Daily dietary lithium intake in Belgium using duplicate portion sampling

 For the first time, daily dietary lithium intake for adults in Belgium has been evaluated by duplicate portion sampling, the heating of the samples in a microwave oven and atomic absorption spectrometric determination of the element. The mean intake value for adults (8.6±4.6 μg/day) is very low compared to the scarce literature data. Since the lithium requirement of humans and animals is still unknown, no comparison could be made with RDA values. Received: 20 October 1997     

Daily dietary zinc intake in Belgium measured using duplicate portion sampling

 Daily dietary zinc intake by healthy adults in Belgium has been re-evaluated by duplicate portion sampling, heating in a microwave oven and atomic absorption spectrometric determination of the element. The mean intake value for adults (11.2±3.2 mg/day) is similar to levels found for most other countries, but below the daily requirements, i. e. 15 mg/day for men and 12 mg/day for women. Literature data on intake levels for other population groups (infants, children, adolescents, lactating women, the elderly, those taking supplements and those involved in intensive physical activities) as well as for pathological conditions are compiled. Received: 8 October 1997     

Daily dietary silicon intake in Belgium using duplicate portion sampling

 For the first time, the daily dietary silicon intake of adults in Belgium has been evaluated by duplicate portion sampling, the samples were heated in a microwave oven and atomic absorption spectrometric determination of the element was carried out. The mean intake value of adults (18.6±8.5 mg/day) is similar to the few data found in the literature. Since the silicon requirement of humans and animals is still unknown, no comparison could be made with recommended daily allowance values. Received: 29 October 1998     

Daily dietary molybdenum intake in Belgium using duplicate portion sampling

 For the first time daily dietary molybdenum intake in Belgium has been evaluated by duplicate portion sampling, heating in a microwave oven for destruction and atomic absorption spectrometric determination of this element. The mean intake value (87±11 μg/day) is lower than levels found for most other countries and is situated at the lower end of the recommended range for a safe and adequate daily dietary intake. Received: 14 October 1996     

Folate content in Swedish eggs: influence of breed,feed and processing

Folate content in eggs from three different breeds of hens fed with three different feeds, one organic and two conventional, was compared using a simplified microbiological assay. Retention of folate when boiling the eggs was also studied. Folate content in eggs did not differ significantly due to the breed of hen or the feed used. The loss of folate when boiling the eggs was 9%. The results from the microbiological assay were confirmed by LC/MS. According to this study, 1 egg (60 g) provides 40–50 μg of folate. This corresponds to 13–17% of the recommended daily intake, 300 μg for adults in the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations. The folate forms found in egg yolk with LC/MS were 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate and 10-formyl-folic acid, whereas no folates were found in egg white. In this study, no polyglutamate folate forms could be detected in eggs.     

An analysis of the manganese supply in Austria on the basis of a selected diet

 The average daily intake of manganese by Austrians has been tested with a selected diet at 12 different locations all over Austria. A diet was made up of foodstuffs produced within a radius of 10 km from each location and calculated for a person with a body weight of 70 kg (10 700 kJ). The size of the locations was chosen in such a way that all the foodstuffs could be bought within this area. The average daily intake was 4.69 mg Mn (range: 4.39–5.66 mg Mn). The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ern?hrung (DGE) recommends a daily intake of 2–5 mg Mn. The intake with this diet was therefore optimal according to the DGE recommendation. Received: 2 June 1998     

Daily dietary rubidium intake in Belgium using duplicate portion sampling

 Daily dietary rubidium intake in Belgium was evaluated by duplicate portion sampling. Sample destruction in a microwave oven and atomic absorption spectrometric analysis were used to measure this element. The mean intake of 2.2 ±0.3 mg/day is similar to levels found for most other countries. Since the necessity of this element for humans remains unproven, the intake level could not be compared to a recommended range for a safe and adequate dietary intake. Received: 8 June 1996     

Dietary Acrylamide Exposure, Time Trends and the Intake of relevant Foods in Children and Adolescents between 1998 and 2004: Results of the DONALD Study

Up to now, no data are available which document possible time trends in acrylamide exposure. Therefore, 3 day dietary records (n = 3494) from 704 children and adolescents in 5 age groups between 1 to 18 years from the DONALD Study were evaluated to estimate the potential dietary intake of acrylamide by age and time between 1998 and 2004, hereby including the time when acrylamide was in the focus of public interest in 2002/2003. Statistical data of the intake of 7 food groups (g/MJ) relevant for acrylamide exposure were combined with available data for ranges of acrylamide concentrations in more than 1500 foods in Germany published in 2003. Scenarios were calculated assuming minimum, median and maximum acrylamide concentration in food groups. To analyse the influence of time (trend) on the outcome variables, mixed linear or non-linear models were used (PROC MIXED). Assuming median (minimum; maximum) acrylamide concentrations in foods and mean consumed food amounts, the calculated intake of acrylamide ranged from 0,19–0,45 (0,08–0,18; 0,91–2,04)μg/(kg_bw^*d) in the age-sex groups from 1 to <19 years. The highest intake was calculated for children aged 1–<7 years. The highest proportions of total intake of acrylamide came from bread (25%–47%), pastries (12%–39%), and potato products (3%– 31%) and additionally commercial infant food in young children aged 1–<4 years. Significant time trends were found concerning the total food intake and acrylamide exposure mainly in the form of a decline after 2001/2002 in some age-sex groups. Only few time trends for single food groups were found. Our estimated data are in the range of reports from the literature for adolescents and adults in Germany and other European countries, but do not confirm that children and adolescents will have higher exposures to acrylamide than adults. However, new analytical data are necessary to evaluate time trends for food consumption together with potential time trends for acrylamide content of food.

---

Zusammenfassung (Redaktion). Bislang gab es noch keine Dokumentation über den zeitlichen Verlauf der Acrylamid-Exposition. Daher wurde im Rahmen der DONALD Studie ein Bericht über den Verzehr von Lebensmitteln w?hrend dreier Tage (n = 3494) von 704 Kindern und Jugendlichen in fünf Altersgruppen von 1 bis 18 Jahren eingeholt, um die potenzielle Aufnahme von Acrylamid in Abh?ngigkeit vom Lebensalter und im zeitlichen Verlauf zwischen den Jahren 1998 und 2004 absch?tzen zu k?nnen; damit wurde auch der Zeitraum von 2002 bis 2003 erfasst, wo dem Acrylamid in Lebensmitteln mehr ?ffentliches Interesse geschenkt wurde. Die statistischen Daten über den Verzehr von Lebensmitteln aus sieben verschiedenen Lebensmittel-Gruppen (g/MJ), welche für die Acrylamid-Exposition relevant waren, wurden in Relation gesetzt zu den verfügbaren Daten über die Grenzwerte von Acrylamidgehalten in mehr als 1500 verschiedenen Lebensmitteln in Deutschland. Szenarien wurden analysiert unter Verwendung des Minimal-, des Median- oder des Maximalwertes für die Acrylamid-Konzentration in den Lebensmittelgruppen. Zur Analyse der Zeitabh?ngigkeit der verschiedenen Variablen wurden verschiedene lineare oder nicht-lineare Modelle untersucht (PROC MIXED). Unter Voraussetzung des Median-Wertes (Minimum- oder Maximum-Wertes) der Acrylamid-Konzentration in den Lebensmitteln und ihrer verzehrten Menge kann mit einer aufgenommenen Acrylamid-Menge von 0,19–0,45 (0,08–0,18; 0,91–2,04) μg/(kg_bw^*d) in den Altergruppen zwischen 1 und 19 Jahren gerechnet werden. Die h?chste Aufnahme wurde für Kinder zwischen 1 und 7 Jahren berechnet. Der anteilig h?chste Eintrag an Acryl-amid erfolgte über Brot (25%–47%), Backwaren (12%–39%), und Kartoffelprodukte (3%–31%) und zus?tzlich über handelsübliche Babynahrung bei Kindern zwischen 1 und 4 Jahren. Ein signifikanter zeitlicher Zusammenhang zwischen dem Verzehr von Lebensmitteln und der Acrylamid-Exposition wurde haupts?chlich mit dem Sinken der Werte für einige Altersgruppen nach den Jahren 2001/2002 gefunden. Die Acrylamidaufnahme stimmt überein mit den Angaben anderer Berichte über Jugendliche und Erwachsene in Deutschland und anderen europ?ischen Staaten, sie best?tigen aber nicht, dass Kinder und Jugendliche einer h?heren Acrylamid-Exposition ausgesetzt sind als Erwachsene. Es sind jedoch weitere Analysen notwendig, um die zeitliche Entwicklung des Verzehrs von Lebensmitteln zusammen mit der zeitlichen Entwicklung der Acrylamid-Konzentration in Lebensmitteln bewerten zu k?nnen.

---

     

Dietary Acrylamide Exposure, Time Trends and the Intake of relevant Foods in Children and Adolescents between 1998 and 2004: Results of the DONALD Study

Up to now, no data are available which document possible time trends in acrylamide exposure. Therefore, 3 day dietary records (n = 3494) from 704 children and adolescents in 5 age groups between 1 to 18 years from the DONALD Study were evaluated to estimate the potential dietary intake of acrylamide by age and time between 1998 and 2004, hereby including the time when acrylamide was in the focus of public interest in 2002/2003. Statistical data of the intake of 7 food groups (g/MJ) relevant for acrylamide exposure were combined with available data for ranges of acrylamide concentrations in more than 1500 foods in Germany published in 2003. Scenarios were calculated assuming minimum, median and maximum acrylamide concentration in food groups. To analyse the influence of time (trend) on the outcome variables, mixed linear or non-linear models were used (PROC MIXED). Assuming median (minimum; maximum) acrylamide concentrations in foods and mean consumed food amounts, the calculated intake of acrylamide ranged from 0,19–0,45 (0,08–0,18; 0,91–2,04)μg/(kg_bw^*d) in the age-sex groups from 1 to <19 years. The highest intake was calculated for children aged 1–<7 years. The highest proportions of total intake of acrylamide came from bread (25%–47%), pastries (12%–39%), and potato products (3%– 31%) and additionally commercial infant food in young children aged 1–<4 years. Significant time trends were found concerning the total food intake and acrylamide exposure mainly in the form of a decline after 2001/2002 in some age-sex groups. Only few time trends for single food groups were found.     

Determination of the daily dietary selenium intake in Croatia

 Data about selenium (Se) concentrations in the environment and its daily dietary intake in Croatia are scarce. The aim of this study was to estimate daily dietary Se intake in a group of female subjects from the Zagreb area using three different approaches: direct measurement of Se in collected daily duplicate portions, daily dietary records and the indirect method of Se analysis in serum. The results were 33.2±8.82, 30.9±7.40 and 37.8±5.45 μg day^–1 (arithmetic mean ±SD) by duplicate portion, daily dietary records and the serum Se method, respectively. The results of dietary Se intake estimation showed that Se intake for the observed group of female subjects from Zagreb area is lower than in the majority of European countries, and lower than the value recommended by the World Health Organisation. Received: 17 May 1999     

The structure functional catalytic activity of rice bran lipase in the presence of selenium and lithium

Rice bran lipase (RBL), an esterase (EC 3.1.1.3) is a versatile enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester linkages, primarily in neutral lipids, such as triglycerides. The catalytic activity of RBL in the presence of selenium and lithium has been investigated. Lipase isolated from rice bran was treated with different concentrations of selenium and lithium ions and further subjected to activity determination, along with the kinetics of inhibition of RBL in conjunction with structure–function relationship of the enzyme. Both ions showed competitive inhibition of RBL activity in a concentration-dependent manner (1 μM to 1 mM). At 1 mM concentration of SeO₂ and Li₂SO_4, the enzyme loses its activity by 78 and 71%, respectively. From the analysis of the kinetic data, the inhibition constant K _i is found to be 4 μM for Li₂SO_4, and 1 μM for SeO₂, respectively. Spectrofluorimeter analysis and far UV-CD data showed minor changes in the emission intensity and conformation of the RBL in the presence of these ions at the above concentration. The results suggest that both selenium and lithium specifically inhibit RBL by probably binding near to the catalytic site or distorting the geometry of the active site of the RBL triad.     

Analysis of biotin in Korean representative foods and dietary intake assessment for Korean

Biotin is an important vitamin functioning as coenzyme in several carboxylase-mediated metabolic reactions. Total 105 foods were selected as the target samples, of those 75 samples were highly and frequently consumed by Korean and the others were potently high biotin content foods. HPLC with the triple column system had been optimized and applied for the analysis of biotin in various food samples. The foods with the biotin concentration over 0.10 μg/g were 13 kinds of foods such as soybean (2.037 μg/g), soy milk (0.591 μg/g), pork liver (0.455 μg/g), etc. The total daily biotin exposure per person via average and the 95^th percentile food intake was 44.656 and 169.416 μg, respectively. The Korean staple food, rice contributed as fifth diet for biotin intake (3.433 μg/person/day) following soybean (9.167 μg/person/day) > milk (6.018 μg/person/day) > soy milk (4.433 μg/person/day) > beer (4.428 μg/person/day).     

Evaluation of Nitrite in Ready-Made Soups

As time is very important for today’s people, ready-made soups in different forms (powder, liquid, canned) are consumed highly. Nitrite has been implicated with a variety of long-term adverse effects and has been of interest to public health providers and governmental regulators for the last 40 years. The present study was aimed to assess nitrite levels in commercially available soups in powder form by using a spectrophotometric method and to evaluate the possible toxicological outcomes. For this purpose, 66 ready-made soups were randomly collected and divided into seven groups: tomato-, chicken-, yoghurt-, mushroom-, lentil-, meat-, and vegetable-based. The minimum–maximum and median levels of nitrite content of the soup groups are 28–2,091 (median, 108), 53–400 (median, 136), 26–129 (median, 47), 58–197 (median, 109), 12–225 (median, 38), 12–555 (median, 40), 184–1229 (median, 389) mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Meat- and tomato-based soups have the highest nitrite contamination among the groups. On the other hand, acceptable daily intake (ADI) of nitrite given by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) is 0–0.07 mg kg⁻¹ (body weight, b.w.) per day, while Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set a reference dose (R_fD) of 0.10 mg nitrite nitrogen per kilogram b.w. per day (equivalent to 0.33 mg nitrite ion per kilogram b.w. per day). This means that the highest intake of nitrite a 70-kg person must be no more than 4.9 mg in 1 day according to JECFA and SCF and 7 mg kg⁻¹ b.w. per day according to EPA. However, nitrite intake from one portion (13 g) meat-based soups, when calculated with median daily intake levels (5.05 mg), exceeds the limit of JECFA and SCF. With long-term daily consumption of high nitrite levels exceeding ADI, the risk of mild to moderate methemoglobinemia would be increased, especially for susceptible populations such as young children and elderly. Besides, the higher intake of nitrite from foodstuff and other sources may induce the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines which are formed endogenously from nitrites and nitrates. The first results of the study were presented as a poster at the 121st AOAC Annual Meeting & Exposition, held at Anaheim, California USA, September 16–20, 2007.     

Availability of aluminium from tea and coffee

 The amount of aluminium in different kinds of tea and ground coffee was analysed, the transfer of aluminium into the infusion was determined and aluminium intake via tea and coffee was calculated within the framework of our investigations. Aluminium concentrations amounted to (in μg/g dry matter): black tea, 899; flavoured black tea, 763; peppermint tea, 477; mountain herbal tea, 419; fruit tea, 292; ground coffee, 19. About 30% of the aluminium stored in black tea’s dry matter was transferred into the infusion, which contained 4.2 mg Al/l. In contrast, the availability of aluminium from peppermint and fruit tea as well as from ground coffee was very low (about 5%). The calculated aluminium intake via tea and coffee was 0.2 to 0.3 mg/day and contributed about 5% to the total aluminium intake. Only black tea infusions are a significant source of aluminium intake via beverages. Received: 9 January 1997     

Caffeine intake and its sources: A review of national representative studies

Aim of this review is to summarize current daily caffeine intake of children, adolescents, and adults, and trends in caffeine intake over the past decade. A literature search was conducted (1997–2015) which yielded 18 reports on nationally representative studies, describing caffeine consumption of over 275,000 children, adolescents and adults. The data revealed that mean total daily caffeine intake in children, adolescents, and adults is below caffeine intake recommendations such as those stated by Health Canada (2.5 mg/kg bw/day for children and adolescents, and 400 mg/day for adults) and the European Food Safety Authority, EFSA (3 mg/kg bw/day for children and adolescents, and 400 mg/day for adults). Total daily caffeine intake has remained stable in the last 10–15 years, and coffee, tea and soft drinks are the most important caffeine sources. Across all age groups, energy drinks contribute little to total caffeine intake. The highest potential for reducing daily caffeine intake is by limiting coffee consumption, and in some countries and age groups, by reducing tea and soft drink consumption.     

Daily dietary sodium and potassium intake in Belgium, using duplicate portion sampling

 The daily dietary sodium and potassium intakes in Belgium were evaluated by sampling duplicate portions of food, destruction in a microwave oven and their sodium and potassium contents determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The mean intake for sodium (4.15±1.01 g/day) was found to be similar to values found in most other countries but well above the recommended range set by the National Research Council of the USA and the range established for Belgium. The mean intake for potassium (3.39±0.84 g/day) was somewhat higher than values for other countries and also above the recommended range for Belgium but not for the USA. Received: 24 June 1998     

青年女性膳食蛋白质需要量的研究

目的 营养素参考摄入量是营养学研究的基础.根据“2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查”的数据显示,目前我国正常成年人膳食蛋白质参考摄入量偏高,需要重新评估.方法 9名健康成年女性分别摄入不同蛋白质水平膳食[0.75、0.82、0.89、0.97、1.05 g/(kg·d)],每个蛋白质水平持续6d,在第6天时以 13C-亮氨酸作为指示剂进行稳定性同位素代谢实验,计算标记亮氨酸的流量、氧化率和氧化产物产生率等各项动力学参数,通过建立蛋白质摄入量和呼气中13CO2产生率之间的二相回归方程,确定方程的拐点处即为蛋白质的平均需要量.结果 青年女性平均需要量为0.85 g/(kg·d),平均需要量加上2个标准差得到推荐摄入量为0.97 g/(kg·d).结论 结合近年来全国营养调查成年女性的体重代表值推荐我国成年女性的每日蛋白质摄入量为55 g,该推荐量低于我国现行的成年女性蛋白质推荐摄入量.     

Pramila Rao · D. Sujatha · K. Rathina Raj · S. Vishwanatha · K. Narasimhamurthy · P. Saibaba · D. Narasimha Rao · S. Divakar

 Subchronic toxicity dietary studies were conducted in albino rats on the safety aspects of residual β-cyclodextrin in egg samples treated for cholesterol removal at concentrations of 250, 125 and 20 ppm for a period of 90 days. Daily food intake, body weight gain, relative organ weights, histopathology, haematology and serum enzyme activities were studied. The study however, did not reveal any toxicity at any of the levels tested. It can therefore be concluded from the present study that β-cyclodextrin-treated egg samples do not cause any toxicity. Received: 28 September 1999     

Estimation of dietary intake of PCB and organochlorine pesticides for children and adults

Levels of organochlorine substances, including a number of organochlorine pesticides and PCB, are monitored in food, including meat, fish and dairy products. The substances are slowly degradable and therefore persist for long periods in the environment, where they accumulate in the fatty tissues of animals and humans. They are included, because of the potential health-hazardous effect of these compounds on humans. The highest average contents are found in cod liver and fatty fish. The Danish population’s average daily intake has been estimated at between 0.03 and 0.3 μg/day for organochlorine pesticides and 0.9 μg/day for the indicator PCB-sum. People with a relatively high intake of these substances (the 95th percentile) are estimated to consume approximately twice as much. In general, the highest contributions to the intake of the organochlorine environmental contaminants are from fish, meat and dairy products. However, children have a relatively higher intake from milk and milk products and a lower intake from fish compared to adults.     

Iodine in daily diet samples from some old people's homes in Slovenia

 In July 1992 we collected samples of daily meals in 51 old people's homes in the Republic of Slovenia to establish their iodine contents. The average content found was 79.6±31.9 μg of iodine in the daily meal, or 0.212±0.083 mg iodine kg^–1 dry substance. In only 15 cases of 51 analysed samples, did the quantity of iodine exceed two thirds of the recommended daily intake of iodine, i.e. more than 100 μg.