冠状动脉节段为95.6%(568/594),与回顾组冠状动脉节段的96.5%(614/636)比较,差异无统计学意义。前瞻组50例患者中594个冠状动脉节段中,MSCT诊断冠脉狭窄程度≥50%的节段为69个。回顾组54例患者中636个冠状动脉节段中,MSCT诊断冠脉狭窄程度≥50%的节段为61个。前瞻组平均辐射剂量为(3.62±0.37)mSv,回顾组平均辐射剂量为(15.18±0.96)mSv,两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),两组辐射剂量有明显差异。结论:256层螺旋CT冠状动脉前瞻性心电门控技术评估冠状动脉成像图像质量及管腔狭窄的效果与回顾性心电门控扫描技术相似,但前者的有效辐射剂量明显减少。     

体部血管双源CT能量减影成像与传统3D血管成像比较

目的 评估双源CT(DSCT)能量减影成像所需时间、图像质量及其对血管狭窄闭塞诊断的效能.方法 23例临床疑诊体部血管疾病患者接受DSCT血管造影(DE-CTA)检查,对所获数据在双能软件中进行自动去骨(ABS)去除斑块后行手动去除残余骨质(ABPS),对融合数据在常规3D软件中行自动去骨(ABR),去骨后手动去除残余骨质(ABR-M).行最大密度投影(MIP)及多平面重组(MPR)重建,比较ABR与ABS的图像残余骨情况、ABPS和ABR-M后处理操作时间及动脉血管可见度情况;并以MPR及原始图像综合诊断结果为标准,比较两种血管成像方法对血管狭窄程度≥50%节段诊断的敏感度、特异度.结果 ABR图像总体去骨效果好于ABS(P<0.05);ABPS所需后处理时间[(7.8±4.3)min]少于ABR-M所需时间[(11.4±2.5)min],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).共325个节段用于评价血管狭窄程度,ABPS与ABR-B对狭窄程度≥50%节段的诊断敏感度、特异度分别为95.74%、96.19%和92.93%、97.87%.结论 双源CT能量减影成像去骨、去斑块后图像质量较好,对血管狭窄的诊断较为准确,后处理所耗时间少于传统3D方法.     

腔内CT密度值用于评估冠状动脉钙化及狭窄程度

目的观察冠状动脉CT成像(CCTA)中,根据冠状动脉钙化(CAC)近端与远端冠状动脉管腔CT值及校正后冠状动脉强化值(CCO)差值评估钙化部位管腔狭窄的准确度。方法对CCTA显示钙化的233支主要冠状动脉(左前降支、左回旋支和右冠状动脉),根据狭窄程度分为轻度狭窄组、中度狭窄组、重度狭窄组和完全闭塞组,比较各组CCO差值,分析以钙化近远端CCO差值评估冠状动脉狭窄的准确度。结果完全闭塞组CCO差值高于轻度狭窄组、中度狭窄组和重度狭窄组(P<0.001);重度狭窄组与中度狭窄组CCO差值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);中度狭窄组和重度狭窄组CCO差值高于轻度狭窄组(P<0.001)。以钙化近远侧CCO差值0.0869作为诊断界点,其诊断冠状动脉≥50%狭窄的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为76.67%、75.47%、91.39%和48.78%;以0.2070作为诊断界点时,其诊断冠状动脉闭塞的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为91.84%、79.89%、54.88%和97.35%。结论冠状动脉钙化近远端管腔CCO差值随狭窄程度加重而升高,以之作为评价指标,可明显提高评估冠状动脉钙化及狭窄程度的准确性。     

CT冠状动脉成像与冠状动脉导管造影评估冠状动脉钙化所致狭窄程度的一致性

目的 探讨CT冠状动脉成像(CTCA)与冠状动脉导管造影(ICA)评估冠状动脉钙化狭窄程度的一致性。方法 选取接受CTCA和ICA、且图像无明显伪影的45例冠状动脉钙化狭窄患者;分别测量其病灶处钙化CT值、血管CT值,计算二者的CT比值,即血管钙化CT比值=病灶周围钙化最高CT值/病灶周围血管近端无钙化层面的血管CT值。以所用患者血管钙化CT比值的总平均值为分界值,将病例分为A、B两组。分别比较两组中CTCA与ICA诊断冠状动脉钙化狭窄程度的一致性。结果 45例患者血管钙化CT比值的总平均值为3.04±0.89;A组血管钙化CT比值<3.04,共21例,CTCA与ICA对其狭窄程度评估的吻合率为95.24%(20/21),诊断一致性极好(Kappa=0.82,P<0.05);B组血管钙化CT比值≥3.04,共24例,CTCA与ICA对其狭窄程度评估的吻合率为37.50%(9/24),诊断一致性差(Kappa=0.172,P<0.05)。结论 当血管钙化CT比值<3.04时,采用CTCA评估冠状动脉钙化狭窄程度,与ICA的评估结果具有较好的一致性。     

冠状动脉CT血管成像中人工智能诊断冠心病的准确性

目的 观察冠状动脉CT血管成像(CCTA)中人工智能(AI)诊断冠心病(CHD)的准确性.方法 回顾性分析105例临床拟诊CHD患者间隔2周内CCTA及有创冠状动脉造影(ICA)资料.以ICA结果为金标准,分别以患者、冠状动脉及其节段为单位,计算AI判断冠状动脉狭窄程度≥50％的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和...     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。